BOARD CERTIFICATION EXAM STUDY GUIDES Lower Extremity Trauma
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A hedge fund is a limited partnership of private investors whose money is pooled and managed by professional fund managers. These managers use a wide range of strategies, including leverage (borrowed money) and the trading of nontraditional assets, to earn above-average investment returns. A hedge fund investment is often considered a risky, alternative investment choice and usually requires a high minimum investment or net worth. Hedge funds typically target wealthy investors.
The hedge fund manager I am considering also runs an offshore fund under a “master feeder” arrangement.
A PHYSICIAN’S QUESTION:What does this mean? In which fund should I invest?
The master feeder arrangement is a two-tiered investment structure whereby investors invest in the feeder fund. The feeder fund in turn invests in the master fund. The master fund is therefore the one that is actually investing in securities. There may be multiple feeder funds under one master fund. Feeder funds under the same master can differ drastically in terms of fees charged, minimums required, types of investors, and many other features – but the investment style will be the same because only the master actually invests in the market.
A master feeder structure is a very popular arrangement because it allows a portfolio manager to pool both onshore and offshore assets into one investment vehicle (the master fund) that allocates gains and losses in an asset-based, proportional manner back to the onshore and offshore investors. All investors, both offshore and onshore, get the same return. In this manner, the portfolio manager, despite offering more than one fund with different characteristics to different populations, is not faced with the dilemma of which fund to favor with the best investment ideas.
A manager may offer an offshore fund because there is demand for that manager’s skill either abroad, where investors may wish to preserve anonymity, or more commonly where investors simply do not wish to become entangled with the United States tax code. American citizens should generally avoid the offshore fund, since American citizens are taxed on their allocated share of offshore corporation profits whether or not a distribution occurs. Therefore, there is no benefit for most American taxpayers investing in an offshore fund.
Tax-exempt institutions, such as medical foundations, in the United States may have reason to consider an offshore hedge fund, however. Domestic tax-exempt organizations are generally not subject to unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) – the portion of hedge fund income that comes about as a result of the use of leverage – when investing with an offshore corporation. If the same tax-exempt organization were to invest in a domestic fund, and if UBTI was generated, then the organization would have to pay taxes on that UBTI. Most domestic hedge funds generate UBTI.
Sometimes debt is a necessary tool in building wealth
Using debt to build wealth might seem counterintuitive. After all, when you calculate your wealth, you look at what you own (assets) and subtract what you owe (debts and liabilities) to determine what your net worth (wealth) is.
It’s easy to oversimplify that debt is bad and is harmful to your wealth. Because some debt is really harmful, like credit cards, automobile, debt gets lumped into the category of “bad.”
But some types of debt can be useful and sometimes necessary to create wealth; home, education, business, etc. For folks that don’t readily have access to large sums of cash or capital, debt may be the tool that allows them to expand.
Yourmedical practice. Your personal goals. Your financial plan. Our experienced confirmation guide.
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When you know exactly where you are today, have a vision of where you want to be tomorrow, and have trusted counsel at your side, you have already achieved so much success. Marcinko Associates works to keep you at that level of confidence every day. We use a comprehensive economic process to uncover what’s most important to you and then develop a financial strategy that gives you the highest probability of achieving your monetary goals.
We assess, plan, and opine for your success
To accurately see where you are today, chart a strategic path to your goals and help you make the most informed decisions to keep you on financial track, our key services for physicians and high net worth medical clients include:
Investment Portfolio Review
Fee, Charge and Cost Review
Comprehensive Financial Planning
Insurance Reviews
Estate Planning
Investment and Asset Management Second Opinions
We take a deep dive into your financial retirement plans
Physicians and dental employers now have options for how to design and deliver retirement benefits and we can help you make the best choice for your healthcare business. Our services for retirement plans include:
Fee, Charges & Fiduciary Review
Portfolio Analysis
Single Employer Retirement Plan Advisory
Retirement Plans Risk Analysis
Capital Funding and Financing
Business Planning and Practice Valuations
Career Development
and more!
We take a broad and balanced look at your financial life life
We coordinate our recommendations with your other advisors, including attorneys, accountants, insurance professionals and others, to ensure each decision is consistent with your goals and overall strategy. For example, through our partnerships we offer physician colleagues deeper expanded advisory services, like:
As human beings, our brains are booby-trapped with psychological barriers that stand between making smart financial decisions and making dumb ones. The good news is that once you realize your own mental weaknesses, it’s not impossible to overcome them.
In fact, Mandi Woodruff, a financial reporter whose work has appeared in Yahoo! Finance, Daily Finance, The Wall Street Journal, The Fiscal Times and the Financial Times among others; related the following mind-traps in a September 2013 essay for the finance vertical Business Insider; as these impediments are now entering the lay-public zeitgeist:
Anchoring happens when we place too much emphasis on the first piece of information we receive regarding a given subject. For instance, when shopping for a wedding ring a salesman might tell us to spend three months’ salary. After hearing this, we may feel like we are doing something wrong if we stray from this advice, even though the guideline provided may cause us to spend more than we can afford.
Myopia makes it hard for us to imagine what our lives might be like in the future. For example, because we are young, healthy, and in our prime earning years now, it may be hard for us to picture what life will be like when our health depletes and we know longer have the earnings necessary to support our standard of living. This short-sightedness makes it hard to save adequately when we are young, when saving does the most good.
Gambler’s fallacy occurs when we subconsciously believe we can use past events to predict the future. It is common for the hottest sector during one calendar year to attract the most investors the following year. Of course, just because an investment did well last year doesn’t mean it will continue to do well this year. In fact, it is more likely to lag the market.
Avoidance is simply procrastination. Even though you may only have the opportunity to adjust your health care plan through your employer once per year, researching alternative health plans is too much work and too boring for us to get around to it. Consequently, we stick with a plan that may not be best for us.
Loss aversion affected many investors during the stock market crash of 2008. During the crash, many people decided they couldn’t afford to lose more and sold their investments. Of course, this caused the investors to sell at market troughs and miss the quick, dramatic recovery.
Overconfident investing happens when we believe we can out-smart other investors via market timing or through quick, frequent trading. Data convincingly shows that people who trade most often under perform the market by a significant margin over time.
Mental accounting takes place when we assign different values to money depending on where we get it from. For instance, even though we may have an aggressive saving goal for the year, it is likely easier for us to save money that we worked for than money that was given to us as a gift.
Herd mentality makes it very hard for humans to not take action when everyone around us does. For example, we may hear stories of people making significant profits buying, fixing up, and flipping homes and have the desire to get in on the action, even though we have no experience in real estate.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
A Financial Self Discovery Questionnairefor Medical Professionals
For understanding your relationship with money, it is important to be aware of yourself in the contexts of culture, family, value systems and experience. These questions will help you. This is a process of self-discovery. To fully benefit from this exploration, please address them in writing. You will simply not get the full value from it if you just breeze through and give mental answers. While it is recommended that you first answer these questions by yourself, many people relate that they have enjoyed the experience of sharing them with others who are important to them.
As you answer these questions, be conscious of your feelings, actually describing them in writing as part of your process.
Childhood
What is your first memory of money?
What is your happiest moment with Money? Your most unhappy?
Name the miscellaneous money messages you received as a child.
How were you confronted with the knowledge of differing economic circumstances among people, that there were people “richer” than you and people “poorer” than you?
Cultural heritage
What is your cultural heritage and how has it interfaced with money?
To the best of your knowledge, how has it been impacted by the money forces? Be specific.
To the best of your knowledge, does this circumstance have any motive related to Money?
Speculate about the manners in which your forebears’ money decisions continue to affect you today?
Family
How is/was the subject of money addressed by your church or the religious traditions of your forebears?
What happened to your parents or grandparents during the Depression?
How did your family communicate about money?
How? Be as specific as you can be, but remember that we are more concerned about impacts upon you than historical veracity.
When did your family migrate to America (or its current location)?
What else do you know about your family’s economic circumstances historically?
Your parents
How did your mother and father address money?
How did they differ in their money attitudes?
How did they address money in their relationship?
Did they argue or maintain strict silence?
How do you feel about that today?
Please do your best to answer the same questions regarding your life or business partner(s) and their parents.
Childhood: Revisited
How did you relate to money as a child? Did you feel “poor” or “rich”? Relatively? Or, absolutely? Why?
Were you anxious about money? Did you receive an allowance? If so, describe amounts and responsibilities.
Did you have household responsibilities?
Did you get paid regardless of performance?
Did you work for money?
If not, please describe your thoughts and feelings about that.
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Same questions, as a teenager, young adult, older adult.
Credit
When did you first acquire something on credit?
When did you first acquire a credit card?
What did it represent to you when you first held it in your hands?
Describe your feelings about credit.
Do you have trouble living within your means?
Do you have debt?
Adulthood
Have your attitudes shifted during your adult life? Describe.
Why did you choose your personal path? a) Would you do it again? b) Describe your feelings about credit.
Adult attitudes
Are you money motivated? If so, please explain why? If not, why not? How do you feel about your present financial situation? Are you financially fearful or resentful? How do you feel about that?
Will you inherit money? How does that make you feel?
If you are well off today, how do you feel about the money situations of others? If you feel poor, same question.
How do you feel about begging? Welfare? If you are well off today, why are you working?
Do you worry about your financial future?
Are you generous or stingy? Do you treat? Do you tip?
Do you give more than you receive or the reverse? Would others agree?
Could you ask a close relative for a business loan? For rent/grocery money?
Could you subsidize a non-related friend? How would you feel if that friend bought something you deemed frivolous?
Do you judge others by how you perceive they deal with their Money? Do you feel guilty about your prosperity? Are your siblings prosperous?
What part does money play in your spiritual life?
Do you “live” your Money values?
Conclusion
There may be other questions that would be useful to you. Others may occur to you as you progress in your life’s journey. The point is to know your personal money issues and their ramifications for your life, work, and personal mission.
This will be a “work-in-process” with answers both complex and incomplete. Don’t worry.
Just incorporate fine-tuning into your life’s process.
The study of behavioral economics has revealed much about how different biases can affect our finances—often for the worse.
Take loss aversion: Because we feel a financial setback more acutely than a commensurate gain, we often cling to failed investments to avoid realizing the loss. Another potential hazard is present bias, or the tendency to prefer instant gratification over long-term reward, even if the latter gain is greater.
When it comes to money, sometimes it’s difficult to make rational decisions. Here, are three behavioral financial biases that could be impeding financial goals.
ANCHORING BIAS
Anchoring Bias happens when we place too much emphasis on the first piece of information we receive regarding a given subject. Anchoring is the mental trick your brain plays when it latches onto the first piece of information it gets, no matter how irrelevant. You might know this as a ‘first impression’ when someone relies on their own first idea of a person or situation.
Example: When shopping for a wedding ring a salesman might tell us to spend three months’ salary. After hearing this, we may feel like we are doing something wrong if we stray from this financial advice, even though the guideline provided may cause us to spend more than we can afford.
Example: Imagine you’re buying a car, and the salesperson starts with a high price. That number sticks in your mind and influences all your subsequent negotiations. Anchoring can skew our decisions and perceptions, making us think the first offer is more important than it is. Or, subsequent offers lower than they really are.
Example: Imagine an investor named Jane who purchased 100 shares of XYZ Corporation at $100 per share several years ago. Over time, the stock price declined to $60 per share. Jane is anchored to her initial price of $100 and is reluctant to sell at a loss because she keeps hoping the stock will return to her original purchase price. She continues to hold onto the stock, even as it declines, due to her anchoring bias. Eventually, the stock price drops to $40 per share, resulting in significant losses for Jane.
In this example, Jane’s nchoring bias to the original purchase price of $100 prevents her from rationalizing to sell the stock and cut her losses, even though market conditions have changed. So, the next time you’re haggling for your self, a potential customer or client, or making another big financial decision, be aware of that initial anchor dragging you down.
HERD MENTALITY BIAS
Herd Mentality Bias makes it very hard for humans to not take action when everyone around us does.
Example: We may hear stories of people making significant monetary profits buying, fixing up, and flipping homes and have the desire to get in on the action, even though we have no experience in real estate.
Example: During the dotcom bubble of the late 1990’s many investors exhibited a herd mentality. As technology stocks soared to astronomical valuations, investors rushed to buy these stocks driven by the fear of missing out on the gains others were enjoying. Even though some of these stocks had questionable fundamentals, the herd mentality led investors to follow the crowd.
In this example, the herd mentality contributed to the overvaluation of technology stocks. Eventually, it led to the dot-com bubble’s burst, causing significant losses for those who had unthinkingly followed the crowd without conducting proper research or analysis.
OVERCONFIDENT INVESTING BIAS
Overconfident Investing Bias happens when we believe we can out-smart other investors via market timing or through quick, frequent trading. This causes the results of a study to be unreliable and hard to reproduce in other research settings.
Example: Data convincingly shows that people and financial planners/advisors and wealth managers who trade most often under-perform the market by a significant margin over time. Active traders lose money.
Example: Overconfidence Investing Bias moreover leads to: (1) excessive trading (which in turn results in lower returns due to costs incurred), (2) underestimation of risk (portfolios of decreasing risk were found for single men, married men, married women, and single women), (3) illusion of knowledge (you can get a lot more data nowadays on the internet) and (4) illusion of control (on-line trading).
ASSESSMENT
Finally, questions remain after consuming this cognitive bias review.
Question: Can behavioral cognitive biases be eliminated by financial advisors in prospecting and client sales endeavors?
A: Indeed they can significantly reduce their impact by appreciating and understanding the above and following a disciplined and rational decision-making sales process.
Question: What is the role of financial advisors in helping clients and prospects address behavioral biases?
A: Financial advisors can provide an objective perspective and help investors recognize and address their biases. They can assist in creating well-structured investment and financial plans, setting realistic goals, and offering guidance to ensure investment decisions align with long-term objectives.
Question:How important is self-discipline in overcoming behavioral biases?
A; Self-discipline is crucial in overcoming behavioral biases. It helps investors and advisors adhere to their investment plans, avoid impulsive decisions, and stay focused on long-term goals reducing the influence of emotional and cognitive biases.
CONCLUSION
Remember, it is far more useful to listen to client beliefs, fears and goals, and to suggest options and offer encouragement to help them discover their own path toward financial well-being. Then, incentivize them with knowledge of the above psychological biases to your mutual success!
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
REFERENCES:
Marcinko, DE; Dictionary of Health Insurance and Managed Care. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 2007.
Marcinko, DE: Comprehensive Financial Planning Strategies for Doctors and Advisors: Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™. Productivity Press, NY, 2016.
Marcinko, DE: Risk Management, Liability and Insurance Strategies for Doctors and Advisors: Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™. Productivity Press, NY, 2017.
Nofsinger, JR: The Psychology of Investing. Rutledge Publishing, 2022
Winters, Scott: The 10X Financial Advisor: Your Blueprint for Massive and Sustainable Growth. Absolute Author Publishing House, 2020.
A paradox is a statement or situation that seems contradictory but actually makes sense when you think about it more deeply. It challenges logic and often reveals a hidden truth.
FLEXIBLY DOGMATIC PARADOX
The Flexibly Dogmatic Paradox suggests that no matter how sensible your financial planning, investing or wealth management process is there will be uncomfortably long periods when it looks broken. And process is the best way of ensuring you keep standing for something because if you don’t stand for something, you’ll fall for anything. This is why, when assessing an investment fund, focus 50% on the manager’s character and 50% on their process. Everything else is detail. There are few guarantees in investing, but the fact that markets will batter you emotionally is one of them.
Example: During volatile times, the temptation to abandon the process is strong. But that’s why it’s there. Process is what forces one fund manager to keep buying unbroken companies when everyone else thinks they’re bust, and another to keep faith with a top-quality company when the mob says it’s too expensive The best fund managers dogmatically stick to their process when it’s out of favor. Then, when it returns to favor, the elastic pings back: they recapture lost ground surprisingly fast. However, every rule has an exception. And spotting the exceptions to their process is something the true greats have a knack for buying and selling.
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Example: In 2007, US value manager Bill Miller had the makings of an investment legend, but the financial crisis wrecked all that. His process told him to double down into falling share prices, which had worked well for years. But it doesn’t work if the companies go bust, which many of his financial stocks did in 2008.
The fact is that no matter how good it is, a process operated without human judgment is just an algorithm. The best fund managers and financial prospectors and sales men/women know this.
They stick dogmatically to their process but somehow remain flexible enough to spot the occasions when it’s about to drive them into a brick wall.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR-http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com
Here are some of the most common risks associated with fixed income securities.
Interest Rate Risk
The market value of the securities will be inversely affected by movements in interest rates. When rates rise, market prices of existing debt securities fall as these securities become less attractive to investors when compared to higher coupon new issues. As prices decline, bonds become cheaper so the overall return, when taking into account the discount, can compete with newly issued bonds at higher yields. When interest rates fall, market prices on existing fixed income securities tend to rise because these bonds become more attractive when compared to the newly issued bonds priced at lower rates.
Price Risk
Investors who need access to their principal prior to maturity have to rely on the secondary market to sell their securities. The price received may be more or less than the original purchase price and may depend, in general, on the level of interest rates, time to term, credit quality of the issuer and liquidity.
Among other reasons, prices may also be affected by current market conditions, or by the size of the trade (prices may be different for 10 bonds versus 1,000 bonds), etc. It is important to note that selling a security prior to maturity may affect actual yield received, which may be different than the yield at which the bond was originally purchased. This is because the initially quoted yield assumed holding the bond to term. As mentioned above, there is an inverse relationship between interest rates and bond prices. Therefore, when interest rates decline, bond prices increase, and when interest rates increase, bond prices decline.
Generally, longer maturity bonds will be more sensitive to interest rate changes. Dollar for dollar, a long-term bond should go up or down in value more than a short-term bond for the same change in yield. Price risk can be determined through a statistic called duration, which is featured at the end of the fixed income section.
Liquidity risk is the risk that an investor will be unable to sell securities due to a lack of demand from potential buyers, sell them at a substantial loss and/or incur substantial transaction costs in the sale process. Broker/dealers, although not obligated to do so, may provide secondary markets.
Reinvestment Risk
Downward trends in interest rates also create reinvestment risk, or the risk that the income and/or principal repayments will have to be invested at lower rates. Reinvestment risk is an important consideration for investors in callable securities. Some bonds may be issued with a call feature that allows the issuer to call, or repay, bonds prior to maturity. This generally happens if the market rates fall low enough for the issuer to save money by repaying existing higher coupon bonds and issuing new ones at lower rates. Investors will stop receiving the coupon payments if the bonds are called. Generally, callable fixed income securities will not appreciate in value as much as comparable non-callable securities.
Similar to call risk, prepayment risk is the risk that the issuer may repay bonds prior to maturity. This type of risk is generally associated with mortgage-backed securities. Homeowners tend to prepay their mortgages at times that are advantageous to their needs, which may be in conflict with the holders of the mortgage-backed securities. If the bonds are repaid early, investors face the risk of reinvesting at lower rates.
Purchasing Power Risk
Fixed income investors often focus on the real rate of return, or the actual return minus the rate of inflation. Rising inflation has a negative impact on real rates of return because inflation reduces the purchasing power of the investment income and principal.
Posted on August 26, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd
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Types of investments
Once a physician [MD, DO, DPM or DDS] has a brokerage account, the young doctior will need to decide what to invest in. There are lots of options, and each comes with different benefits and drawbacks. Here are some of the most common options for new physician investors.
Stocks are the first thing most people think about when they are considering investing, but they are not the only option. The prices of stocks change daily, sometimes by large amounts, as the market adjusts to news and various cycles. For that reason, it’s important to do your research. If you’re just beginning with a retirement account, you could also consider the longer-term products listed below.
Index funds and mutual funds.
Index funds attempt to replicate the performance of an un-managed market index. The performance of mutual funds [open and closed] varies. You can often get involved for a lower initial investment, and they can provide good diversification,which makes your portfolio better equipped to handle market fluctuations [active and passive].
For that reason, many financial experts say they should form the core of your retirement portfolio. While they have many similar characteristics, there are important differences. Read more about some of the differences in index funds and mutual funds.
These technically aren’t investment products; they are a contract between you and an insurance company. However, they work to accomplish a similar goal. There are immediate annuities that convert some of your existing savings into lifetime payments, but if we’re talking about saving for retirement, a deferred income annuity is the closest comparison. You make premium payments into the deferred annuity on a regular or irregular basis depending on the contract terms, and when you reach retirement age, you annuitize those savings and receive payments for the rest of your life. They can make a valuable addition to a retirement savings strategy.
Other investments.
There are many other types of investments and financial vehicles: bonds [local, state or US], money market funds, certificates of deposit through a brokerage account or investment apps. Even the cash value of life insurance can play a part. They are all designed to address different needs and have benefits and drawbacks and may be important to your overall strategy.
Crypto.com is a cryptocurrency company based in Singapore that offers various financial services, including an app, exchange, and noncustodial DeFi wallet, NFT marketplace, and direct payment service in cryptocurrency. As of 2024, the company reportedly had more than 100 million customers and more than 4,000 employees.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR-http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com
The so-called money factor (abbreviated as MF on invoices) is a number in a decimal form that dealers use to calculate the APR of a car lease. It’s a major part of your monthly payment and dealers are known to jack up the money factor to pad their profits.
Most doctors don’t ask to see it because they’re not aware of it or don’t know how to calculate it. Ask to see the money factor, then multiply it by 2,400.
For example, if the money factor is .00150, you multiply it by 2,400 to get 3.6%. If that’s higher than the prevailing rate, you have room to talk them down.
How to reduce it
So how do you get a good interest rate when you lease a vehicle? The same way you do when borrowing for any other reason, whether it’s buying a home or applying for a personal loan: by having good credit. This may reduce your interest rate because you’ll represent a lower risk to a lender.
A high residual value on the car could also help you get a better interest rate. A higher residual value means you’d have lower monthly payments because there would be less depreciation on the vehicle. Since interest is applied to your monthly payment, a lower monthly payment would equate to reduced interest charges.
The money factor is one of the many numbers you may want to learn about when leasing a car. It’s one of the transactional costs that come with leasing, and allows dealers and finance companies to make a profit on every lease they execute. As a consumer, it’s a smart idea to learn the financial implications of this number and how it’ll affect your overall costs over the course of a multi-year lease.
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If the interest rate is too high, you may need to shop around for a better rate, negotiate with the dealer or lender to lower the money factor, or consider leasing another vehicle that’s more in line with your budget. Either way, make sure you explore all your financial options before taking a car off the lot.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR-http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com
There’s an aspect to retirement that many physicians do not plan for … the transition from work and practice to retirement. Your work has been an important part of your life. That’s why the emotional adjustments of retirement may be some of the most difficult ones.
For example, what would you like to do in retirement? Your retirement vision will be unique to you. You are retiring to something not from something that you envisioned. When you have more time, you would like to do more traveling, play golf or visit more often, family and friends. Would you relocate closer to your kids? Learn a new art or take a new class? Fund your grandchildren’s education? Do you have philanthropic goals? Perhaps you would like to help your church, school or favorite charity? If your net worth is above certain limits, it would be wise to take a serious look at these goals. With proper planning, there might be some tax benefits too. Then you have to figure how much each goal is going to cost you.
If you have a list of retirement goals, you need to prioritize which goal is most important. You can rate them on a scale of 1 to 10; 10 being the most important. Then, you can differentiate between wants and needs. Needs are things that are absolutely necessary for you to retire; while wants are things that still allow retirement but would just be nice to have.
Recent studies indicate there are three phases in retirement, each with a different spending pattern [Richard Greenberg CFP®, Gardena CA, personal communication]. The three phases are:
The Early Retirement Years. There is a pent-up demand to take advantage of all the free time retirement affords. You can travel to exotic places, buy an RV and explore forty-nine states, go on month-long sailing vacations. It’s possible during these years that after-tax expenses increase during these initial years, especially if the mortgage hasn’t been paid off yet. Usually the early years last about ten years until most retirees are in their 70’s.
Middle Years. People decide to slow down on the exploration. This is when people start simplifying their life. They may sell their house and downsize to a condo or townhouse. They may relocate to an area they discovered during their travels, or to an area close to family and friends, to an area with a warm climate or to an area with low or no state taxes. People also do their most important estate planning during these years. They are concerned about leaving a legacy, taking care of their children and grandchildren and fulfilling charitable intent. This a time when people spend more time in the local area. They may start taking extension or college classes. They spend more time volunteering at various non-profits and helping out older and less healthy retirees. People often spend less during these years. This period starts when a retiree is in his or her mid to late 70’s and can last up to 20 years, usually to mid to late-80’s.
Late Years. This is when you may need assistance in our daily activities. You may receive care at home, in a nursing home or an assisted care facility. Most of the care options are very expensive. It’s possible that these years might be more expensive than your pre-retirement expenses. This is especially true if both spouses need some sort of assisted care. This period usually starts when the retiree is their 80’s; however they can sometimes start in the middle to the late 70’s.
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[A] Planning issues – early career
Most retirement lifestyle issues do not have to be addressed at this point. Keeping a healthy, balanced lifestyle will help to ensure a more productive retirement. This is the time to focus on the financial aspects of retirement planning.
[B] Planning issues – mid career
If early retirement is a major objective, start thinking about activities that will fill up your time during retirement. Maintaining your health is more critical, since your health habits at this time will often dictate how healthy you will be in retirement
[C] Planning issues – late career
Three to five years before you retire, start making the transition from work to retirement.
Try out different hobbies;
Find activities that will give you a purpose in retirement;
Establish friendships outside of the office or hospital;
Discuss retirement plans with your spouse.
If you plan to relocate to a new place, it is important to rent a place in that area and stay for few months and see if you like it. Making a drastic change like relocating and then finding you don’t like the new town or state might be very costly mistake. The key is to gradually make the transition.
For physicians, like most folks, retirement is the stage in life when one chooses to leave the workforce and live off sources of income or savings that do not require active work. The age at which a person retires, their lifestyle during retirement, and the way they fund that lifestyle, will vary from one person to the next, depending on individual preferences and financial planning. Usually it is age 65.
Some doctors may opt for early retirement to enjoy their hobbies and travel, while others may continue working part-time to stay engaged and supplement their income. Effective retirement planning often involves a combination of savings, investments, and possibly pension benefits to ensure a comfortable and secure post-work life.
SPEAKING: ME-P Editor Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR-http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com
Since the financial crisis in 2008, several start-up companies from Silicon Valley and Boston [Learn Vest, Betterment, Financial Guard, Quovo, WealthFront, Nest Egg Wealth. Wealth-Front and Personal Capital] have emerged with the mantra that individual investors, younger and informed clients will receive portfolio strategies, financial advice and performance metrics directly from various internet and online advisory platforms. Termed “robo-advisors” by some, their existence heralds the doom of financial advisors; or at least drives down the value of Financial Advisory guidance; reduces fees and holds them more accountable to clients.
On the other hand, detractors say the financial advice may not be as good because the personalization will not be there; but pricing fees will be more competitive, at least initially. Going forward price will get even lower and service better. And ultimately, as consumers get more information on line, product and service will improve and be delivered to them faster than thru traditional human channels of distribution. The era of quarterly client meetings with TAMPs is fading. Clients will have access to their portfolios; in real time, all the time.
Turnkey Asset Management Program (TAMP) Defined
A turnkey asset management program offers a fee-account technology platform that financial advisers, broker-dealers, insurance companies, banks, law firms, and CPA firms can use to oversee their clients’ investment accounts.
Turnkey asset management programs are designed to help financial professionals save time and allow them to focus on providing clients with service in their areas of expertise, which may not include asset management tasks like investment research and portfolio allocation. In other words, TAMPs let financial professionals and firms delegate asset management and research responsibilities to another party that specializes in those areas.
The growth of more traditional direct to investment platforms like E-Trade and Schwab has outpaced Financial Advisors and recently human advisors must have the technology and niche space specificity to survive in the future. Realistically, robo-advisors, Artificial Intelligence and traditional flesh-and-blood FAs will seamlessly merge into a hybrid platform indistinguishable to most all.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR-http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com
One of the major concepts that most investors should be aware of is the relationship between the risk and the return of a financial asset. It is common knowledge that there is a positive relationship between the risk and the expected return of a financial asset. In other words, when the risk of an asset increases, so does its expected return. What this means is that if an investor is taking on more risk, he/she is expected to be compensated for doing so with a higher return. Similarly, if the investor wants to boost the expected return of the investment, he/she needs to be prepared to take on more risk.
Harry Max Markowitz (August 24, 1927 – June 22, 2023) was an American economist who was a professor of finance at the Rady School of Management at UCSD. He is best known for his pioneering work in modern portfolio theory, studying the effects of asset risk, return, correlation and diversification on probable investment portfolio returns.
One important thing to understand about Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) is Markowitz’s calculations treat volatility and risk as the same thing. In layman’s terms, Dr. Markowitz uses risk as a measurement of the likelihood that an investment will go up and down in value – and how often and by how much. The theory assumes that investors prefer to minimize risk. The theory assumes that given the choice of two portfolios with equal returns, investors will choose the one with the least risk. If investors take on additional risk, they will expect to be compensated with additional return.
According to MPT, risk comes in two major categories:
Systematic risk – the possibility that the entire market and economy will show losses negatively affecting nearly every investment; also called market risk
Unsystematic risk – the possibility that an investment or a category of investments will decline in value without having a major impact upon the entire market.
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Diversification generally does not protect against systematic risk because a drop in the entire market and economy typically affects all investments. However, diversification is designed to decrease unsystematic risk. Since unsystematic risk is the possibility that one single thing will decline in value, having a portfolio invested in a variety of stocks, a variety of asset classes and a variety of sectors will lower the risk of losing much money when one investment type declines in value. Thus putting together assets with low correlations can reduce unsystematic risks.
Although broad risks can be quickly summarized as “the failure to achieve spending and inflation-adjusted growth goals,” individual assets may face any number of other subsidiary risks:
Call risk – The risk, faced by a holder of a callable bond that a bond issuer will take advantage of the callable bond feature and redeem the issue prior to maturity. This means the bondholder will receive payment on the value of the bond and, in most cases, will be reinvesting in a less favorable environment (one with a lower interest rate)
Capital risk – The risk an investor faces that he or she may lose all or part of the principal amount invested.
Commodity risk – The threat that a change in the price of a production input will adversely impact a producer who uses that input.
Company risk – The risk that certain factors affecting a specific company may cause its stock to change in price in a different way from stocks as a whole.
Concentration risk – Probability of loss arising from heavily lopsided exposure to a particular group of counterparties
Counterparty risk – The risk that the other party to an agreement will default.
Credit risk – The risk of loss of principal or loss of a financial reward stemming from a borrower’s failure to repay a loan or otherwise meet a contractual obligation.
Currency risk – A form of risk that arises from the change in price of one currency against another.
Deflation risk – A general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit.
Economic risk – the likelihood that an investment will be affected by macroeconomic conditions such as government regulation, exchange rates, or political stability.
Hedging risk – Making an investment to reduce the risk of adverse price movements in an asset.
Inflation risk – The uncertainty over the future real value (after inflation) of your investment.
Interest rate risk – Risk to the earnings or market value of a portfolio due to uncertain future interest rates.
Legal risk – risk from uncertainty due to legal actions or uncertainty in the applicability or interpretation of contracts, laws or regulations.
Liquidity risk – The risks stemming from the lack of marketability of an investment that cannot be bought or sold quickly enough to prevent or minimize a loss.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR-http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com
In order to create and monitor an investment portfolio for personal or institutional use, the physician executive, financial advisor, wealth manager, or healthcare institutional endowment fund manager, should ask three questions:
How much do we have invested?
How much did we make on our investments?
How much risk did we take to get that rate of return?
Introduction to the IPS
Most doctors, and hospital endowment fund executives, know how much money they have invested. If they don’t, they can add a few statements together to obtain a total. But, few can answers the questions above or actually know the rate of return achieved last year; or so far this year. Everyone can get this number by simply subtracting the ending balance from the beginning balance and dividing the difference. But, few take the time to do it. Why? A typical response to the question is, “We’re doing fine.”
Now, ask how much risk is in the portfolio and help is needed [risk adjusted rate of return]. In fact, Nobel laureate Harry Markowitz, Ph.D. said, “If you take more risk, you deserve more return.” Using standard deviation, he referred to the “variability of returns;” in other words, how much the portfolio goes up and down, its volatility [Markowitz, H: Portfolio Selection. Journal of Finance, March, 1952].
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR-http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com
Posted on July 21, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Rick Kahler MSFP CFP™
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When Maria needed $400,000 for a down payment on a new home, her broker at a large Wall Street firm offered a solution: “Don’t sell investments and trigger capital gains. Just take out a margin loan.”
A margin loan is a line of credit from a brokerage firm, secured by the client’s investment portfolio. It offers quick access to cash with no immediate tax consequences and minimal paperwork. But the convenience comes at a cost. As of mid-2025, margin loan interest rates range from 6.25% to over 11%.
Margin loan recommendations are often presented by brokers as tax-savvy strategies that allow clients to access “tax-free” cash while keeping their portfolios intact. In many cases, however, the math benefits the advisor more than the investor. The cost of borrowing often exceeds what an investor is likely to earn by holding on.
For example, let’s assume an interest rate of 7.5% on Maria’s $400,000 margin loan. While borrowing delayed the payment of $20,000 in capital gains tax, she will eventually have to pay that tax anyway unless she holds the investments until her death. Two years later, with portfolio returns of 4% annually, she had earned around $32,000 from the $400,000 in investments she might have sold. Meanwhile, she had paid $60,000 in interest—leaving her some $28,000 worse off. That’s without factoring in ongoing interest payments, or the risks of a margin call if the investments securing the loan drop in value.
Why do advisors keep recommending margin loans? Because selling investments reduces the portfolio size and the advisor’s fee. Borrowing keeps the portfolio intact and the compensation unchanged—while the firm receives additional income from interest on the loan. In some cases, advisors suggest using margin loans to buy more investments, increasing both the portfolio and the fee they collect.
None of this is illegal. But when the borrowing cost is higher than expected returns and the advisor benefits financially, the ethics are questionable. The client takes the risk, while the advisor keeps the revenue.
This kind of conflict appears more often in portfolios where compensation is tied to asset volume and the company’s primary culture rewards gathering assets over delivering unbiased advice. By contrast, fee-only financial planning and investment advisors typically operate on simpler hourly, flat, or tiered fee structures. Their compensation doesn’t depend on whether a client borrows, sells, or holds. The culture of the firm focuses on conflict-free advice aligned with the client’s best interest.
Wall Street brokers are often held to a fiduciary standard, but structure still matters. In 2024 the SEC reported their examinations of brokers would continue to focus on advisor recommendations unduly influenced by the company’s compensation and incentives.
There are rare situations where a margin loan may be appropriate. A client with large unrealized gains might use a short-term margin loan to minimize taxes. An elderly investor might borrow tax-free rather than sell assets that will receive a step-up in basis at their death. Even in those cases, the math must be exact and the client must clearly understand the risks, including the possibility of a margin call.
If your advisor recommends a margin loan, especially to buy more investments, ask strong questions. What’s the interest rate? What return is realistic? What are the tax consequences of selling? How does this affect the advisor’s income?
In a high-rate, low-return environment, margin loans rarely favor the client. The exceptions are narrow. The risks are significant. And the conflict of interest is measurable.
Sometimes the smartest move is the simplest: sell what you need, pay the tax, and leave leverage out of your plan.
As we plan for our financial future, I think it’s helpful to be cognizant of these paradoxes. While there’s nothing we can do to control or change them, there is great value in being aware of them, so we can approach them with the right tools and the right mindset.
Here are just seven of the paradoxes that can bedevil financial planning and investment decision-making:
There’s the paradox that all of the greatest fortunes—Carnegie, Rockefeller, Buffett, Gates—have been made by owning just one stock. And yet the best advice for individual investors is to do the opposite: to own broadly diversified index funds.
There’s the paradox that the stock market may appear overvalued and yet it could become even more overvalued before it eventually declines. And when it does decline, it may be to a level that is even higher than where it is today.
There’s the paradox that we make plans based on our understanding of the rules—and yet Congress can change the rules on us at any time, as it did just a few weeks ago.
There’s the paradox that we base our plans on historical averages—average stock market returns, average interest rates, average inflation rates and so on—and yet we only lead one life, so none of us will experience the average.
There’s the paradox that we continue to be attracted to the prestige of high-cost colleges, even though a rational analysis that looks at return on investment tells us that lower-cost state schools are usually the better bet.
There’s the paradox that early retirement seems so appealing—and has even turned into a movement—and yet the reality of early retirement suggests that we might be better off staying at our desks.
There’s the paradox that retirees’ worst fear is outliving their money and yet few choose the financial product that is purpose-built to solve that problem: the single-premium immediate annuity.
Assessment
QUESTION: How should you respond to these paradoxes? As you plan for your financial future, embrace the concept of “loosely held views.” In other words, make financial plans, but continuously update your views, question your assumptions and rethink your priorities.
Yes, you can contribute to both a Roth IRA and a 401(k), provided you don’t exceed annual contribution limits for each account.
Determining whether to contribute to a Roth IRA, 401(k), or both can be an important step in planning for your retirement. Here are the key differences, including tax advantages, employer contributions, and investment options.
Eligibility requirements are the first consideration when contributing to a Roth IRA and a 401(k). For Roth IRA contributions, your eligibility is determined by your income. Specifically, if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) exceeds certain thresholds, your ability to contribute to a Roth IRA may be reduced or eliminated. However, there are no income limits for contributing to a 401(k), making it accessible to anyone with earned income.
IRS rules do allow for contributions to both a Roth IRA and a 401(k), provided you adhere to the annual contribution limits for each account.
This means you can take advantage of the higher contribution limits of a 401(k) while also benefiting from the tax-free growth of a Roth IRA. This dual approach can be a strategy for maximizing your retirement savings. The advantages to contributing to both accounts present some key benefits, such as:
Tax diversification in retirement, allowing for better management of taxable income.
Potential reduction of overall tax burden.
Maximization of savings potential by taking full advantage of the benefits each account offers.3
Balancing contributions between a Roth IRA and a 401(k) requires careful planning. You might start by contributing enough to your 401(k) to receive the full employer match, which is essentially free money, if your employer offers this. Once you’ve secured the match, consider maxing out your Roth IRA contributions, if you’re eligible.
If you are just starting out managing your finances and don’t know where to begin, a financial coach may be a good option for you. They are helpful for someone who wants to become proficient in the basics of finance, from learning how to budget or save money to building an emergency fund or creating a plan for paying off debt. If you have short-term money goals, like saving for a big purchase or just practicing better money habits, a financial coach can help you reach them by working with you to create a plan and holding you accountable. Even more for physicians and most all medical professionals.
Pros and Cons of Working with a Financial Coach A financial coach can have a positive impact on your financial well–being and your life in a number of ways:
Financial coaches see the bigger picture of how you relate to money. They can help you develop better habits, resulting in positive personal growth.
By providing education and encouragement, they can reduce financial stress, confusion, and what it is about money that overwhelms you.
Through accountability and support, they can help you accomplish your goals and help you feel more confident in your finances.
Available 24/7/365.
Modest fees.
At you service. Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP
Posted on June 28, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
A June 11th report from global professional services firm Alvarez & Marsal (A&M) predicts that more beneficiaries might soon ditch insurance coverage for options like short-term, limited duration plans or healthcare sharing ministries (HCSMs), which aren’t regulated like health insurance and aren’t required to comply with ACA protections like covering maternity care or pre-existing conditions.
Nvidia extended its winning streak to five days, rising another 1.73% as the AI trade continues to recover.
EchoStar climbed 13.16% after the parent company of Dish TV disclosed that President Trump did in fact prod the FCC to make a deal.
Cyngn soared another 20.07% following a big day of gains after the company that makes self-driving tech for industrial vehicles announced a partnership with Nvidia.
Strong earnings from Nike (more on that later) propelled sporting goods stocks higher today. ONHoldings rose 1.74%, while Dick’s Sporting Goods climbed 3.59%.
Domestic power producers popped on reports that Trump is planning to issue an executive order increasing energy production to meet AI demand. Vistra gained 2.44%, GE Vernova climbed 2.54%, and Vertiv added 2.71%.
What’s down
Coinbase Global ended its winning streak, tumbling 5.77% after GENIUS Act hype propelled the crypto stock skyward all week long. Traders took profits in Circle as well, pushing the stablecoin stock down 15.54%.
Chinese EV maker LiAuto fell 1.93% on its weaker-than-expected deliveries forecast for the second quarter.
Fellow Chinese EV maker Xiaomi stunned markets with reports that it received 240,000 orders for its new SUV within 18 hours of its debut, but shares still sank 4%.
Pony.ai lost 6.31% on a report that Uber is considering helping its founder Travis Kalanick fund his acquisition of the US subsidiary of the Chinese autonomous vehicle company.
Gold miners tumbled while the price of the precious metal fell as investors took a risk-on stance. Newmont lost 4.11%, BarrickMining fell 3.44%, and KinrossGold shed 6.18%.
Today’s trade deal reopens the door for Chinese rare earth imports, bad news for US producers like MPMaterials (down 8.59%) and USA Rare Earth (down 12.14%).
Here is a list of the most common and helpful investment terms you’ll come across and should know.
Ask. The price that someone looking to sell stock wants to receive.
Bid. The price that someone is willing to pay for stock.
Buy. To acquire shares and thereby take a position in a company.
Sell. To get rid of shares whether because you’ve reached your goal or to prevent losses.
Bull market. Market conditions in which investors expect prices to rise.
Bear market. Market conditions in which investors expect prices to fall.
Dividend. A portion of a company’s earnings paid to shareholders.
Blue chip stocks. Shares of large and well-recognized companies that have a long history of solid financial performance.
Earning per share. A company’s net profit divided by the number of outstanding common shares.
Mutual fund. A collection of investments — stocks, bonds, commodities, and more — bundled together and held in common by a group of investors.
Asset. Something you own that could generate a return in the form of more assets.
Asset allocation. Your investment strategy, essentially — the mix of assets you choose to put your money into, whether that be cash, bonds, stocks, commodities, real estate or something else.
Broker. A person or firm — or robot — that arranges transactions between buyers and sellers in exchange for a commission (that is, a fee).
Capital gain (or capital loss). The money you make (or lose) on the sale of an asset.
Diversification. Investing in a variety of sectors, such as health care, energy and IT as well as across different geographic locations.
Dow Jones Industrial Average. A price-weighted list of 30 blue-chip stocks. It’s often used to help get a sense of the overall health of the stock market, even though it only reflects a small portion of the players.
Index fund. A type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund that allows you to invest in a portfolio that mimics a market index, which is basically a list that tracks the performance of a group of investments either for a specific sector or the overall market.
Hedge fund. A type of investment partnership. Partners pool money from investors and try out a few different investing strategies. Generally, hedge funds will make riskier investments than your typical investor. They’ll also often use leverage (that is, borrowed money) or place bets against the market to get bigger returns. They make their money by charging their investors management fees based on a percentage of their profits.
Expense ratio. The percentage-based fee that mutual fund managers charge you to manage your investments.
Market price. How much it would cost right now to buy or sell an asset or service.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). An independent government body that was created to protect investors and the national banking system. The SEC enforces laws that maintain orderly, fair and efficient markets.
Short selling. A tactic available to investors who predict a stock’s price is about to drop. An investor borrows a quantity of shares through a broker and then sells them, intending to repurchase them later, at a lower price, and return them to the lender.
Stock exchange. A place buyers and sellers come together to buy, sell and trade stock during set business hours. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the most important stock exchange in the world, but there are a total of 16 exchanges around the world.
Stock market. Refers in general to the collection of markets and exchanges where the buying, selling and trading of investment vehicles takes place.
Price per share. A simple way of calculating a company’s market value at a given moment. To find the price per share, you take a company’s most recent share price and multiply it by its total number of outstanding shares.
Prospectus. A legal document that contains in-depth information about anything you might be planning to invest in: stocks, bonds or mutual funds.
Although many academics argue that value stocks outperform growth stocks, the returns for individuals investing through mutual funds demonstrate a near match.
Introduction
A 2005 study Do Investors Capture the Value Premium? written by Todd Houge at The University of Iowa and Tim Loughran at The University of Notre Dame found that large company mutual funds in both the value and growth styles returned just over 11 percent for the period of 1975 to 2002. This paper contradicted many studies that demonstrated owning value stocks offers better long-term performance than growth stocks.
The studies, led by Eugene Fama PhD and Kenneth French PhD, established the current consensus that the value style of investing does indeed offer a return premium. There are several theories as to why this has been the case, among the most persuasive being a series of behavioral arguments put forth by leading researchers. The studies suggest that the out performance of value stocks may result from investors’ tendency toward common behavioral traits, including the belief that the future will be similar to the past, overreaction to unexpected events, “herding” behavior which leads at times to overemphasis of a particular style or sector, overconfidence, and aversion to regret. All of these behaviors can cause price anomalies which create buying opportunities for value investors.
Another key ingredient argued for value out performance is lower business appraisals. Value stocks are plainly confined to a P/E range, whereas growth stocks have an upper limit that is infinite. When growth stocks reach a high plateau in regard to P/E ratios, the ensuing returns are generally much lower than the category average over time.
Moreover, growth stocks tend to lose more in bear markets. In the last two major bear markets, growth stocks fared far worse than value. From January 1973 until late 1974, large growth stocks lost 45 percent of their value, while large value stocks lost 26 percent. Similarly, from April 2000 to September 2002, large growth stocks lost 46 percent versus only 27 percent for large value stocks. These losses, academics insist, dramatically reduce the long-term investment returns of growth stocks.
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However, the study by Houge and Loughran reasoned that although a premium may exist, investors have not been able to capture the excess return through mutual funds. The study also maintained that any potential value premium is generated outside the securities held by most mutual funds. Simply put, being growth or value had no material impact on a mutual fund’s performance.
Listed below in the table are the annualized returns and standard deviations for return data from January 1975 through December 2002.
Index Return SD
S&P 500 11.53% 14.88%
Large Growth Funds 11.30% 16.65%
Large Value Funds 11.41% 15.39%
Source: Hough/Loughran Study
The Hough/Loughran study also found that the returns by style also varied over time. From 1965-1983, a period widely known to favor the value style, large value funds averaged a 9.92 percent annual return, compared to 8.73 percent for large growth funds. This performance differential reverses over 1984-2001, as large growth funds generated a 14.1 percent average return compared to 12.9 percent for large value funds. Thus, one style can outperform in any time period.
However, although the long-term returns are nearly identical, large differences between value and growth returns happen over time. This is especially the case over the last ten years as growth and value have had extraordinary return differences – sometimes over 30 percentage points of under performance.
This table indicates the return differential between the value and growth styles since 1992.
YEARLY RETURNS OF GROWTH/VALUE STOCKS
Year
Growth
Value
1992
5.1%
10.5%
1993
1.7%
18.6%
1994
3.1%
-0.6%
1995
38.1%
37.1%
1996
24.0%
22.0%
1997
36.5%
30.6%
1998
42.2%
14.7%
1999
28.2%
3.2%
2000
-22.1%
6.1%
2001
-26.7%
7.1%
2002
-25.2%
-20.5%
2003
28.2%
27.7%
2004
6.3%
16.5%
2005
3.6%
6.1%
2006
10.8%
20.6%
2007
8.8%
1.5%
2008
-38.43%
-36.84%
2009
37.2%
19.69%
2010
16.71%
15.5%
2011
2.64%
0.39%
2012
15.25%
17.50%
Source: Ibbottson.
Between the third quarter of 1994 and the second quarter of 2000, the S&P Growth Index produced annualized total returns of 30 percent, versus only about 18 percent for the S&P Value Index. Since 2000, value has turned the tables and dramatically outperformed growth. Growth has only outperformed value in two of the past eight years. Since the two styles are successful at different times, combining them in one portfolio can create a buffer against dramatic swings, reducing volatility and the subsequent drag on returns.
Assessment
In our analysis, the surest way to maximize the benefits of style investing is to combine growth and value in a single portfolio, and maintain the proportions evenly in a 50/50 split through regular rebalancing. Research from Standard & Poor’s showed that since 1980, a 50/50 portfolio of value and growth stocks beats the market 75 percent of the time.
Conclusion
Due to the fact that both styles have near equal performance and either style can outperform for a significant time period, a medical professional might consider a blending of styles. Rather than attempt to second-guess the market by switching in and out of styles as they roll with the cycle, it might be prudent to maintain an equal balance your investment between the two.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
A psychological paradox is a figure of speech that can seem silly or contradictory in form, yet it can still be true, or at least make sense in the context given.
This is sometimes used to illustrate thoughts or statements that differ from traditional ideas. So, instead of taking a given statement literally, an individual must comprehend it from a different perspective. Using paradoxes in speeches and writings can also add wit and humor to one’s work, which serves as the perfect device to grab a reader or a listener’s attention and/or persuade them to action, sales and closing statements. But paradoxes for the financial sector can be quite difficult to explain by definition alone, which is why it is best to refer to a few examples to further your understanding.
One good psychological paradox example is The Paradox of Thrift which suggests that while saving money is generally considered a prudent financial behavior, excessive saving during times of economic downturn can actually hinder economic recovery. When consumers collectively reduce their spending and increase their savings, it creates a decrease in aggregate demand. This reduction in demand can lead to lower production levels, job losses, and ultimately a decline in economic output. In other words, what may be individually rational behavior (financial saving) can have negative consequences for the overall economy.
The following paradoxical contradictions will help financial advisors guide clients to close more sales to the benefit of both.
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In the intricate world of finance sales, advisors are often at the crossroads of various paradoxes that challenge client decision-making. While the journey towards financial security involves calculated strategies, it’s the nuanced understanding of paradoxes that can help the advisor close more sales.
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But, what seems trueabout money often turns out to be false, according to colleague Finance Professor John Goodell, PhD from the University Akron:
The more we try to trade our way to profits, the less likely we are to profit.
The more boring an investment—think index funds—the more exciting the long-run performance will probably be.
The more exciting an investment—name your latest Wall Street concoction, Special Purpose Acquisition Company [SPAC] or anything crypto—the less exciting the long-term results typically are.
The only certainty is uncertainty and the only constant is change. Today’s market decline will eventually become a bull market, and today’s market leaders will eventually yield to other stocks.
Big market trends play a huge role in investment results, and yet trying to time macroeconomic cycles or guess which market sectors will outperform is a fool’s errand. Many big market rotations are set in motion by something wholly unanticipated, like a virus pandemic or a war.
To be happy when wealthy, we also need to be happy with far less money. The fact is, above a relatively modest income level, no amount of extra money will change our level of happiness. More money might even make us miserable, as many lottery winners have discovered.
The more we hate an investing trait—or any trait for that matter—the more likely it is that we’re resisting seeing that trait in ourselves. It’s what Carl Jung MD called the Shadowof Undesirable Personality Aspects that we hide from ourselves. Do prospects get irritated listening to your unsolicited financial advice? There’s a good chance that you often give unsolicited financial advice but don’t like to admit it.
The more we learn about investing, the more we realize we don’t know anything. We should just buy index funds and instead spend our time worrying about stuff we can actually control.
The more an investor is convinced he’s right, the more likely he is to be wrong. Short sellers, in particular, are likely to succumb to this paradoxical trap.
The more options we have, the less satisfied we’ll be with each one. This is the Paradox of Choice; revised. Anyone who has spent hours “optimizing” his or her portfolio knows this all too well. Its close cousin is information overload, another frustration paradox when investing.
The more afraid we are of losing money, the more likely we are to take unwitting risks that lose us money. Sitting in cash seems wise during market selloffs. But the truth is, none of us can reliably time the market. Pull up any chart of the stock market over any period longer than a decade and you’ll see that the riskiest decision is sitting in cash, which gets destroyed by inflation.
The more we think about our investments and look at our financial accounts, the more likely we are to damage our results by buying high because of greed and selling low because of fear. It can pay to look away.
ASSESSMENT
How should you respond to these financial paradoxes? As you plan for your own financial future, as well as your own client prospecting endeavors, embrace the concept of “loosely held views.”
In other words, make financial and client acquisitions plans, but continuously update your views, question your assumptions and paradoxes and rethink your priorities. Years of experience with clients certainly support the futility of trying to help them change their financial behavior by telling them what they “should” know or do.
CONCLUSION
Remember, it is far more useful to listen to client beliefs, fears and goals, and to suggest options and offer encouragement to help them discover their own path toward financial well-being. Then, incentivize them with knowledge of the above psychological paradoxes to your mutual success!
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
Marcinko, DE and Hetico, HR: Comprehensive Financial Planning Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™]. CRC Productivity Press, New York, 2016.
Marcinko, DE: Dictionary of Health Economics and Finance. Springer Publishing Company, New York. 2006
Marcinko, DE and Hetico, HR: Risk Management, Liability Insurance, and Asset Protection Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™]. CRC Productivity Press, New York, 2015.
Correlation measures the relationship between two investments–the higher the correlation, the more likely they are to move in the same direction for a given set of economic or market events. Correlation, in the finance and investment industries, is a statistic that measures the degree to which two securities move in relation to each other. Correlations are used in advanced portfolio management, computed as the correlation coefficient which has a value that must fall between -1.0 and +1.0.
So if two securities are highly positively correlated, they will move in the same direction the vast majority of the time. Negatively correlated investments do the opposite–as one security rises, the other falls, and vice versa. No correlation means there is no relationship between the movement of two securities–the performance of one security has no bearing on the performance of the other.
Correlation is an important concept for portfolio diversification--combining assets with low or negative correlations can improve risk-adjusted performance over time by providing a diversity of payouts under the same financial conditions.
here are many ways for a doctor, osteopath, podiatrist or dentist to financially invest. Traditionally, this meant picking individual stocks and bonds. Today, there are many other ways to purchase securities en mass. For example:
MUTUAL FUND: A regulated investment company that manages a portfolio of securities for its shareholders.
Open End Mutual Funds: An investment company that invests money in accordance with specific objectives on behalf of investors. Fund assets expand or contract based on investment performance, new investments and redemptions. Trade at Net Asset Value or the price the fund shares scheduled with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) trade. NAV can change on a daily basis. Therefore, per-share NAV can, as well.
Closed End Mutual Funds: Older than open end mutual funds and more complex. A CEMF is an investment company that registers shares SEC regulations and is traded in securities markets at prices determined by investments. Shares of closed-end funds can be purchased and sold anytime during stock market hours. CEMF managers don’t need to maintain a cash reserve to redeem or / repurchase shares from investors. This can reduce performance drag that may otherwise be attributable to holding cash. CEMFs may be able to offer higher returns due to the heavier use of leverage [debt]. They are subject to volatility, less liquid than open-end funds, available only through brokers and may sells at a heavily discount or premium to [NAV] determined by subtracting its liabilities from its assets. The fund’s per-share NAV is then obtained by dividing NAV by the number of shares outstanding. .
Sector Mutual Funds: Sector funds are a type of mutual fund or Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) that invests in a specific sector or industry such as technology, healthcare, energy, finance, consumer goods, or real estate. Sector funds focus on a particular industry, allowing investors to gain targeted exposure to specific market areas. The goal is to outperform the overall market by investing in companies within a specific sector that is expected to perform well. However, they are also more susceptible to market fluctuations and specific sector risks, making them a more specialized and potentially higher-risk investment option.
EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS: ETFs are a type of fund that owns various kinds of securities, often of one type. For example, a stock ETF holds stocks, while a bond ETF holds bonds. One share of the ETF gives buyers ownership of all the stocks or bonds in the fund. If an ETF held 100 stocks, then those who owned the fund would own a stake – albeit a very tiny one – in each of those 100 stocks.
ETFs are typically passively managed, meaning that the fund usually holds a fixed number of securities based on a specific preset index of investments. These are tax efficient. In contrast, many mutual funds are actively managed, with professional investors trying to select the investments that will rise and fall.
The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index is perhaps the world’s best-known index, and it forms the basis of many ETFs. Other popular indexes include the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations [NASDAQ] Composite Index.
ETFs based on these funds are called Index Funds and just buy and hold whatever is in the index and make no active trading decisions. ETFs trade on a stock exchange during the day, unlike mutual funds that trade only after the market closes. With an ETF you can place a trade whenever the market is open and know exactly the price you’re paying for the fund.
INDEX FUNDS: Index funds mirror the performance of benchmarks like the DJIA. These passive investments are an unimaginative way to invest. Passive index funds tracking market benchmarks accounted for just 21% of the U.S. equity fund market in 2012. By 2024, passive index funds had grown to about half of all U.S. fund assets. This rise of passive funds has come as they often outperform their actively managed peers. According to the widely followed S&P Indices Versus Active (SPIVA) scorecards, about 9 out of 10 actively managed funds didn’t match the returns of the S&P 500 benchmark in the past 15 years.
ASSESSMENT
Investing in individual stocks is psychologically and academically different than investing in the above funds, according to psychiatrist and colleague Ken Shubin-Stein MD, MPH, MS, CFA who is a professor of finance at the Columbia University Graduate School of Business When you buy shares of a company, you are putting all your eggs in one basket. If the company does well, your investment will go up in value. If the company does poorly, your investment will go down. Fund diversification helps reduce this risk.
CONCLUSION
Investing in the above fund types will help mitigate single company security risk.
References:
1. Fenton, Charles, F: Non-Disclosure Agreements and Physician Restrictive Covenants. In, Marcinko, DE and Hetico, HR: Risk Management, Liability Insurance, and Asset Protection Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™]. Productivity Press, New York, 2015.
Readings:
1. Marcinko, DE and Hetico, HR; Comprehensive Financial Planning Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™] Productivity Press, New York, 2017
2. Marcinko, DE: Dictionary of Health Economics and Finance. Springer Publishing Company, NY 2006
4. Shubin-Stein, Kenneth: Unifying the Psychological and Financial Planning Divide [Holistic Life Planning, Behavioral Economics, Trading Addiction and the Art of Money]. Marcinko, DE and Hetico, HR; Comprehensive Financial Planning Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™] Productivity Press, New York, 2017
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
We make second investment portfolio opinions affordable
Approximately 1 million allopathic physicians, 150,000 dentists, 200,000 osteopaths, 15,000 podiatrists and 6 million nurses often find it difficult to get an unbiased and fiduciary second opinion on their retirement or brokerage accounts. By offering second opinions for a flat fee, the monetary barriers that prevented colleagues from receiving a second opinion in the past have been removed.
We make second investment portfolio opinions convenient
Here’s how we work: you book an initial appointment with us, answer a few preliminary questions and email us your portfolio information. We then provide a second opinion. It is then up to you to incorporate or not.
We make second investment portfolio opinions timely
Financial markets, jobs and colleague age change like the weather. It is not always okay to wait a week, year or more, to seek a professional second financial portfolio opinion. You need to receive an opinion now. That’s where we come in. We are standing by, ready to take your email [MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com] and schedule a free initial consultation within two or three days, or less.
We make second investment portfolio opinions accurate
Fiduciary and non-sales orientated second opinions have the power to change financial lives in the long term. We’ve seen it happen many times. What characterizes a good second opinion? Three things: the opinion must be individualized to your investment portfolio[s], informed and results-oriented. That’s the informed fiduciary approach we take. We are colleagues and look forward to working with you.
FIVE INVESTING MISTAKES OF DOCTORS; PLUS 1 VITAL TIP
As a former US Securities and Exchange Commission [SEC] Registered Investment Advisor [RIA] and business school professor of economics and finance, I’ve seen many mistakes that doctors must be aware of, and most importantly, avoid. So, here are the top 5 investing mistakes along with suggested guideline solutions.
Mistake 1: Failing to Diversify Investment but Beware Di-Worsification
A single investment may become a large portion of your portfolio as a result of solid returns lulling you into a false sense of security. The Magnificent Seven stocks are a current example:
Apple, up +5,064%% since 1/18/2008
Amazon, up +30,328% since 9/6/2002
Alphabet, up +1,200% since 7/20/2012
Tesla, up +21,713% since 11/16/2012
Meta, up +684% since 2/20/2015
Microsoft, up +22% since 12/21/2023
Nvidia, up +80,797% since 4/15/2005
Guideline: The Magnificent Seven [7] has grown from 9% of the S&P 500 at the end of 2013 to 31% at the end of 2024! That means even if you don’t own them, you’re still very exposed if you have an Index Fund [IF] or Exchange Traded Fund [ETF] that tracks the market. Accordingly, diversification is the only free lunch in investing which can reduce portfolio risk. But, remember the Wall Street insider aphorism that states: “Di-Versification Means Always Having to Say Your Sorry.”
The term “Di-Worsification” was coined by legendary investor Peter Lynch in his book, One Up On Wall Street to refer to over-diversifying an investment portfolio in such a way that it reduces your overall risk-return characteristics. In other words, the potential return rises with an increase in risk and invested money can render higher profits only if willing to accept a higher possibility of losses [1].
A podiatrist can easily fall into the trap of chasing securities or mutual funds showing the highest return. It is almost an article of faith that they should only purchase mutual funds sporting the best recent performance. But in fact, it may actually pay to shun mutual funds with strong recent performance. Unfortunately, many struggle to appreciate the benefits of their investment strategy because in jaunty markets, people tend to run after strong performance and purchase last year’s winners.
Similarly, in a market downturn, investors tend to move to lower-risk investment options, which can lead to missed opportunities during subsequent market recoveries. The extent of underperformance by individual investors has often been the most awful during bear markets. Academic studies have consistently shown that the returns achieved by the typical stock or bond fund investors have lagged substantially.
Guideline: Understand chasing performance does not work.Continually monitor your investments and don’t feel the need to invest in the hottest fund or asset category. In fact, it is much better to increase investments in poor performing categories (i.e. buy low). Also keep in remind rebalancing of assets each year is key. If stocks perform poorly and bonds do exceptionally well, then rebalance at the end of the year. In following this strategy, this will force a doctor into buying low and selling high each year.
Often doctors make their investment decisions under the belief that stocks will consistently give them solid double-digit returns. But the stock markets go through extended long-term cycles.
In examining stock market history, there have been 6 secular bull markets (market goes up for an extended period) and 5 secular bear markets (market goes down) since 1900. There have been five distinct secular bull markets in the past 100+ years. Each bull market lasted for an extended period and rewarded investors.
For example, if an investor had started investing in stocks either at the top of the markets in 1966 or 2000, future stock market returns would have been exceptionally below average for the proceeding decade. On the other hand, those investors fortunate enough to start building wealth in 1982 would have enjoyed a near two-decade period of well above average stock market returns. They key element to remember is that future historical returns in stocks are not guaranteed. If stock market returns are poor, one must consider that he or she will have to accept lower projected returns and ultimately save more money to make up for the shortfall. For example,
The May 6th, 2010, flash crash, also known as the crash of 2:45, was a United States trillion-dollar stock market plunge which started at 2:32 pm EST and lasted for approximately 36 minutes.
And, investors who have embraced the “buy the dip” strategy in 2025 have been handsomely rewarded, with the S&P 500 delivering its strongest post-pull back returns in over three decades.
According to research from Bespoke Investment Group, the S&P 500 has gained an average of 0.36% in the trading session following a down day so far in 2025. The only year with a comparable performance was 2020, which saw a 0.32% average post-dip gain [2].
The most recent example came on May 27, 2025 when the S&P 500 surged more than 2% after falling 0.7% in the final session before the holiday weekend. The rally was sparked by President Trump’s decision to scale back huge previously threatened tariffs on EU —a recurring catalyst behind many of 2025’s rebound.
Guideline: Beware of projecting forward historical returns. Doctors should realize that the stock markets are inherently volatile and that, while it is easy to rely on past historical averages, there are long periods of time where returns and risk deviate meaningfully from historical averages.
Some doctors believe they are “smarter than the market” and can time when to jump in and buy stocks or sell everything and go to cash. Wouldn’t it be nice to have the clairvoyance to be out of stocks on the market’s worst days and in on the best days?
Using the S&P 500 Index, our agile imaginary doctor-investor managed to steer clear of the worst market day each year from January 1st, 1992 to March 31st, 2012. The outcome: s/he compiled a 12.42% annualized return (including reinvestment of dividends and capital gains) during the 20+ years, sufficient to compound a $10,000 investment into $107,100.
But what about another unfortunate doctor-investor that had the mistiming to be out of the market on the best day of each year. This ill-fated investor’s portfolio returned only 4.31% annualized from January 1992 – March 2012, increasing the $10,000 portfolio value to just $23,500 during the 20 years. The design of timing markets may sound easy, but for most all investors it is a losing strategy.
More contemporaneously on December 18th 2024, the DJIA plummeted 2.5%, while the S&P 500 declined 3% and the NASDAQ tumbled 3.5%
Guideline: If it looks too good to be true, it probably is. While jumping into the market at its low and selling right at the high is appealing in theory, we should recognize the difficulties and potential opportunity and trading costs associated with trying to time the stock market in practice. In general, colleagues are be best served by matching their investment with their time horizon and looking past the peaks / valleys along the way.
Mistake 5: Failing to Recognize the Impact of Fees and Expenses
A free dinner seminar or a polished stock-broker sales pitch may hide the total underlying costs of an investment. So, fees absolutely matter.
The first costing step is determining what the fees actually are. In a mutual fund, these costs are found in the company’s obligatory “Fund Facts”. This manuscript clearly outlines all the fees paid–including up front fees (commissions and loads), deferred sales charges and any switching fees. Fund management expense ratios are also part of the overall cost. Trading costs within the fund can also impact performance.
Here is a list of the traditional mutual fund fees:
Front End Load: The commission charged to purchase a fund through a stock broker or financial advisor. The commission reduces the amount you have available to invest. Thus, if you start with $100,000 to invest, and the advisor charges up to an 8 percent front end load, you end up actually investing $92,000.
Deferred Sales Charge (DSC) or Back End Load: Imposed if you sell your position in the mutual fund within a pre-specified period of time (normally one – five years). It is initiated at a higher start percentage (i.e. as high as 10 percent) and declines over a specific period of time.
Operating Fees: Costs of the mutual fund including the management fee rewarded to the manager for investment services. It also includes legal, custodial, auditing and marketing fees.
Annual Administration Fee: Many mutual fund companies also charge a fee just for administering the account – usually under $100-150 per year.
Guideline: Know and understand all fees.
For example: A 1 percent disparity in fees may not seem like much but it makes a considerable impact over a long time period.
Consider a $100,000 portfolio that earns 8 percent before fees, grows to $320,714 after 20 years if the investor pays a 2 percent operating fee. In comparison, if s/he opted for a fund that charged a more reasonable 1 percent fee, after 20 years, the portfolio grows to be $386,968 – a divergence of over $66,000!
This is the value of passive or index investing. In the case of an index fund, fees are generally under 0.5 percent, thus offering even more savings over a long period of time.
One Vital Tip: Investing Time is on Your Side
Despite thousands of TV shows, podcasts, textbooks, opinions and university studies on investing, it really only has three simple components. Amount invested, rate of return and time. By far, the most important item is time! For example:
Nvidia: if you invested $1,000 in 2009, you’d have $338,103 today.
Apple: if you invested $1,000 in 2008, you’d have $48,005 today.
Netflix: if you invested $1,000 in 2004, you’d have $495,679 today.
Unfortunately, this list of investing mistakes is still being made by many doctors. Fortunately, by recognizing and acting to mitigate them, your results may be more financially fruitful and mentally quieting.
REFERENCES:
1. Lynch, Peter: One Up on Wall Street [How to Use What You Already Know to Make Money in the Market]: Simon and Shuster (2nd edition) New York, 2000.
1. Marcinko, DE; Comprehensive Financial Planning Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™] Productivity Press, New York, 2017.
2. Marcinko, DE: Dictionary of Health Economics and Finance. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 2006.
3. Marcinko, DE; Risk Management, Liability Insurance, and Asset Protection Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™] CRC Press, New York, 2015.
BIO: As a former university Professor and Endowed Department Chair in Austrian Economics, Finance and Entrepreneurship, the author was a NYSE Registered Investment Advisor and Certified Financial Planner for a decade. Later, he was a private equity and wealth manager
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR-http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com
Posted on June 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By AI
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A POD (Payable on Death) or TOD (Transfer on Death) account is a type of bank account where the account owner names a beneficiary to receive the account assets when the owner dies.
Key points about these accounts include:
Beneficiaries can be anyone, including minors, non-U.S. citizens, and organizations.
The beneficiary needs to provide a certified copy of the deceased’s death certificate to the bank or brokerage firm.
The assets are transferred immediately upon the account owner’s death.
Probate avoidance: By sidestepping probate, POD and TOD accounts streamline the distribution of assets post-death, allowing beneficiaries to gain access to these funds with greater speed.
Simplicity: Setting up these accounts is generally straightforward, often requiring just the completion of a form at the bank or brokerage firm.
No additional cost: There’s usually no cost to establish these accounts, aligning with the needs of individuals seeking a cost-effective method of transferring assets.
Cons
Joint ownership complexity. When an account is jointly owned, the beneficiary of the account won’t receive the assets until the surviving owner(s) die. The same applies to accounts owned in states with tenancy by the entirety for married couples.
Naming alternative beneficiaries: These accounts do not allow for the nomination of alternative beneficiaries if the primary beneficiary or beneficiaries predecease the account owner. This could lead to the assets being subjected to probate if the primary beneficiary is no longer alive at the time of the account holder’s death.
Transfers only happen after death: These accounts stipulate that the person must pass away before the beneficiary can access the funds – a restriction that could prove troublesome if the beneficiary requires access to these assets during the account holder’s life or if the account owner becomes incapacitated during their lifetime.
Many doctors are surprised to learn of an alternative investment known as a hedge fund, pooled investment vehicle or private investment fund. Unlike mutual funds, they can be structured in many ways. However, these funds cannot be marketed or advertised, but they are far from illegal or illicit.
In fact, physicians were among the early investors in one the most successful hedge funds. Warren Buffett got his start in 1957 running the Buffett Partnership, a hedge fund not open to the public. His first appearance as a money manager was before a group of physicians in Omaha, Nebraska. Eleven decided to invest some money with him. A few then followed into Berkshire Hathaway Inc, now among the most highly valued companies in the world.
And, more recently, Scion Asset Management® LLC, is a private investment firm founded and led by my eloquent colleague Michael J. Burry, MD and featured in the movie, The Big Short. Other hedge fund mangers of note include: George Soros, Carl Icahn, Ken Griffin, David Tepper, John Paulson and Bill Ackman.
A hedge fund is a limited partnership of private investors whose money is managed by professional fund managers who use a wide range of strategies; including leveraging [debt] or trading of non-traditional assets [real-estate, collectible, commodities, cyrpto-currency, etc] to earn above-average returns. Hedge funds are considered a risky alternative investment and usually require a high minimum investment or net worth. This person is known as an “accredited investor” or “Regulation D” investor by the US Securities Exchange Commission and must have the following attributes:
A net worth, combined with spouse, of over $1 million, not including primary residence
An income of over $200,000 individually, or $300,000 with a spouse, in each of the past two years
The hurdle rate is part of the fund manager’s performance incentive compensation. Also known as a “benchmark,” it is the amount, expressed in percentage points an investor’s capital must appreciate before it becomes subject to a performance incentive fee. Podiatrists should view the hurdle rate as a form of protection or the fee arrangement.
The hurdle rate benchmarks a single year’s performance and may be considered mutually exclusive of any other year, or the hurdle rate may compound each year. The former case is more common. In the latter case, a portfolio manager failing to attain a hurdle rate in the first year will find the effective hurdle rate considerably higher during the second year.
Once a fund manager attains the hurdle rate, the investor’s capital account may be charged a performance incentive fee only on the performance above and beyond the hurdle rate. Alternatively, the account may be charged a performance fee for the entire level of performance, including the performance required to attain the hurdle rate. Other variations on the use of the hurdle rate exist, and are limited only by the contract signed between the fund manager and the investor. The hurdle rate is not generally a negotiating point, however.
Example: A fund charges a performance fee with a 6 percent hurdle rate, calculated in mutually exclusive manner. A podiatrist places $100,000 with the fund. The first year’s performance is 5 percent. The doctor therefore owes no performance fee during the first year because the portfolio manager did not attain the hurdle rate. During year two, the portfolio manager guides the fund to a 7 percent return. Because the hurdle rate is mutually exclusive of any other year, the portfolio manager has attained the 6 percent hurdle rate and is entitled to a performance fee.
High Water Mark
Some hedge funds feature a “high water mark” provision known as a ”loss-carry forward.” As with the hurdle rate, the high water mark is a form of protection. It is an amount equal to the greatest value of an investor’s capital account, adjusted for contributions and withdrawals. The high water mark ensures that the manager charges a performance incentive fee only on the amount of appreciation over and above the high water mark set at the time the performance fee was last charged. The current trend is for newer funds to feature this high water mark, while older, larger funds may not feature it.
Example: A fund charges a 20 percent performance fee with a high water mark but no hurdle rate. A podiatrist contributes $100,000 to the fund. During the first year, the hedge fund manager grows that capital account to $110,000 and charges a 20 percent performance fee, or $2,000. The ending capital account balance and high water mark is therefore $108,000. During year two, the account falls back to $100,000, but the high water mark remains $108,000. During year three, in order for the manager to charge a performance fee, the manager must grow the capital account to a level above $108,000.
Claw Back Provision
Rarely, a hedge fund may provide investors with a “claw back” provision. This term results in a refund to the investor of all or part of a previously charged performance fee if a certain level of performance is not attained in subsequent years. Such refunds in the face of poor or inadequate performance may not be legal in some states or under certain authorities.
ASSESSMENT
Managers of hedge funds, like colleague Dimitri Sogoloff MBA who is the CEO of Horton Point investment-technology firm, often aim to produce returns that are relatively uncorrelated with market indices and are consistent with investors’ desired level of risk.
While hedging may reduce some risks overall, they cannot all be eliminated. According to a report by the Hennessee Group, hedge funds were approximately one-third less volatile between 1993 and 2010.
For a podiatrist who already holds mutual funds and/or individual stocks and bonds, a hedge fund may provide diversification and reduce overall portfolio risk. Consider investing in them with care.
2. Burry, Michael, J: Hedge Funds [Wall Street Personified]. In, Marcinko, DE and Hetico, HR: Comprehensive Financial Planning Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™] Productivity Press, New York, 2017.
3. Marcinko, DE and Hetico, HR: Risk Management, Liability Insurance, and Asset Protection Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™]. Productivity Press, New York, 2015.
4. Marcinko, DE: Dictionary of Health Economics and Finance. Springer Publishing Company, NY 2006
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
WHAT YOU “MUST KNOW“ ABOUT FINANCIAL ADVISORY FEES
Investment fees still matter despite dropping dramatically over the past several decades due to computer automation, algorithms and artificial intelligence, etc. And, they can make a big difference to your financial health. So, before buying any investment, it’s vital to uncover all real financial advisor and stock broker costs.
1. Up-front salesperson commissions. It is easy to ask; “If I buy this investment today and want to get out tomorrow, how much money do I get back?” If the answer is not “all your money,” the difference is probably upfront fees and commissions. These fees may run as high as 30% of the money invested. If you were to earn 5% a year on the investment, it would take 8 years just to break even.
2. Ongoing advisory fees. These are monthly, quarterly, or annual fees paid to advisors for their investment advice and oversight. This includes working with you to pick the asset classes, set diversification, select a portfolio manager, optimize taxes, re-balance holdings and other periodic tasks.
These fees have many names including wrap fee or investment advisory fees. The normal “rule of thumb” is 1% of assets managed, although fees can range from 0 to 7%. Today, it can even be as low as .5%. It can be charged even if the advisor receives an upfront commission. It can be easy to see, or hidden in the fine print.
3. Additional service fees. Find out specifically what services are included financial advisory fees. Additional fees for financial planning or other services are rarely disclosed. They can range from minimal hand-holding focused on your investments to comprehensive financial planning.
4. Ongoing managerial expense ratio fees. These are incredibly well hidden that you may not see them in your statements or invoices. The only way to know is to read the prospectus or other third party analysis, like Morningstar.com. And, they can vary greatly for the same investment, depending on the class of share you buy.
For example, American Fund’s New Perspective Fund’s expense ratio ranges from 0.45% to 1.54%. The average expense ratio of a mutual fund that invests in stocks is 1.35%. Conversely, the average expense ratio of a Vanguard S&P 500 Fund is 0.10%. The difference of 1.25% is staggering over time.
5. Miscellaneous fees. Some advisors charge $50 – $100 a year per account to open or close an account, and even fees to dollar cost average your funds into the market.
6. Transaction fees. Every time you buy or sell a fund, a fee is typically paid to a custodian. These can range from $5 to hundreds of dollars per transaction.
7. Fee Only: Paid directly by clients for their services and can’t receive other sources of compensation, such as payments from fund providers. Act as a fiduciary, meaning they are obligated to put their clients’ interests first
8. Fee Based: Paid by clients but also via other sources, such as commissions from financial products that clients purchase. Brokers and dealers (or registered representatives) are simply required to sell products that are “suitable” for their clients.
A “suitable” investment is defined by FINRA as one that fits the level of risk that an investor is willing and able, as measured by personal financial circumstances, to take on. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority is a private American corporation that acts as a Self Regulatory Organization (SRO) that regulates member stock brokerage firms and exchange markets. These criteria must be met. It is not enough to state that an investor has a risk-friendly investment profile. In addition, they must be in a financial position to take certain chances with their money. It is also necessary for them to
A hedge fund is a limited partnership of private investors whose money is managed by professional fund managers who use a wide range of strategies; including leveraging [debt] or trading of non-traditional assets [real-estate, collectible, commodities, cyrpto-currency, etc] to earn above-average returns. Hedge funds are considered a risky alternative investment and usually require a high minimum investment or net worth. This person is known as an “accredited investor” or “Regulation D” investor by the US Securities Exchange Commission and must have the following attributes:
A net worth, combined with spouse, of over $1 million, not including primary residence
An income of over $200,000 individually, or $300,000 with a spouse, in each of the past two years
Choose the fee structure. The fee structure should align with your needs. Consider the type of advice you seek, the number of times needed and the complexity of your financial situation. You can always negotiating tactics are free to ask for a better deal.
Compare fees. It is essential to research and compare different fees. Be sure to read the fine print for details or costs that are not a base fee.
Robo-advisors: For simple investment goals, with little specificity, robo-advisors may be a cost-effective option. They charge lower fees than conventional financial advisors and provide an automated, algorithmic approach to managing your investments.
Assessment
The average cost of working with a human financial advisor in 2024 was 0.5% to 2.0% of assets managed, $200 to $400 per hourly consultation, a flat fee of $1,000 to $3,000 for a one-time service, and/or a 3% to 6% commission fee on the product types sold.
When ruminating over financial advisory fees; read and understand the contract with disclosures, do not sign a confidentiality or non-disclosure agreement, and do not waive your right to a lawsuit. According to colleague Dr. Charles F. Fenton IIII JD, forced legal settlements almost always favor the advisor over the client.
2. Marcinko, DE and Hetico, HR; Comprehensive Financial Planning Strategies for Doctors and Advisors [Best Practices from Leading Consultants and Certified Medical Planners™] Productivity Press, New York, 2017.
3. Marcinko, DE: Dictionary of Health Economics and Finance. Springer Publishing Company, NY 2006
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
According to wikipedia, the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats is a stock market index composed of the companies in the S&P 500 index that have increased their dividends in each of the past 25 consecutive years. It was launched in May 2005.
There are other indexes of dividend aristocrats that vary with respect to market cap and minimum duration of consecutive yearly dividend increases. Components are added when they reach the 25-year threshold and are removed when they fail to increase their dividend during a calendar year or are removed from the S&P 500. However, a study found that the stock performance of companies improves after they are removed from the index The index has been recommended as an alternative to bonds for investors looking to generate income.
To invest in the index, there are several exchange traded funds (ETFs), which seek to replicate the performance of the index.
Life planning and behavioral finance as proposed for physicians and integrated by the Institute of Medical Business Advisors Inc., is unique in that it emanates from a holistic union of personal financial planning, human physiology and medical practice management, solely for the healthcare space. Unlike pure life planning, pure financial planning, or pure management theory, it is both a quantitative and qualitative “hard and soft” science, with an ambitious economic, psychological and managerial niche value proposition never before proposed and codified, while still representing an evolving philosophy. Its’ first-mover practitioners are called Certified Medical Planners™.
Financial Life Planning is an approach to financial planning that places the history, transitions, goals, and principles of the client at the center of the planning process. For the financial advisor or planner, the life of the client becomes the axis around which financial planning develops and evolves.
Financial Life Planning is about coming to the right answers by asking the right questions. This involves broadening the conversation beyond investment selection and asset management to exploring life issues as they relate to money.
Financial Life Planning is a process that helps advisors move their practice from financial transaction thinking, to life transition thinking. The first step is aimed to help clients “see” the connection between their financial lives and the challenges and opportunities inherent in each life transition.
But, for informed physicians, life planning’s quasi-professional and informal approach to the largely isolate disciplines of financial planning and medical practice management is inadequate. Today’s practice environment is incredibly complex, as compressed economic stress from HMOs managed care, financial insecurity from insurance companies, ACOs and VBC, Washington DC and Wall Street; liability fears from attorneys, criminal scrutiny from government agencies, and IT mischief from malicious electronic medical record [eMR] hackers. And economic bench marking from hospital employers; lost confidence from patients; and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act [PP-ACA] more than a decade ago. All promote “burnout” and converge to inspire a robust new financial planning approach for physicians and most all medical professionals.
The iMBA Inc., approach to financial planning, as championed by the Certified Medical Planner™ professional certification designation program, integrates the traditional concepts of financial life planning, with the increasing complex business concepts of medical practice management. The former topics are presented in this textbook, the later in our recent companion text: The Business of Medical Practice [Transformational Health 2.0 Skills for Doctors].
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For example, views of medical practice, personal lifestyle, investing and retirement, both what they are and how they may look in the future, are rapidly changing as the retail mentality of medicine is replaced with a wholesale and governmental philosophy. Or, how views on maximizing current practice income might be more profitably sacrificed for the potential of greater wealth upon eventual practice sale and disposition.
Or, how the ultimate fear represented by Yale University economist Robert J. Shiller, in The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century, warns that the risk for choosing the wrong profession or specialty, might render physicians obsolete by technological changes, managed care systems or fiscally unsound demographics. OR, if a medical degree is even needed for future physicians?
Say, what medical license?
Dr. Shirley Svorny, chair of the economics department at California State University, Northridge, holds a PhD in economics from UCLA. She is an expert on the regulation of health care professionals who participated in health policy summits organized by Cato and the Texas Public Policy Foundation. She argues that medical licensure not only fails to protect patients from incompetent physicians, but, by raising barriers to entry, makes health care more expensive and less accessible. Institutional oversight and a sophisticated network of private accrediting and certification organizations, all motivated by the need to protect reputations and avoid legal liability, offer whatever consumer protections exist today.
Yet, the opportunity to revise the future at any age through personal re-engineering, exists for all of us, and allows a joint exploration of the meaning and purpose in life. To allow this deeper and more realistic approach, the informed transformation advisor and the doctor client, must build relationships based on trust, greater self-knowledge and true medical business management and personal financial planning acumen.
[A] The iMBA Philosophy
As you read this ME-P website, we hope you will embrace the opportunity to receive the focused and best thinking of some very smart people. Hopefully, along the way you will self-saturate with concrete information that proves valuable in your own medical practice and personal money journey. Maybe, you will even learn something that is so valuable and so powerful, that future reflection will reveal it to be of critical importance to your life. The contributing authors certainly hope so.
At the Institute of Medical Business Advisors, and thru the Certified Medical Planner™ program, we suggest that such an epiphany can be realized only if you have extraordinary clarity regarding your personal, economic and [financial advisory or medical] practice goals, your money, and your relationship with it. Money is, after only, no more or less than what we make of it.
Ultimately, your relationship with it, and to others, is the most important component of how well it will serve you.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
Most individual physician portfolios are simply a list of stocks. Doctors with such lists usually know the cost of each position and when they acquired it. It is not unusual to find inherited low cost stocks in the account that have been held for many years.
When you inherit securities, a new cost basis is established (the price of the stock on the date of death or six months later—the executor of the estate makes this determination). Even though there would be no capital gain liability if the stock were sold immediately after date of death, most people simply don’t do anything, just hold the stock. Of course taxes should be considered when selling securities but the investment merit should be the overriding factor.
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Doctor and Accountant Opinions
In a personal communication, Mr. L. Eddie Dutton, CPA said, “First make an investment decision and if it fits into the tax plan, so much the better. Doctors often wonder where they will get the money to pay the taxes. I say to get it from the sale of the appreciated stock and cry all the way to the bank with your profit.”
Dr. Ernest Duty MD, a very successful private investor advises “Ask yourself this question: If you had the money instead of the stock, would you buy the stock? If your answer is ‘Yes’ then, hold on to the stock but if you say ‘No, I wouldn’t buy that stock today’ then, sell it” [personal communication].
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: E-MAILCONTACT: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
Posted on May 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters and AI
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What is a cashier’s check?
Unlike a personal check, a cashier’s check is guaranteed by a bank, drawn from the bank’s own funds, and signed by a bank representative. It’s typically used for large or important transactions, such as buying a car or making a down payment on a home, because it offers more security to the recipient than a personal check.
Traditionally, bank customers obtain a cashier’s check by visiting a bank or credit union in person. There’s usually no limit on the amount of the cashier’s check as long as you have the money to cover it. You and the bank or credit union representative sign the check, and the money is withdrawn from the financial institution’s funds when the check is cashed. However, some online banks may allow you to order a cashier’s check online or over the phone.
If you need a cashier’s check the same day and your bank doesn’t have physical branches, a credit union in your area might issue cashier’s checks even if you’re not a customer. Otherwise, consider signing up with a bank or credit union with physical branches in your area.
There is typically a fee to get a cashier’s check, though the amount isn’t significant. Often, you’ll pay less than $20 even for cashier’s checks of several thousand dollars. The relatively low fees for cashier’s checks and guarantee of funds make them useful when making large, important transactions.
A money order is another paper payment method similar to a check. You pay the amount up front (usually in cash or debit), plus a small fee, and the issuer prints a money order that can be filled out to a specific recipient. Because the payment is prepaid, money orders are considered a safe alternative to personal checks, especially for smaller transactions or when sending money through the mail.
Money orders are available at many banks and credit unions as well as some retailers, grocery stores, and post offices. Domestic money orders can’t exceed $1,000, so they aren’t suitable for large transactions. However, while there is a limit on the amount of each money order, you can purchase multiple money orders to pay for more than one expense.
Money orders also have relatively low fees. For example, the United States Postal Service (USPS) charges $2.35 for money orders of $0.01 to $500.00, and $3.40 for money orders between $500.01 and $1,000.00
Which payment method is safer: cashier’s check vs. money order?
Cashier’s checks and money orders are both relatively safe forms of payment — both ensure the payment will not bounce.
However, cashier’s checks are generally safer due to the process financial institutions follow. Cashier’s checks are backed by a bank’s own funds, not your personal account, and are signed by a bank employee — making them harder to counterfeit and more trusted by recipients. The payee must also provide a photo ID when cashing the check, so only the person the financial institution specifies can access the money.
Money orders are paid from your personal bank account funds. They can be easier to forge, especially the ones purchased at retail outlets rather than banks.
That said, both are safer than personal checks or mailing cash, and both can be tracked if lost. But for high-value purchases, a cashier’s check is the more secure option.
A hedge fund is a limited partnership of private investors whose money is pooled and managed by professional fund managers. These managers use a wide range of strategies, including leverage (borrowed money) and the trading of nontraditional assets, to earn above-average investment returns. A hedge fund investment is often considered a risky, alternative investment choice and usually requires a high minimum investment or net worth. Hedge funds typically target wealthy investors.
I want to invest with a manager that has the skills to “hedge” a portfolio, but I do not wish to mix my money with other investors as in a hedge fund.
QUESTION:Can I hire hedge fund managers to manage my account separately?
Some hedge fund managers do take the time to recruit and manage separate accounts, with or without the help of referring brokers.
However, before long the administrative burden of managing so many separate accounts can become quite significant. Hence, the minimums for such separate accounts are generally much higher than if one were to invest in the manager’s hedge fund.
The best feature of these separate accounts is that potentially every aspect of the investment account, including fees, is negotiable. Other features include greater transparency and increased liquidity, since separately managed accounts can often be shut down on short notice.
Investors must be aware, however, that for practical purposes the portfolio manager generally will buy and sell the same securities in the separately managed accounts that the portfolio manager buys and sells in the hedge fund, yet the expenses incurred by the investor will likely be higher.
Posted on April 30, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
FUNDAMENTAL INDUSTRY CHANGES
By Staff Reporters
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Index Funds
An index mutual fund or ETF (exchange-traded fund) tracks the performance of a specific market benchmark—or “index,” like the popular S&P 500 Index—as closely as possible. That’s why you may hear people refer to indexing as a “passive” investment strategy.
Instead of hand-selecting which stocks or bonds the fund will hold, the fund’s manager buys all (or a representative sample) of the stocks or bonds in the index it tracks.
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Quantum Computing
Unlike traditional computers that use bits, quantum computers utilize qubits. These qubits are capable of being in a state of superposition, where they can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously, enabling the processing of multiple calculations at once. This could allow quantum computers to outperform classical computers in solving certain complex problems. However, the field is still overcoming challenges such as qubit stability and decoherence; especially in these three areas:
Quantum computing could fundamentally alter healthcare by accelerating drug discovery and improving individualized medicine. Rapid analysis of enormous volumes of biological data allows quantum computers to find trends that might guide the creation of more potent treatments. In addition to accelerating drug development, this will enable customized treatments tailored to unique genetic profiles.
Faster and more accurate financial models produced by quantum computing will transform the banking sector. Through real-time analysis of intricate financial systems, it can help investors to control risk and make better decisions. More precise market forecasts will help maximize portfolio management and trading strategies.
Through greatly enhanced medical diagnosis and patient care, quantum computing can transform the healthcare industry. Quantum computers can remarkably accurately find trends and possible health hazards by analyzing enormous volumes of medical data in a fraction of the time. Early diagnosis and more customized treatment alternatives follow from this.
B–QTUM Index Fund
Index Description: The BlueStar® Machine Learning and Quantum Computing Index (BQTUM) tracks liquid companies in the global quantum computing and machine learning industries, including products and services related to quantum computing or machine learning, such as the development or use of quantum computers or computing chips, superconducting materials, applications built on quantum computers, embedded artificial intelligence chips, or software specializing in the perception, collection, visualization, or management of big data.
Several years ago a group of highly trusted and deeply experienced financial advisors, insurance service professionals and estate planners noted that far too many of their mature retiring physician clients, using traditional stock brokers, management consultants and financial advisors, seemed to be less successful than those who went it alone. These Do-it-Yourselfers [DIYs] had setbacks and made mistakes, for sure. But, the ME Inc doctors seemed to learn from their mistakes and did not incur the high management and service fees demanded from general or retail one-size-fits-all “advisors.”
In fact, an informal inverse related relationship was noted, and dubbed the “Doctor Effect.” In others words, the more consultants an individual doctor retained; the less well they did in all disciplines of the financial planning and medical practice management, continuum.
Of course, the reason for this discrepancy eluded many of them as Wall Street brokerages and wire-houses flooded the media with messages, infomercials, print, radio, TV, texts, tweets, dinners and internet ads to the contrary. Rather than self-learn the basics, the prevailing sentiment seemed to purse the holy grail of finding the “perfect financial advisor.” This realization confirmed the industry culture which seemed to be:
Bread for the advisor – Crumbs for the client!
And so, Marcinko Associates formed a cadre’ of technology focused and highly educated multi-degreed doctors, nurses, financial advisors, attorneys, accountants, psychologists and educational visionaries who decided there must be a better way for their healthcare colleagues to receive financial planning advice, products and related advisory services within a culture of fiduciary responsibility.
We trust you agree with this specific niche knowledge, and collegial consulting philosophy, as illustrated thru our firm and these two books.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
When you buy a share of stock, you are taking ownership in a company. Collectively, the company is owned by all the shareholders, and each share represents a claim on assets and earnings. If the company distributes profits to its shareholders, you should receive a proportionate share of the earnings.
Stocks are often categorized by the size of the company, or their market capitalization. The market capitalization is determined by multiplying the number of outstanding shares by the current share price. The most common market cap classes are small-cap (valued from $100 million to $1 billion), mid-cap ($1 billion to $10 billion), and large cap ($10 billion to $100 billion).
Stocks are also categorized by their sector, or the type of business the company conducts. Common sectors include utilities, consumer staples, energy, communications, financial, health care, transportation, and technology.
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Stocks are often viewed as being in one of two categories — growth or value.
Growth stocks are ones that are associated with high quality, successful companies that are expected to continue growing at a better-than-average rate as compared to the rest of the market.
Value stocks are ones that have generally solid fundamentals, but are currently out of favor with the market. This may be due to the company being relatively new and unproven in the market, or because the company has recently experienced a decline due to the company’s sector being affected negatively. An example of this would be if the federal government was to levy a new tax on all cell phones, thus negatively affecting all cell phone company stocks.
History has shown that, over time, stocks have provided a better return than bonds, real estate, and other savings vehicles. As a result, stocks may be the ideal investment for investors with long-term goals.
Posted on April 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
OVER HEARD IN THE FINANCIAL ADVISOR’S LOUNGE
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By Perry D’Alessio, CPA [D’Alessio Tocci & Pell LLP]
What I see in my accounting practice is that significant accumulation in younger physician portfolio growth is not happening as it once did. This is partially because confidence in the equity markets is still not what it was; but that doctors are also looking for better solutions to support their reduced incomes.
For example, I see older doctors with about 25 percent of their wealth in the market, and even in retirement years, do not rely much on that accumulation to live on. Of this 25 percent, about 80 percent is in their retirement plan, as tax breaks for funding are just too good to ignore.
What I do see is that about 50 percent of senior physician wealth is in rental real estate, both in a private residence that has a rental component, and mixed-use properties. It is this that provides a good portion of income in retirement.
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QUESTION: So, could I add dialog about real estate as a long term solution for retirement?
Yes, as I believe a real estate concentration in the amount of 5 percent is optimal for a diversified portfolio, but in a very passive way through mutual or index funds that are invested in real estate holdings and not directly owning properties.
Today, as an option, we have the ability to take pension plan assets and transfer marketable securities for rental property to be held inside the plan collecting rents instead of dividends.
Real estate holdings never vary very much, tend to go up modestly, and have preferential tax treatment due to depreciation of the property against income.
Posted on April 13, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Convertible Arbitrage
Convertible arbitrage is the oldest market-neutral strategy. Designed to capitalize on the relative mispricing between a convertible security (e.g. convertible bond or preferred stock) and the underlying equity, convertible arbitrage was employed as early as the 1950s.
Since then, convertible arbitrage has evolved into a sophisticated, model-intensive strategy, designed to capture the difference between the income earned by a convertible security (which is held long) and the dividend of the underlying stock (which is sold short). The resulting net positive income of the hedged position is independent of any market fluctuations. The trick is to assemble a portfolio wherein the long and short positions, responding to equity fluctuations, interest rate shifts, credit spreads and other market events offset each other.
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Hedge Fund Research (HFR) New York, offers the following description of the strategy
Convertible Arbitrage involves taking long positions in convertible securities and hedging those positions by selling short the underlying common stock. A manager will, in an effort to capitalize on relative pricing inefficiencies, purchase long positions in convertible securities, generally convertible bonds, convertible preferred stock or warrants, and hedge a portion of the equity risk by selling short the underlying common stock. Timing may be linked to a specific event relative to the underlying company, or a belief that a relative mispricing exists between the corresponding securities. Convertible securities and warrants are priced as a function of the price of the underlying stock, expected future volatility of returns, risk free interest rates, call provisions, supply and demand for specific issues and, in the case of convertible bonds, the issue-specific corporate/Treasury yield spread. Thus, there is ample room for relative mis-valuations.
Because a large part of this strategy’s gain is generated by cash flow, it is a relatively low-risk strategy.
A hedge fund is a limited partnership of private investors whose money is pooled and managed by professional fund managers. These managers use a wide range of strategies, including leverage (borrowed money) and the trading of nontraditional assets, to earn above-average investment returns. A hedge fund investment is often considered a risky, alternative investment choice and usually requires a high minimum investment or net worth. Hedge funds typically target wealthy investors.
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My stock broker is telling me about a “wrap-fee” program involving a hedge fund manager.
QUESTION: What is a Wrap Fee?
A wrap fee program is a service that provides investment advice and portfolio management to clients for one all-inclusive fee. The fee pays for the services provided to the client, including but not limited to securities transactions, portfolio management, research, brokerage, and administrative services. Wrap fee programs also provide an understanding of a client’s financial goals and objectives; research and selection of assets; implementation of investment decisions; account statements, and access to real-time financial data.
The Investment Advisers Act of 1940 regulates investment advisors when they offer these wrap fee programs and requires them to provide comprehensive disclosure documents before investing. This act helps ensure clients have access to all important information that affects their investment decisions.
QUESTION: Why do I need my stock broker? Can I just go directly to the hedge fund manager?
Yes, you can, but you may find a different fee arrangement when you reach the hedge fund manager, and you may be participating in an unethical transaction. When hedge fund managers set up separate accounts for wrap-fee clients, they agree to take a set fee in exchange for managing this money. They also enter into agreements with one or more brokers to help market this aspect of their money management business. A portion of the wrap fee you pay goes to the broker, and a portion goes to the manager. Incentive compensation is not generally used.
When approached directly, hedge fund managers will typically offer only the hedge fund, complete with incentive compensation and pooled investment features. However, if the hedge fund manager is willing to set up a separate account, it is possible that the investor will find the set fee much less than what he or she would have paid in a wrap fee account through a broker.
Finally, the very large caveat to all this is that the ethics of a hedge fund manager who steals clients from brokers with whom he has a marketing relationship ought to be called into question. And when it comes to hedge funds, the ethics of the manager are of paramount importance.
Posted on April 3, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
BREAKING NEWS – MARKET VOLATILITY
By Staff Reporters
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US stocks nosedived on Thursday, with the Dow tumbling more than 1,200 points as President Trump’s surprisingly steep “Liberation Day” tariffs sent shock waves through markets worldwide. The tech-heavy NASDAQ Composite (IXIC) led the sell-off, plummeting over 4%. The S&P 500 (GSPC) dove 3.7%, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average (^DJI) tumbled roughly 3%. [ongoing story].
So, does the traditional 60 stock / 40 bond strategy still work or do we need another portfolio model?
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The 60/40 strategy evolved out of American economist Harry Markowitz’s groundbreaking 1950s work on modern portfolio theory, which holds that investors should diversify their holdings with a mix of high-risk, high-return assets and low-risk, low-return assets based on their individual circumstances.
While a portfolio with a mix of 40% bonds and 60% equities may bring lower returns than all-stock holdings, the diversification generally brings lower variance in the returns—meaning more reliability—as long as there isn’t a strong correlation between stock and bond returns (ideally the correlation is negative, with bond returns rising while stock returns fall).
For 60/40 to work, bonds must be less volatile than stocks and economic growth and inflation have to move up and down in tandem. Typically, the same economic growth that powers rallies in equities also pushes up inflation—and bond returns down. Conversely, in a recession stocks drop and inflation is low, pushing up bond prices.
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But, the traditional 60/40 portfolio may “no longer fully represent true diversification,” BlackRock CEO Larry Fink writes in a new letter to investors.
Instead, the “future standard portfolio” may move toward 50/30/20 with stocks, bonds and private assets like real estate, infrastructure and private credit, Fink writes.
Here’s what experts say individual investors may want to consider before dabbling in private investments.
It may be time to rethink the traditional 60/40 investment portfolio, according to BlackRock CEO Larry Fink. In a new letter to investors, Fink writes the traditional allocation comprised of 60% stocks and 40% bonds that dates back to the 1950s “may no longer fully represent true diversification.“
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
Merger risk arbitrage, while a subset of a larger strategy called event-driven arbitrage, represents a sufficient portion of the market-neutral universe to warrant separate discussion.
Merger arbitrage earned a bad reputation in the 1980s when Ivan Boesky and others like him came to regard insider trading as a valid investment strategy. That notwithstanding, merger arbitrage is a respected strategy and when executed properly, can be highly profitable. It bets on the outcomes of mergers, takeovers and other corporate events involving two stocks which may become one.
Example:
A classic example is acquisition of SDL Inc. (SDLI) by JDS Uniphase Corp (JDSU). On July 10, 2010 JDSU announced its intent to acquire SDLI by offering to exchange 3.8 shares of its own shares for one share of SDLI. At that time, the JDSU shares traded at $101 and SDLI at $320.5. It was apparent that there was almost 20 percent profit to be realized if the deal went through (3.8 JDSU shares at $101 are worth $383 while SDLI was worth just $320.5).
This apparent mispricing reflected the market’s expectation about the deal’s outcome. Since the deal was subject to the approval of the U.S. Justice Department and shareholders, there was some doubt about its successful completion.
Risk arbitrageurs who did their homework and properly estimated the probability of success bought shares of SDLI and simultaneously sold short shares of JDSU on a 3.8 to 1 ratio, thus locking in the future profit. Convergence took place about eight months later, in February 2011, when the deal was finally approved and the two stocks began trading at exact parity, eliminating the mis-pricing and allowing arbitrageurs to realize a profit.
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Hedge Fund Research defines the strategy as follows:
Merger Arbitrage,also known as risk arbitrage, involves investing in securities of companies that are the subject of some form of extraordinary corporate transaction, including acquisition or merger proposals, exchange offers, cash tender offers and leveraged buy-outs. These transactions will generally involve the exchange of securities for cash, other securities or a combination of cash and other securities. Typically, a manager purchases the stock of a company being acquired or merging with another company, and sells short the stock of the acquiring company. A manager engaged in merger arbitrage transactions will derive profit (or loss) by realizing the price differential between the price of the securities purchased and the value ultimately realized when the deal is consummated. The success of this strategy usually is dependent upon the proposed merger, tender offer or exchange offer being consummated.
When a tender or exchange offer or a proposal for a merger is publicly announced, the offer price or the value of the securities of the acquiring company to be received is typically greater than the current market price of the securities of the target company. Normally, the stock of an acquisition target appreciates while the acquiring company’s stock decreases in value. If a manager determines that it is probable that the transaction will be consummated, it may purchase shares of the target company and in most instances, sell short the stock of the acquiring company. Managers may employ the use of equity options as a low-risk alternative to the outright purchase or sale of common stock. Many managers will hedge against market risk by purchasing S&P put options or put option spreads.
*** Several years ago we noted that far too many mid-career, mature and physician clients using traditional stock brokers, management consultants and “financial advisors”, seemed to be less successful than those who went it alone. These Do-it-Yourselfers [DIYs] had setbacks and made mistakes, for sure. But, the ME Inc,. doctors seemed to learn from their mistakes and did not incur the high management and service fees demanded from general or retail one-size-fits-all “advisors.”
In fact, an informal inverse related relationship was noted, and dubbed the “Doctor Effect.” In other words, the more consultants an individual doctor retained; the less well they did in all disciplines of the financial planning, professional portfolio and investing continuum.
Of course, the reason for this discrepancy eluded many of them as Wall Street brokerages and wire-houses flooded the media with messages, infomercials, print, radio, TV, texts, tweets, and internet ads to the contrary. Rather than self-learn the basics, the prevailing sentiment seemed to purse the holy grail of finding the “perfect financial advisor.” This realization was a confirmation of the industry culture which seemed to be: Bread for the advisor – Crumbs for the client!
And so, we at the the Institute of Medical Business Advisors Inc. (iMBA), and this Medical Executive-Post, formed a cadre’ of technology focused and highly educated doctors, financial advisors, attorneys, accountants, psychologists and educational visionaries who decided there must be a better way for their healthcare colleagues to receive financial planning advice, products and related management services within a culture of fiduciary responsibility.
We trust you agree with this ME Inc philosophy as illustrated in this free white paper available upon request.
PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO CONSTRUCTION [Investing Assets and their Management] Subscribe, Read, Like and Refer
Email whiote paper request here:MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
SO – HOW MUCH IS A “FINANCIAL ADVISOR” REALLY WORTH?
This blog holds a rather uncomplimentary opinion of financial advisors, and the financial services and brokerage industry as a whole; deserved, or not? The entire site hints at this attitude as well, in favor of a going it alone or ME, Inc investing when possible. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to wonder how much boost in net-returns might an educated and informed, fee transparent and honest, fiduciary focused “financial advisor” add to a clients’ investment portfolio; all things being equal [ceteris paribus].
And, can it be quantified?
Well, according to Vanguard Brokerage Services®, perhaps as much as 3%? In a decade long paper from the Valley Forge, PA based mutual fund and ETF giant, Vanguard said financial advisors can generate returns through a framework focused on five wealth management principles:
• Being an effective behavioral coach: Helping clients maintain a long-term perspective and a disciplined approach is arguably one of the most important elements of financial advice. (Potential value added: up to 1.50%).
• Applying an asset location strategy: The allocation of assets between taxable and tax-advantaged accounts is one tool an advisor can employ that can add value each year. (Potential value added: from 0% to 0.75%).
• Employing cost-effective investments: This component of every advisor’s tool kit is based on simple math: Gross return less costs equals net return. (Potential value added: up to 0.45%).
• Maintaining the proper allocation through rebalancing: Over time, as investments produce various returns, a portfolio will likely drift from its target allocation. An advisor can add value by ensuring the portfolio’s risk/return characteristics stay consistent with a client’s preferences. (Potential value added: up to 0.35%).
• Implementing a spending strategy: As the retiree population grows, an advisor can help clients make important decisions about how to spend from their portfolios. (Potential value added: up to 0.70%).
Source: Financial Advisor Magazine, page 20, April 2014.
Assessment
However, Vanguard notes that while it’s possible all of these principles could add up to 3% in net returns for clients, it’s more likely to be an intermittent number than an annual one because some of the best opportunities to add value happen during extreme market lows and highs when angst or giddiness [fear and greed] can cause investors to bail on their well-thought-out investment plans.
And, is the study applicable to doctors and allied healthcare providers? Doe Vanguard have a vested interest in the topic. What about fee based versus fee-only financial advice?
Conclusion
Finally, recognize the plethora of other financial planning life-cycle topics addressed in this ME-P were not included in the Vanguard investment portfolio-only study a decade ago.
And what about today with contemporaneous internet advising, chat-rooms, linkedin, robo-advisors, reddit and the like?
Posted on March 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
BANK IDENTIFICATION NUMBER – DEFINED
By Staff Reporters
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What Is a BIN Attack?
The BIN, or the Bank Identification Number, is the first six digits on a credit card. These are always tied to its issuing institution – usually a bank. In a BIN attack, fraudsters use these six numbers to algorithmically try to generate all the other legitimate numbers, in the hopes of generating a usable card number.
How Does a BIN Attack Work?
Fraudsters conduct BIN attacks by generating hundreds of thousands of possible credit card numbers and testing them out.
A fraudster looks up the BIN of the bank they will target. Ranging from four to six digits, this information is in the public domain and is thus easy to source.
Using dedicated software such as an auto-dialer, they generate thousands, often tens of thousands, combinations of possible existing card numbers by this issuer.
At this point, these credentials need to be tested. The fraudster identifies a suitable online shop or donation page.
They start card testing by attempting a small payment with each generated card number.
They keep track of the small percentage of card details that worked, which they are ready to use in earnest for their fraudulent pursuits.
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Remember that the fraudster will start off with only six digits, yet there are many more card details required for a successful transaction. If those are entered erroneously, the transaction will decline. This includes the CVV number, the expiration date, as well as likely address verification service (AVS) failures. Card testing transactions are executed remotely in a fast fashion, so distance checks should also be a hint as well as velocity alerts.
Fraudsters may use bad merchant accounts directly for this purpose, or more frequently involve multiple online stores and services during a BIN attack, as their attempts keep getting blocked at most outlets.
Posted on March 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
The Power of Attorney Mistake That Could Cost You Everything
By Rick Kahler CFP®
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Recently, reading a training manual on elder abuse, I was reminded of a financial risk that is often overlooked. One of the fastest and easiest ways to unravel your financial security is to have the wrong person gain control of your money.
The example in the manual mirrored a heartbreaking situation I once experienced with a long-term client. As her mental and physical health declined, this single woman moved into assisted living. Her newly designated power of attorney, a relative from out of town, took control of her financial affairs.
Almost immediately, without consulting us, the relative began making large withdrawals, closed her accounts, and transferred funds elsewhere. They challenged the financial plan, investments, and strategies we had established to safeguard the client’s financial security and provide for her long-term care. Even though their actions threatened the client’s wellbeing, we were powerless to stop them. Our only recourse was to report the behavior to the authorities.
This heartbreaking and frustrating experience underscored just how critical it is to be mindful when executing a Power of Attorney. Besides designating someone you trust, it is wise to build in safeguards to prevent even a well-meaning relative from inadvertently derailing a carefully constructed financial plan.
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One such safeguard is to include a financial advisor in your POA—as long as that person is a fee-only, fiduciary advisor with an obligation to act in your best interests. In many cases, advisors are hesitant to suggest this option because they are sensitive to the potential conflict of interest and do not want to appear self-serving. An unfortunate reality is that you should be cautious if an advisor, particularly one who sells products on commission, seems eager to be added to your POA.
Including your financial advisor in your POA does not mean you designate them as your agent to manage your affairs. Instead, you include a clause naming them as the professional of record you want your designated agent to continue working with. This creates continuity and accountability. It prevents your agent from replacing your advisor with someone who may be unfamiliar with your needs and goals, unqualified, or untrustworthy.
Your advisor might also recommend adding a secondary safeguard, such as naming an attorney or accountant to oversee the selection of a successor advisor in case your current advisor is unable to continue. This additional layer of protection ensures that the financial professionals guiding your portfolio remain aligned with your best interests. Taking these extra steps can save you—and your loved ones—from significant financial stress down the road.
Including safeguards in your POA is not about mistrusting your loved ones, but about equipping them with the right resources and support to act in your best interest. Financial management is complex, and it requires expertise that most people, even those with the best intentions, may not possess.
One of the hardest parts about planning for diminished financial capacity is the emotional aspect. No one likes to imagine a time when they might not be able to manage their own money. But in reality, taking steps now to protect your financial future is the ultimate act of control. It can help ensure that your wishes are respected and the financial foundation you’ve worked so hard to build remains intact.
Remember, too, that avoiding conversations often increases financial vulnerability. If you don’t have a POA or aren’t comfortable with what you do have, now is the time to bring it up with your advisor, attorney, or a trusted family member. These safeguards are about protecting yourself. They also support those you will rely on to care for you and your financial legacy,
Posted on March 13, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS
By Staff Reporters
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Prospect theory is a psychological and behavioral economics theory developed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979. It explains how people make decisions when faced with alternatives involving risk, probability, and uncertainty. According to this theory, decisions are influenced by perceived losses or gains.
Example:
Amanda, a DO client, was just informed by her financial advisor that she needed to re-launch her 403-b retirement plan. Since she was leery about investing, she quietly wondered why she couldn’t DIY. Little does her FA know that she doesn’t intend to follow his advice, anyway! So, what went wrong?
The answer may be that her advisor didn’t deploy a behavioral economics framework to support her decision-making. One such framework is the “prospect theory” model that boils client decision-making into a “three step heuristic.”
Prospect theory makes the unspoken biases that we all have more explicit. By identifying all the background assumptions and preferences that clients [patients] bring to the office, decision-making can be crafted so that everyone [family, doctor and patient] or [FA, client and spouse] is on the same page. Briefly, the three steps are:
1. Simplify choices by focusing on the key differences between investment [treatment] options such as stock, bonds, cash, and index funds.
2. Understanding that clients [patients] prefer greater certainty when it comes to pursuing financial [health] gains and are willing to accept uncertainty when trying to avoid a loss [illness].
3. Cognitive processes lead clients and patients to overestimate the value of their choices thanks to survivor bias, cognitive dissonance, appeals to authority and hindsight biases.
Assessment
Much like healthcare today, the current mass-customized approaches to the financial services industry falls short of recognizing more personalized advisory approaches like prospect theory and assisted client-centered investment decision-making.
Posted on March 13, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
DEFINITION
By Staff Reporters
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1035 Exchange
DEFINITION: A method of exchanging insurance-related assets without triggering a taxable event. Cash-value life insurance policies and annuity contracts are two products that may qualify for a 1035 exchange.
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A 1035 exchange is a feature in the tax code that permits individuals to transfer funds from an existing life insurance endowment, or annuity policy to a new one without tax consequences.
These transactions are not subject to tax deductions or tax credits but rather tax deferrals, meaning that individuals would only pay taxes on any earnings once they receive money from the policy later.
Without this provision, policyholders would have to close their previous accounts and be subjected to both taxes and surrender charges before they could open a new account.
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