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RECESSION: A Heightened Risk in 2026?

Posted on December 13, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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The U.S. faces a heightened risk of recession in 2026, with economic indicators, expert forecasts, and global instability contributing to widespread concern. While some analysts remain cautiously optimistic, the probability of a downturn is significant.

The potential for a U.S. recession in 2026 is a topic of growing concern among economists, policymakers, and investors. According to UBS, the probability of a recession has surged to 93% based on hard data analysis, including employment trends, industrial production, and credit market signals. This alarming figure reflects a convergence of economic stressors that could culminate in a downturn by the end of 2026.

One of the most prominent warning signs is the inverted yield curve, a historically reliable predictor of recessions. When short-term interest rates exceed long-term rates, it suggests that investors expect weaker growth ahead. This inversion, coupled with elevated federal debt and persistent inflationary pressures, has led many analysts to forecast a slowdown in consumer spending and business investment.

Despite these concerns, some sectors—particularly artificial intelligence (AI)—are providing temporary buoyancy. The AI infrastructure boom has fueled GDP growth and market optimism, with global AI investment projected to reach $500 billion by 2026.

However, experts warn that this surge may be masking underlying economic fragility. If AI-driven investment slows, the economy could quickly lose momentum, revealing vulnerabilities in other sectors such as manufacturing and retail.

Global factors also play a critical role. Trade tensions, geopolitical instability, and fluctuating oil prices have created an unpredictable environment. The lingering effects of tariff pass-throughs and policy uncertainty are expected to intensify in 2026, further straining the U.S. economy. Additionally, speculative forecasts—like those from mystic Baba Vanga—have captured public imagination by predicting a “cash crush” that could disrupt both virtual and physical currency systems, although such claims lack empirical support. Not all forecasts are dire. Oxford Economics suggests that while growth will moderate, the U.S. may avoid a full-blown recession thanks to continued investment incentives and robust AI-related spending. Their above-consensus GDP forecast hinges on the assumption that business confidence remains stable and that fiscal policy supports non-AI sectors effectively.

Nevertheless, the risks are real and multifaceted. The Polymarket prediction platform currently estimates a 43% chance of a U.S. recession by the end of 2026, based on criteria such as two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth or an official declaration by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

In conclusion, while the U.S. economy may continue to navigate “choppy waters,” the potential for a recession in 2026 is substantial. Policymakers must remain vigilant, balancing stimulus with fiscal discipline, and addressing structural weaknesses before temporary growth drivers fade.

The coming year will be pivotal in determining whether the U.S. can steer clear of recession or succumb to the mounting pressures.

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", economics, finance, Funding Basics, Glossary Terms, Investing, Portfolio Management | Tagged: AI, artificial heart, artificial intelligence, Baba Vanga, economics, economy, finance, GDP, Inverted yield curve, Investing, National Bureau Economic Research, NBER, Oxford economics, recession, UBS | Leave a comment »

PARADOX: Cold Weather Flu & Sickness

Posted on November 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

Filed under: Ask a Doctor, Drugs and Pharma, Experts Invited, Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Health Insurance, Healthcare Finance | Tagged: cold, corona virus, flu, flu virus, food, health, Laura Goeggel, NEJM, paradox, patients, rhinovirus, Technology, travel, virus | Comments Off on PARADOX: Cold Weather Flu & Sickness

FINRA: Role and Importance

Posted on November 22, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is a cornerstone of the U.S. financial system, serving as a self-regulatory organization that oversees brokerage firms and their registered representatives. Established in 2007 through the consolidation of the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) and the regulatory arm of the New York Stock Exchange, FINRA plays a critical role in maintaining market integrity, protecting investors, and ensuring that the securities industry operates fairly and transparently.

Origins and Mission

FINRA’s creation was driven by the need for a unified regulatory body that could streamline oversight of broker-dealers. Its mission is straightforward yet vital: to safeguard investors and promote market integrity. Unlike government agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), FINRA is a non-governmental organization, but it operates under the SEC’s supervision. This unique structure allows FINRA to act with agility while still being accountable to federal oversight.

Core Responsibilities

FINRA’s responsibilities are broad and multifaceted.

Licensing and Registration: FINRA ensures that brokers and brokerage firms meet professional standards before they can operate. This includes administering qualification exams such as the Series 7 and Series 63.
Rulemaking and Enforcement: FINRA develops rules that govern broker-dealer conduct and enforces them through disciplinary actions when violations occur.
Market Surveillance: FINRA monitors trading activity across U.S. markets to detect fraud, manipulation, or other irregularities.
Investor Education: Through initiatives like BrokerCheck, FINRA provides investors with tools to research brokers and firms, empowering them to make informed decisions.

Each of these functions contributes to a safer and more transparent marketplace.

Protecting Investors

Investor protection lies at the heart of FINRA’s mission. By enforcing ethical standards and monitoring trading practices, FINRA reduces the risk of misconduct such as insider trading, excessive risk-taking, or misleading investment advice. Its arbitration and mediation services also provide investors with avenues to resolve disputes with brokers outside of lengthy court proceedings. This combination of proactive regulation and accessible dispute resolution strengthens public trust in financial markets.

Challenges and Criticisms

Like any regulatory body, FINRA faces challenges. Critics argue that as a self-regulatory organization, it may be too close to the industry it oversees, raising concerns about conflicts of interest. Others question whether its penalties are sufficient to deter misconduct. Additionally, the rapid evolution of financial technology, cryptocurrency markets, and complex trading algorithms presents new regulatory hurdles. FINRA must continually adapt its rules and surveillance systems to keep pace with innovation.

Impact on the Financial System

Despite these challenges, FINRA’s impact is undeniable. By maintaining standards of conduct and transparency, it helps ensure that capital markets remain efficient and trustworthy. Investors, from individuals saving for retirement to institutions managing billions, rely on FINRA’s oversight to protect their interests. Broker-dealers, meanwhile, benefit from clear rules that create a level playing field and reduce systemic risk.

Conclusion

In summary, FINRA is an essential pillar of the U.S. financial regulatory framework. Its blend of licensing, rulemaking, enforcement, and investor education fosters confidence in the securities industry. While it must continue to evolve in response to technological and market changes, its mission remains constant: protecting investors and promoting integrity. Without FINRA’s presence, the risk of misconduct and instability in financial markets would be far greater. As the financial landscape grows more complex, FINRA’s role will only become more critical in ensuring that markets remain fair, transparent, and resilient.

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MONEY SUPPLY: Measurement Tools

Posted on November 21, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

BASIC DEFINITIONS

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Money supply measures—M0, M1, M2, and M3—are essential tools used by economists and policymakers to assess liquidity, guide monetary policy, and understand economic health. Each measure reflects a different level of liquidity and plays a unique role in financial analysis.

The money supply refers to the total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time. It includes various forms of money, ranging from physical currency to more liquid financial instruments. To better understand and manage economic activity, central banks and economists categorize money into different measures based on liquidity: M0, M1, M2, and M3.

M0, also known as the monetary base or base money, includes all physical currency in circulation—coins and paper money—plus reserves held by commercial banks at the central bank. It represents the most liquid form of money and is directly controlled by the central bank through tools like open market operations and reserve requirements.

M1 builds on M0 by adding demand deposits (checking accounts) and other liquid deposits that can be quickly converted into cash. It includes:

Physical currency held by the public
Traveler’s checks
Demand deposits at commercial banks

M1 is a key indicator of immediate spending power in the economy. A rapid increase in M1 can signal rising consumer activity, while a decline may indicate tightening liquidity.

M2 expands further by including near-money assets—those that are not as liquid as M1 but can be converted into cash relatively easily. M2 includes:

All components of M1
Savings deposits
Money market securities
Certificates of deposit (under $100,000)

M2 is widely used by economists and the Federal Reserve to gauge intermediate-term economic trends. It reflects both spending and saving behavior, making it a critical tool for forecasting inflation and guiding interest rate decisions.

M3, though no longer published by the Federal Reserve since 2006, includes M2 plus large time deposits, institutional money market funds, and other larger liquid assets. M3 provides a broader view of the money supply, especially useful for analyzing long-term investment trends and credit expansion. Some countries, like the UK and India, still track M3 for macroeconomic planning.

These measures are not just academic—they have real-world implications. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. saw a historic surge in M2 due to stimulus payments and quantitative easing. This expansion raised concerns about future inflation, which materialized in subsequent years. Monitoring money supply helps central banks adjust monetary policy to maintain price stability and support economic growth.

In conclusion, money supply measures offer a layered view of liquidity in the economy, from the most liquid (M0) to broader aggregates (M3).

Understanding these categories helps policymakers, investors, and businesses anticipate economic shifts, manage inflation, and make informed financial decisions.

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SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

Posted on November 20, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Shaping Well-being Beyond Medicine

Health is often thought of as the result of medical care, but in reality, it is deeply influenced by the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These conditions, known as social determinants of health, include a wide range of social, economic, and environmental factors that shape health outcomes. They are responsible for many of the differences in health status between individuals and communities. Understanding these determinants is essential for promoting fairness in health and designing policies that reduce disparities.

Economic Stability

Economic stability is one of the most powerful determinants of health. Individuals with steady income can afford nutritious food, safe housing, and preventive healthcare. Conversely, poverty increases vulnerability to chronic diseases, mental health challenges, and limited access to medical services. Families with fewer financial resources may struggle to afford medications or healthy diets, leading to higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Unemployment or unstable work further exacerbates stress, which itself is linked to poor health outcomes. Economic inequality directly translates into health inequality.

Education

Education shapes health both directly and indirectly. Higher educational attainment is associated with better employment opportunities, higher income, and improved health literacy. People with more education are more likely to understand medical information, adopt healthy behaviors, and navigate healthcare systems effectively. Limited education can perpetuate cycles of poverty and poor health. For instance, children who grow up in underfunded schools may face restricted opportunities, leading to lower lifetime earnings and poorer health outcomes. Education is therefore a critical lever for breaking intergenerational cycles of disadvantage.

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Neighborhood and Physical Environment

The environment in which individuals live plays a crucial role in determining health. Safe neighborhoods with clean air, accessible parks, and reliable transportation promote physical activity and reduce exposure to pollutants. In contrast, communities with high crime rates, poor housing, and environmental hazards contribute to stress, injury, and illness. Food deserts—areas with limited access to affordable, healthy food—are a striking example of how environment shapes health. Residents in these areas often rely on processed foods, increasing risks of obesity and related diseases. Housing quality also matters: overcrowding, mold, or lead exposure can lead to respiratory illnesses and developmental delays.

Healthcare Access and Quality

Access to healthcare is a fundamental determinant, but it is shaped by social and economic factors. Insurance coverage, affordability, and cultural competence of providers influence whether individuals receive timely and effective care. Marginalized groups often face barriers such as discrimination, language differences, or lack of nearby facilities. Even when healthcare is available, disparities in quality persist. For example, minority populations may receive less aggressive treatment for certain conditions compared to others. Addressing these inequities requires systemic reforms that prioritize inclusivity and affordability.

Social and Community Context

Social relationships and community support networks significantly affect health. Strong social ties provide emotional support, reduce stress, and encourage healthy behaviors. Communities with high levels of trust and civic engagement often experience better health outcomes. Conversely, discrimination, racism, and social exclusion undermine health by increasing stress and limiting opportunities. Social cohesion and equity are therefore vital for fostering healthier societies.

Conclusion

The social determinants of health highlight that medicine alone cannot ensure well-being. Economic stability, education, environment, healthcare access, and social context collectively shape health outcomes and drive disparities. Addressing these determinants requires a holistic approach that integrates public health, social policy, and community action. By investing in education, reducing poverty, improving neighborhoods, and ensuring equitable healthcare, societies can move closer to achieving health equity. Ultimately, health is not just about treating illness—it is about creating conditions in which everyone has the opportunity to thrive.

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RISK ARBITRAGE: In Financial Markets

Posted on November 20, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Risk arbitrage, often referred to as merger arbitrage, is a specialized investment strategy that seeks to exploit pricing inefficiencies arising during corporate mergers, acquisitions, or other restructuring events. Unlike traditional arbitrage, which involves risk-free profit opportunities from price discrepancies across markets, risk arbitrage carries inherent uncertainty because it depends on the successful completion of corporate transactions. Despite its name, it is not risk-free; rather, it is a calculated approach to profiting from the probability of deal closure.

At its core, risk arbitrage involves buying the stock of a company being acquired and, in some cases, shorting the stock of the acquiring company. For example, if Company A announces it will acquire Company B at $50 per share, but Company B’s stock trades at $47, arbitrageurs may purchase shares of Company B, betting that the deal will close and the stock will rise to the agreed acquisition price. The $3 difference represents the potential arbitrage profit. However, this spread exists precisely because of uncertainty: regulatory approval, financing challenges, shareholder resistance, or unforeseen market conditions could derail the transaction, leaving arbitrageurs exposed to losses.

The practice of risk arbitrage has a long history in Wall Street. It gained prominence in the mid-20th century, particularly during the wave of conglomerate mergers in the 1960s and leveraged buyouts in the 1980s. Hedge funds and specialized arbitrage desks at investment banks became key players, using sophisticated models to assess the likelihood of deal completion. Today, risk arbitrage remains a central strategy for event-driven funds, which focus on corporate actions as catalysts for investment opportunities.

One of the defining features of risk arbitrage is its reliance on probability analysis. Investors must evaluate not only the financial terms of the deal but also the legal, regulatory, and political environment. For instance, antitrust regulators may block a merger if it reduces competition, or foreign investment committees may intervene in cross-border acquisitions. Arbitrageurs often assign probabilities to deal completion and calculate expected returns accordingly. A deal with high regulatory risk may offer a wider spread, but the probability of failure tempers the attractiveness of the trade.

Risk arbitrage also plays an important role in market efficiency. By narrowing the spread between target company stock prices and acquisition offers, arbitrageurs help align market prices with expected outcomes. Their activity provides liquidity to shareholders of target firms and signals market confidence—or skepticism—about deal success. In this sense, arbitrageurs act as informal referees of corporate transactions, reflecting collective judgment about feasibility.

Nevertheless, risk arbitrage is not without controversy. Critics argue that it can encourage speculative behavior and amplify volatility around merger announcements. Moreover, when deals collapse, arbitrageurs can suffer significant losses, as seen in high-profile failed mergers. The strategy requires not only financial acumen but also resilience in managing downside risk.

In conclusion, risk arbitrage is a sophisticated investment strategy that blends financial analysis with legal and regulatory insight. While it offers opportunities for profit, it demands careful risk management and a deep understanding of corporate dynamics. Far from being risk-free, it is a calculated gamble on the successful execution of complex transactions. For investors willing to navigate uncertainty, risk arbitrage remains a compelling, though challenging, avenue in modern financial markets.

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LOSS LEADERS: Marketing Tactics Used by Doctors to Attract Patients

Posted on November 19, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Doctors use loss leader tactics—offering discounted or free services—to attract new patients and build long-term loyalty. These strategies are increasingly common in competitive healthcare markets.

In today’s healthcare landscape, physicians and clinics face intense competition for patient attention. Traditional referral systems are no longer sufficient, as patients increasingly rely on online reviews, social media, and digital advertising to choose providers. To stand out, many doctors have adopted loss leader marketing tactics—a strategy borrowed from retail where a business offers a product or service at a loss to attract customers and stimulate future sales.

A loss leader in healthcare typically involves offering free consultations, discounted exams, or low-cost procedures. For example, aesthetic clinics might advertise free skin evaluations or reduced-price Botox sessions. Primary care practices may offer complimentary wellness screenings or discounted flu shots. These services are not intended to generate immediate profit but to introduce patients to the practice, build trust, and encourage them to return for more comprehensive—and profitable—care.

This tactic works particularly well in specialties where patients have discretionary choice, such as dermatology, dentistry, chiropractic care, and cosmetic surgery. By lowering the barrier to entry, doctors can attract hesitant or price-sensitive patients who might otherwise delay care. Once inside the practice, patients experience the quality of service firsthand, increasing the likelihood of repeat visits and word-of-mouth referrals.

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Digital marketing amplifies the effectiveness of loss leader strategies. Physicians use platforms like Google Ads, Facebook, and Instagram to promote their offers to targeted demographics. A well-designed landing page might advertise a “$49 New Patient Exam” with a clear call to action and online booking. These campaigns often include retargeting ads and email follow-ups to nurture leads into loyal patients.

However, loss leader tactics must be carefully managed. Offering services below cost can strain resources if not paired with a clear conversion strategy. Doctors must ensure that the initial offer leads to higher-value services, such as diagnostic testing, treatment plans, or elective procedures. Additionally, practices must maintain ethical standards and avoid misleading promotions that could erode patient trust.

Reputation management plays a crucial role in sustaining the benefits of loss leader marketing. Positive patient experiences from initial discounted visits often translate into glowing online reviews, which further attract new patients. Conversely, poor execution—such as rushed appointments or upselling pressure—can backfire and damage the practice’s credibility.

Ultimately, loss leader marketing is not about giving away services indefinitely. It’s a strategic investment in patient acquisition, brand building, and long-term growth. When executed thoughtfully, it allows doctors to showcase their expertise, differentiate their practice, and foster lasting relationships with patients.

In conclusion, loss leader tactics have become a powerful tool in the modern physician’s marketing arsenal. By offering low-cost entry points to care, doctors can attract new patients, build trust, and grow their practice sustainably.

As competition intensifies, those who master this strategy—while maintaining quality and transparency—will be best positioned to thrive in the evolving healthcare marketplace.

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SINGULARITY: In Medicine Today?

Posted on November 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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The singularity promises to revolutionize medicine by accelerating diagnostics, treatment, and longevity—but it also demands ethical vigilance and systemic transformation.

The concept of the technological singularity refers to a hypothetical future moment when artificial intelligence (AI) surpasses human intelligence, triggering exponential advances in technology. In medicine, this could mark a turning point where AI-driven systems outperform human clinicians in diagnosis, treatment planning, and even biomedical research. While the singularity remains speculative, its implications for healthcare are profound and multifaceted.

One of the most promising impacts is in diagnostics and precision medicine. AI systems trained on vast datasets of medical images, genetic profiles, and patient histories could detect diseases earlier and more accurately than human doctors. For example, algorithms already outperform radiologists in identifying certain cancers from imaging scans. As we approach the singularity, these systems may evolve into autonomous diagnostic agents capable of real-time analysis and personalized recommendations, tailored to each patient’s unique biology.

Another transformative area is drug discovery and development. Traditional pharmaceutical research is slow and costly, often taking over a decade to bring a new drug to market. AI could dramatically shorten this timeline by simulating molecular interactions, predicting therapeutic targets, and optimizing clinical trial designs. With superintelligent systems, the pace of innovation could accelerate to the point where treatments for currently incurable diseases—like Alzheimer’s or certain cancers—become feasible within months.

The singularity also opens doors to radical longevity and human enhancement. Advances in nanotechnology, genomics, and regenerative medicine may converge to extend human lifespan significantly. AI could help decode the aging process, identify biomarkers of cellular decline, and engineer interventions that slow or reverse it. Some theorists even envision a future where aging is treated as a curable condition, and mortality becomes a choice rather than a biological inevitability.

However, these breakthroughs come with serious ethical and societal challenges. Data privacy, algorithmic bias, and access inequality are critical concerns. If singularity-level AI is controlled by a few corporations or governments, it could exacerbate global health disparities. Moreover, the replacement of human clinicians with machines raises questions about empathy, trust, and accountability in care. Who is responsible when an AI makes a life-altering mistake?

To navigate this future responsibly, medicine must embrace interdisciplinary collaboration. Ethicists, technologists, clinicians, and policymakers must work together to ensure that AI systems are transparent, equitable, and aligned with human values. Regulatory frameworks must evolve to keep pace with innovation, and medical education must prepare practitioners to work alongside intelligent machines.

In conclusion, the singularity represents both a promise and a peril for medicine. It offers unprecedented opportunities to enhance human health, but also demands careful stewardship to avoid unintended consequences.

As we edge closer to this horizon, the challenge will be not just technological, but deeply human: to harness intelligence beyond our own in service of healing, compassion, and justice.

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STOCK MARKET CRASHES: More Likely in the Fall?

Posted on November 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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+ Plus / – Minus Two Weeks

Stock market crashes have long been associated with the fall season, particularly October, which has earned a reputation as a month of financial turmoil. While crashes can occur at any time, the clustering of several historic downturns in autumn has led many investors to believe that markets are more vulnerable during this period.

Historical Patterns of Fall Crashes

Some of the most devastating collapses in financial history have taken place in the fall. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 began in late October and marked the start of the Great Depression. In October 1987, markets experienced “Black Monday,” when the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged more than 20% in a single day. More recently, the global financial crisis of 2008 saw some of its steepest declines in September and October. These events have cemented autumn’s reputation as a season of heightened risk.

Why the Fall Is Riskier

Several factors contribute to the perception that fall is a dangerous time for markets:

Investor psychology: The memory of past crashes in October can heighten anxiety, making traders more prone to panic selling.
Fiscal cycles: Many institutional investors close their books at the end of September, leading to portfolio adjustments and sell-offs in October.
Economic data releases: Key reports on employment, corporate earnings, and government budgets often arrive in the fall, influencing sentiment.
Global events: Political and economic developments frequently coincide with autumn months, adding uncertainty.

Statistical Evidence and Skepticism

Despite the historical examples, statistical studies suggest that crashes are not inherently more likely in October than in other months. Market downturns are rare events, and their clustering in autumn may be more coincidence than causation. Crashes have also occurred outside the fall, such as the bursting of the dot-com bubble in spring 2000 and the COVID-19 crash in March 2020. This suggests that the so-called “October Effect” may be more psychological than empirical.

Lessons for Investors

Whether or not fall crashes are statistically more likely, the historical record offers important lessons:

Diversify investments to reduce vulnerability to sudden downturns.
Avoid panic selling, since many crashes are followed by rapid recoveries.
Prepare for volatility, as autumn often brings heightened uncertainty.

Conclusion

Stock market crashes are not guaranteed to happen in the fall, but history has made October synonymous with financial turmoil. The clustering of major downturns during this season has created a psychological bias that influences investor behavior. Whether coincidence or pattern, the lesson is clear: autumn is a time when vigilance, discipline, and preparation are especially important for market participants.

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BUTTERFLY SPREAD INVESTING

Posted on November 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Investing in Butterfly Spreads

Options trading provides investors with a wide range of strategies to suit different market conditions. One of the more refined approaches is the butterfly spread, a strategy designed to profit from stability in the price of an underlying asset. It combines multiple option contracts at different strike prices to create a position with limited risk and limited reward. The name comes from the shape of its profit-and-loss diagram, which resembles the wings of a butterfly.

Structure of the Strategy

A typical butterfly spread involves four options contracts with three strike prices. In a long call butterfly spread, the investor buys one call at a lower strike, sells two calls at a middle strike, and buys one call at a higher strike. This creates a payoff that peaks if the underlying asset closes at the middle strike price. Losses are capped at the initial premium paid, while profits are capped at the difference between the strikes minus the premium.

Variations of Butterfly Spreads

Butterfly spreads can be built with calls, puts, or a mix of both:

Long Call Butterfly: Profits if the asset stays near the middle strike.
Long Put Butterfly: Similar structure but using puts.
Iron Butterfly: Combines calls and puts, selling an at-the-money straddle and buying protective wings.
Reverse Iron Butterfly: Designed to benefit from sharp price movements and volatility.

Each variation adapts to different market expectations, but all share the principle of balancing risk and reward.

Benefits of Butterfly Spreads

Defined Risk: The maximum loss is known upfront.
Cost Efficiency: Requires less capital than outright buying options.
Neutral Outlook: Works best when the investor expects little price movement.
Flexibility: Can be tailored to different market conditions with calls, puts, or combinations.

Drawbacks and Risks

Limited Profit Potential: Gains are capped, which may not appeal to aggressive traders.
Dependence on Timing: The strategy works only if the asset closes near the middle strike at expiration.
Complexity: Requires careful planning of strike prices and expiration dates.

Example in Practice

Suppose a stock trades at $100, and the investor expects it to remain near that level. They could set up a butterfly spread with strikes at $95, $100, and $105. If the stock closes at $100, the strategy delivers maximum profit. If the stock moves significantly away from $100, the investor’s loss is limited to the premium paid. This makes the butterfly spread particularly useful in calm, low-volatility markets.

Conclusion

The butterfly spread is a disciplined options strategy that thrives in stable markets. It offers a balance between risk control and profit potential, making it attractive to traders who prefer structured outcomes. While the rewards are capped, the defined risk and cost efficiency make butterfly spreads a valuable tool for investors who anticipate minimal price movement and want to manage their exposure carefully.

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CASH BALANCE PLANS: Hybrid Retirement Savings for Physicians

Posted on November 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Retirement planning has evolved significantly over the past several decades, with employers and employees seeking solutions that balance security, flexibility, and predictability. Among the various retirement plan options available today, cash balance plans stand out as a hybrid design that combines features of both traditional defined benefit pensions and defined contribution plans. Their unique structure makes them an attractive choice for employers aiming to provide meaningful retirement benefits while maintaining financial predictability.

At their core, cash balance plans are a type of defined benefit plan. Unlike traditional pensions, which promise retirees a monthly income based on years of service and final salary, cash balance plans define the benefit in terms of a hypothetical account balance. Each participant’s account grows annually through two components: a “pay credit” and an “interest credit.” The pay credit is typically a percentage of the employee’s salary or a flat dollar amount, while the interest credit is either a fixed rate or tied to an index such as U.S. Treasury yields. Although the account is hypothetical—meaning the funds are not actually segregated for each employee—the structure provides participants with a clear, understandable statement of their retirement benefit.

One of the primary advantages of cash balance plans is their transparency. Employees can easily track the growth of their account balance, much like they would with a 401(k). This clarity helps workers better understand the value of their retirement benefits and fosters a sense of ownership. Additionally, cash balance plans are portable: when employees leave a company, they can roll over the vested balance into an IRA or another qualified plan, ensuring continuity in retirement savings.

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From the employer’s perspective, cash balance plans offer several benefits as well. Traditional pensions often create unpredictable liabilities, as they depend on factors such as longevity and investment performance. Cash balance plans, by contrast, provide more predictable costs because the employer commits to specific pay and interest credits. This predictability makes them easier to manage and budget for, particularly in industries where workforce mobility is high. Moreover, cash balance plans can be designed to reward long-term employees while still appealing to younger workers who value portability.

Despite these advantages, cash balance plans are not without challenges. Because they are defined benefit plans, employers bear the investment risk and must ensure the plan is adequately funded. Regulatory requirements, including nondiscrimination testing and funding rules, add complexity and administrative costs. Additionally, while cash balance plans are generally more equitable across generations of workers, transitions from traditional pensions to cash balance designs have sometimes sparked controversy, particularly among older employees who may perceive a reduction in benefits.

In recent years, cash balance plans have gained popularity among professional firms, such as law practices and medical groups, as well as small businesses seeking tax-efficient retirement solutions. These plans allow owners and highly compensated employees to accumulate larger retirement savings than would be possible under defined contribution limits, while still providing benefits to rank-and-file workers. As such, they serve as a valuable tool for both talent retention and financial planning.

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CRISIS MANAGEMENT: In Medical Practice and Healthcare

Posted on November 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Crisis Management in Medical Practice

Healthcare is a field where crises are not hypothetical but expected realities. From pandemics and natural disasters to cyberattacks and sudden staff shortages, medical practices must be prepared to respond swiftly and effectively. Crisis management in medical practice refers to the structured approach of anticipating, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disruptive events that threaten patient safety, organizational stability, or community trust.

🌐 Nature of Crises in Healthcare

Crises in medical practice can take many forms:

Public Health Emergencies: Outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, demand rapid adaptation of protocols and resources.
Operational Disruptions: Power outages, supply chain breakdowns, or IT failures can halt essential services.
Human Resource Challenges: Sudden staff shortages due to illness or burnout can compromise patient care.
Reputation and Legal Risks: Medical errors or breaches of patient confidentiality can escalate into crises requiring immediate management.

Each type of crisis requires tailored strategies, but all share the common need for preparedness and resilience.

🔑 Principles of Crisis Management

Effective crisis management in medical practice rests on several key principles:

Preparedness: Developing contingency plans, conducting drills, and maintaining emergency supplies ensure readiness.
Leadership and Decision-Making: Strong leadership is critical for making rapid, evidence-based decisions under pressure.
Communication: Transparent, timely communication with staff, patients, and external stakeholders reduces panic and builds trust.
Collaboration: Coordinating with hospitals, public health agencies, and community organizations strengthens response capacity.
Flexibility: Crises are unpredictable; adaptability in protocols and resource allocation is essential.

⚙️ Crisis Management Frameworks

Healthcare organizations often adopt structured frameworks:

Incident Command System (ICS): Provides a standardized hierarchy for managing emergencies.
Risk Assessment Models: Identify vulnerabilities and prioritize mitigation strategies.
Business Continuity Planning: Ensures essential services continue despite disruptions.

These frameworks help medical practices move from reactive responses to proactive resilience.

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💡 Challenges in Crisis Management

Despite planning, medical practices face significant challenges:

Resource Limitations: Smaller practices may lack the financial or logistical capacity to implement robust crisis plans.
Staff Stress and Burnout: Crises often demand long hours and emotional resilience, which can strain healthcare workers.
Rapidly Changing Information: In public health emergencies, evolving guidelines can create confusion.
Patient Expectations: Maintaining quality care during disruptions is difficult but essential to preserve trust.

Addressing these challenges requires investment in training, mental health support, and technology infrastructure.

🌱 Importance of Resilience

Crisis management is not only about survival but about building resilience. Practices that learn from crises, adapt policies, and strengthen systems emerge stronger. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated telemedicine adoption, which continues to benefit patients today. Resilience ensures that medical practices can withstand future disruptions while continuing to deliver safe, effective care.

✅ Conclusion

Crisis management in medical practice is a vital competency that safeguards both patients and providers. By preparing for diverse scenarios, fostering strong leadership, and prioritizing communication, healthcare organizations can navigate crises with confidence. Ultimately, effective crisis management transforms challenges into opportunities for growth, innovation, and improved patient care.

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ADRs: Bridging Global Capital Markets

Posted on November 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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American Depository Receipts Defined

In the modern era of globalization, financial instruments that connect investors across borders have become indispensable. Among these, American Depository Receipts (ADRs) stand out as a powerful mechanism that allows U.S. investors to participate in foreign equity markets without the complexities of international trading. ADRs not only simplify access to global companies but also enhance the ability of foreign corporations to raise capital in the United States. This essay explores the origins, structure, regulatory frameworks, benefits, risks, and real-world examples of ADRs, highlighting their role in the integration of global finance.

Historical Development

The concept of ADRs emerged in 1927 when J.P. Morgan introduced the first ADR for the British retailer Selfridges. At the time, American investors faced significant hurdles in purchasing foreign shares, including currency conversion, unfamiliar trading practices, and regulatory differences. ADRs solved these problems by creating a U.S.-based certificate that represented ownership in foreign shares, denominated in dollars, and traded on American exchanges.

Over the decades, ADRs expanded rapidly, especially during the post-World War II era when globalization accelerated. By the late 20th century, ADRs had become a mainstream tool for accessing international equities, with companies from Europe, Asia, and Latin America increasingly using them to tap into U.S. capital markets.

Structure and Mechanics

An ADR is issued by a U.S. depositary bank, which holds the underlying shares of a foreign company in custody. Each ADR corresponds to a specific number of shares—sometimes one, sometimes multiple, or even a fraction. Investors buy and sell ADRs in U.S. dollars, and dividends are paid in dollars as well, eliminating the need for currency conversion.

Key structural features include:

Depositary Banks: Institutions such as J.P. Morgan, Citibank, and Bank of New York Mellon act as custodians and issuers of ADRs.
ADR Ratios: The number of foreign shares represented by one ADR can vary, allowing flexibility in pricing.
Trading Platforms: ADRs can be listed on major exchanges like the NYSE or NASDAQ, or traded over-the-counter.

Regulatory Framework

ADRs are subject to U.S. securities regulations, which vary depending on the level of ADR issued:

Level I ADRs: Traded over-the-counter, requiring minimal disclosure. They are primarily used for visibility rather than fundraising.
Level II ADRs: Listed on U.S. exchanges, requiring compliance with SEC reporting standards, including reconciliation of financial statements to U.S. GAAP or IFRS.
Level III ADRs: Allow foreign companies to raise capital directly in U.S. markets through public offerings. These require the highest level of regulatory compliance, including registration with the SEC and adherence to corporate governance standards.

This tiered system ensures that investors receive appropriate levels of transparency while giving foreign companies flexibility in their approach to U.S. markets.

Benefits for Investors

ADRs offer numerous advantages to American investors:

Convenience: Investors can buy shares in foreign companies without dealing with foreign exchanges or currencies.
Diversification: ADRs provide access to global firms across industries, enhancing portfolio diversification.
Transparency: ADRs listed on U.S. exchanges must comply with SEC regulations, ensuring reliable financial reporting.
Liquidity: ADRs trade on familiar platforms, making them easily accessible to retail and institutional investors alike.

Benefits for Companies

Foreign corporations also benefit significantly from ADRs:

Access to Capital: ADRs open the door to the world’s largest pool of investors.
Global Visibility: Listing in the U.S. enhances reputation and credibility.
Improved Liquidity: Shares become more widely traded, increasing market efficiency.
Investor Base Diversification: Companies can attract both domestic and international investors, reducing reliance on local markets.

Risks and Challenges

Despite their advantages, ADRs carry certain risks:

Currency Risk: ADR values are tied to foreign shares denominated in local currencies, making them vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations.
Political and Economic Risk: Instability in the issuing company’s home country can affect performance.
Taxation: Dividends may be subject to foreign withholding taxes before conversion to U.S. dollars.
Regulatory Differences: Even with SEC oversight, differences in accounting standards and corporate governance can pose challenges.

Case Studies

1. Alibaba Group (China) Alibaba’s ADRs, listed on the NYSE in 2014, marked one of the largest IPOs in history, raising $25 billion. This demonstrated the power of ADRs to connect Chinese companies with American investors, despite regulatory complexities between the two countries.

2. Toyota Motor Corporation (Japan) Toyota’s ADRs have long provided U.S. investors with access to one of the world’s largest automakers. By listing ADRs, Toyota expanded its investor base and strengthened its global presence.

3. Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands/UK) Shell’s ADRs illustrate how multinational corporations use ADRs to maintain visibility in U.S. markets while managing complex cross-border structures.

The Role of ADRs in Global Finance

ADRs embody the globalization of capital markets. They facilitate cross-border investment, enhance market efficiency, and foster economic integration. For investors, ADRs represent a gateway to international diversification. For companies, they provide access to the deepest capital markets in the world.

Conclusion

American Depositary Receipts are more than just financial instruments; they are symbols of global interconnectedness. By bridging the gap between U.S. investors and foreign companies, ADRs have reshaped the landscape of international finance. They balance convenience with exposure to global risks, offering both opportunities and challenges. As globalization continues to evolve, ADRs will remain a vital tool for investors and corporations alike, reinforcing their role as a cornerstone of modern capital markets.

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SKILLED TRADESMEN: Will They Out Earn Doctors in the Future?

Posted on November 15, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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For centuries, doctors have occupied one of the highest earning and most respected positions in society. Their extensive education, specialized knowledge, and critical role in preserving human life have traditionally guaranteed them financial security and social prestige. Yet in recent years, a growing conversation has emerged: could skilled tradesmen—electricians, plumbers, welders, carpenters, and other hands‑on professionals—eventually out‑earn doctors in the future? While the answer is complex, shifting economic dynamics suggest that the gap between these professions may narrow, and in certain contexts, tradesmen could indeed surpass doctors in earnings.

One of the most significant factors driving this possibility is supply and demand. The medical profession requires years of schooling, residency, and licensing, which creates a steady pipeline of doctors but also limits entry. By contrast, skilled trades have suffered from declining interest among younger generations, many of whom were encouraged to pursue college degrees instead of vocational training. As a result, there is now a shortage of tradesmen in many regions. When demand for services like plumbing or electrical work rises but supply remains low, wages naturally increase. Already, some master tradesmen charge hourly rates that rival or exceed those of general practitioners.

Another consideration is student debt and overhead costs. Doctors often graduate with hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt, and many must work in hospital systems or private practices with high administrative expenses. Tradesmen, on the other hand, typically face lower educational costs and can enter the workforce much earlier. Many start their own businesses with relatively modest investments, allowing them to keep a larger share of their earnings. In an era where entrepreneurship and independence are highly valued, tradesmen may find themselves financially freer than doctors burdened by debt and bureaucracy.

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The changing economy also plays a role. Automation and artificial intelligence are beginning to reshape medicine, with diagnostic tools, telehealth, and robotic surgery reducing the need for certain human tasks. While doctors will always be essential, parts of their work may become less lucrative as technology takes over. Skilled trades, however, are far harder to automate. Repairing a leaking pipe, rewiring a house, or welding a custom structure requires physical presence, adaptability, and problem‑solving in unpredictable environments—skills machines struggle to replicate. This resilience against automation could make tradesmen’s work increasingly valuable.

That said, doctors will likely continue to command high salaries in specialized fields such as surgery, cardiology, or oncology. The prestige and necessity of medical expertise ensure that society will always reward them. Yet the notion that tradesmen are “lesser” careers is fading. In fact, many tradesmen already earn six‑figure incomes, particularly those who own successful businesses or operate in regions with acute labor shortages.

Ultimately, whether tradesmen will out‑earn doctors depends on how society values different forms of expertise. If current trends continue—rising demand for trades, shortages of skilled labor, resistance to automation, and lower educational barriers—it is plausible that many tradesmen will match or surpass doctors in income. The future may not be defined by one profession dominating the other, but by a more balanced recognition that both healers and builders are indispensable to modern life. In that sense, the financial gap may close, reflecting a broader cultural shift toward valuing practical skills as highly as academic ones.

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SILVER: Role in a Diversified Investment Portfolio

Posted on November 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Silver occupies a distinctive position within the realm of investment assets, functioning simultaneously as a precious metal and an industrial commodity. This dual nature imbues silver with characteristics that make it a valuable component of a diversified portfolio, offering both defensive qualities and growth potential. While its volatility necessitates careful consideration, silver’s unique attributes warrant attention from investors seeking balance between risk mitigation and opportunity.

Silver as a Hybrid Asset

Unlike gold, which is primarily regarded as a store of value, silver derives a substantial portion of its demand from industrial applications. It is indispensable in sectors such as electronics, renewable energy, and medical technology, with photovoltaic cells in solar panels representing a particularly significant driver of consumption. This industrial utility ensures that silver’s price is influenced not only by macroeconomic uncertainty but also by technological innovation and global manufacturing trends. Consequently, silver provides investors with exposure to both traditional safe-haven dynamics and cyclical industrial growth.

Accessibility and Cost Efficiency

Silver’s affordability relative to gold enhances its appeal to a broad spectrum of investors. Physical silver, in the form of coins and bars, allows individuals with modest capital to participate in the precious metals market. Moreover, financial instruments such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and mining equities provide liquid and scalable avenues for investment. This accessibility ensures that silver can serve as an entry point into alternative assets, particularly for those seeking to hedge against inflation without committing substantial resources.

Inflation Hedge and Currency Protection

Historically, silver has demonstrated resilience during periods of inflation and currency depreciation. As fiat currencies lose purchasing power, tangible assets such as silver tend to appreciate, preserving wealth for investors. Although gold is often considered the primary hedge, silver’s similar properties, combined with its lower cost, render it a practical complement. In times of geopolitical instability or monetary expansion, silver can function as a safeguard against systemic risks.

Volatility and Associated Risks

Despite its advantages, silver is characterized by pronounced price volatility. Its smaller market size relative to gold renders it more susceptible to speculative trading and abrupt shifts in investor sentiment. Furthermore, fluctuations in industrial demand can amplify short-term price movements. While this volatility can generate significant returns, it also exposes investors to heightened risk. Accordingly, silver is best employed as a long-term holding within a diversified portfolio rather than as a vehicle for short-term speculation.

Portfolio Diversification and Investment Vehicles

Incorporating silver into a portfolio enhances diversification by introducing an asset class with low correlation to equities and fixed income securities. This non-correlation reduces overall portfolio risk and provides stability during market downturns. Investors may access silver through several channels: physical bullion for tangible ownership, ETFs for liquidity, mining stocks for leveraged exposure, and futures contracts for advanced strategies. Each vehicle entails distinct risk-reward profiles, enabling investors to tailor their approach according to objectives and tolerance.

Conclusion

Silver’s dual identity as both a precious metal and an industrial commodity distinguishes it from other investment assets. Its affordability, inflation-hedging capacity, and diversification benefits make it a compelling addition to portfolios. While volatility requires prudent management, silver’s potential to balance defensive and growth-oriented strategies underscores its enduring relevance in contemporary investment practice.

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PHYSICIAN PAYMENT: Direct Reimbursement Models

Posted on November 13, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

BASIC DEFINITIONS

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The Direct Reimbursement Payment Model allows physicians to receive payment directly from patients or employers, bypassing traditional insurance systems. This model emphasizes transparency, autonomy, and personalized care, offering an alternative to fee-for-service and managed care structures.

The Direct Reimbursement Payment Model is a healthcare financing approach in which physicians are paid directly by patients or sponsoring entities—such as employers—rather than through insurance companies or government programs. This model is gaining traction as a response to the administrative burdens, opaque billing practices, and fragmented care often associated with traditional insurance-based systems.

One prominent example of direct reimbursement is Direct Primary Care (DPC). In DPC, patients pay a recurring fee—monthly, quarterly, or annually—that covers a broad range of primary care services. These include routine checkups, preventive screenings, chronic disease management, and basic lab work. By eliminating third-party billing, DPC practices reduce overhead costs and administrative complexity, allowing physicians to spend more time with patients and focus on quality care.

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Employers have also embraced direct reimbursement models to manage healthcare costs and improve employee wellness. In such arrangements, employers reimburse physicians or clinics directly for services rendered to their employees, often through a defined benefit structure. This can be part of a self-funded health plan or a supplemental offering alongside high-deductible insurance policies. The goal is to provide accessible, cost-effective care while avoiding the inefficiencies of traditional insurance networks.

Key advantages of the direct reimbursement model include:

Price transparency: Patients know upfront what services cost, reducing surprise billing and financial stress.
Improved access: Physicians often offer same-day or next-day appointments, extended visits, and direct communication via phone or email.
Lower administrative burden: Without insurance paperwork, practices can operate more efficiently and focus on patient care.
Stronger patient-physician relationships: More time per visit fosters trust, continuity, and better health outcomes.

However, the model is not without limitations. Direct reimbursement may not cover specialist care, hospitalization, or emergency services, requiring patients to maintain supplemental insurance. Additionally, the model may be less accessible to low-income populations who cannot afford recurring fees or out-of-pocket payments. Critics also argue that widespread adoption could fragment care and reduce risk pooling, undermining the broader goals of universal coverage.

Despite these concerns, the direct reimbursement model aligns with broader trends in healthcare reform, including value-based care, consumer empowerment, and decentralized service delivery. It offers a viable path for physicians seeking autonomy and for patients desiring personalized, transparent care. As healthcare continues to evolve, hybrid models that combine direct reimbursement with traditional insurance may emerge, offering flexibility and choice across diverse patient populations.

In conclusion, the Direct Reimbursement Payment Model represents a meaningful shift in how healthcare services are financed and delivered.

By prioritizing simplicity, transparency, and patient-centered care, it challenges the status quo and opens new possibilities for sustainable, high-quality medical practice.

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Say’s Law in Classical Economics

Posted on November 12, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Say’s Law, named after the French economist Jean‑Baptiste Say, is a foundational idea in classical economics. Often summarized as “supply creates its own demand,” the law suggests that the act of producing goods and services inherently generates the income necessary to purchase them. This principle shaped economic thought throughout the 19th century and continues to influence debates about markets, government intervention, and the causes of economic crises.

Origins and Meaning Jean‑Baptiste Say introduced his law in the early 1800s in his Treatise on Political Economy. He argued that production is the source of demand: when producers create goods, they pay wages, rents, and profits, which in turn become purchasing power. In this view, general overproduction is impossible because every supply of goods corresponds to an equivalent demand. If imbalances occur, they are temporary and limited to specific sectors, not the economy as a whole.

Core Principles Say’s Law rests on several assumptions:

Markets are self‑correcting: Any surplus in one area leads to adjustments in prices and production.
Money is neutral: It serves only as a medium of exchange, not as a driver of demand.
Production drives prosperity: Economic growth depends on increasing output, not stimulating consumption.
No long‑term unemployment: Since supply creates demand, workers displaced in one industry will eventually find employment elsewhere.

These ideas aligned with classical economists’ belief in minimal government intervention and the efficiency of free markets.

Influence on Classical Economics Say’s Law became a cornerstone of classical economics, reinforcing the belief that recessions or depressions were temporary and self‑correcting. Economists like David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill adopted versions of the law, using it to argue against policies aimed at stimulating demand. The law supported laissez‑faire approaches, suggesting that governments should avoid interfering with markets, as production itself would ensure economic balance.

Criticism and Keynesian Revolution Say’s Law faced its greatest challenge during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Widespread unemployment and idle factories contradicted the idea that supply automatically generates demand. John Maynard Keynes famously rejected Say’s Law in his General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). Keynes argued that demand, not supply, drives economic activity. He showed that insufficient aggregate demand could lead to prolonged recessions, requiring government intervention through fiscal and monetary policies.

Keynes’s critique marked a turning point in economics. While Say’s Law emphasized production, Keynesian economics highlighted consumption and demand management. This shift reshaped economic policy, leading to active government roles in stabilizing economies.

Modern Perspectives Today, Say’s Law is not accepted in its original form, but elements of it remain relevant. Supply‑side economists, for example, argue that policies encouraging production—such as tax cuts and deregulation—can stimulate growth. In contrast, Keynesians stress the importance of demand management. The debate reflects a broader tension in economics: whether prosperity depends more on producing goods or ensuring people have the means and willingness to buy them.

Conclusion: Say’s Law was a bold attempt to explain the self‑sustaining nature of markets. While its claim that “supply creates its own demand” proved too simplistic in the face of modern economic realities, it remains a vital part of the history of economic thought. The controversy surrounding Say’s Law highlights the evolving nature of economics, where theories are tested against real‑world crises and adapted to new circumstances. Even today, discussions of supply‑side versus demand‑side policies echo the enduring influence of Say’s original insight.

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Understanding the Series 63 Exam: Key Insights

Posted on November 11, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A. I. and FINRA

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

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The Series 63 exam — the Uniform Securities State Law Examination — is a North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA) exam administered by FINRA.

The exam consists of 60 scored questions and 5 unscored questions. Candidates have 75 minutes to complete the exam. In order for a candidate to pass the Series 63 exam, they must correctly answer at least 43 of the 60 scored questions.

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PHYSICIAN NET WORTH: Versus Average Family

For additional information about this exam, including the content outline, please visit the exams page on the NASAA website.

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Effective Marketing: Using Loss Leaders in Financial Services

Posted on November 10, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

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In the competitive world of financial services, attracting and retaining clients is a constant challenge. To stand out, many financial advisors employ strategic marketing tactics known as “loss leaders”—free or discounted services designed to showcase value and build trust. These offerings serve as entry points for potential clients, allowing advisors to demonstrate expertise and initiate long-term relationships.

One of the most common loss leaders is the free initial consultation. This no-obligation meeting gives prospective clients a chance to discuss their financial goals, ask questions, and get a feel for the advisor’s approach. For the advisor, it’s an opportunity to assess the client’s needs and present tailored solutions. While no revenue is generated from this meeting, it often leads to paid engagements once the client feels confident in the advisor’s capabilities.

Another popular tactic is offering a complimentary financial plan or portfolio review. These services provide tangible insights into a client’s current financial situation and suggest improvements. By delivering real value upfront, advisors build credibility and demonstrate their analytical skills. Clients who receive actionable advice are more likely to continue working with the advisor on a paid basis.

Educational content also plays a key role in loss leader strategy. Advisors frequently host free webinars, workshops, or seminars on topics like retirement planning, tax strategies, or investment basics. These events not only educate attendees but also position the advisor as a thought leader. Attendees often leave with a better understanding of their financial needs and a desire to seek personalized guidance.

In the digital realm, advisors may offer free tools and assessments on their websites. These include retirement readiness calculators, risk tolerance quizzes, and budgeting templates. Such tools engage users and provide personalized feedback, creating a natural segue into one-on-one consultations. Additionally, offering free newsletters or eBooks helps advisors stay top-of-mind while delivering ongoing value.

Some advisors go further by waiving fees for introductory services, such as account setup or the first few months of investment management. This lowers the barrier to entry and encourages hesitant clients to try the service. Once clients experience the benefits, they’re more likely to commit long-term.

Loss leaders are not limited to high-net-worth individuals. Advisors targeting younger or less affluent clients may offer free debt management plans or budgeting assistance. These services address immediate concerns and build loyalty among clients who may become more profitable as their financial situations improve.

Ultimately, loss leaders are about building relationships. By offering something of value without immediate compensation, financial advisors demonstrate their commitment to helping clients succeed. This fosters trust, encourages engagement, and often leads to lasting partnerships. In a field where reputation and reliability are paramount, loss leaders serve as powerful tools for growth and differentiation.

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RICARDIAN ECONOMICS: Can it Save Medicine?

Posted on November 10, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Ricardian economics, rooted in the theories of 19th-century economist David Ricardo, emphasizes comparative advantage, free trade, and the neutrality of government debt—most notably through the concept of Ricardian equivalence. While these ideas have shaped macroeconomic thought, their relevance to medicine and healthcare policy is less direct. Still, exploring Ricardian principles offers a provocative lens through which to examine the fiscal sustainability and efficiency of modern healthcare systems.

At the heart of Ricardian equivalence is the idea that consumers are forward-looking and internalize government budget constraints. If a government finances healthcare through debt rather than taxes, rational agents will anticipate future tax burdens and adjust their behavior accordingly. In theory, this undermines the effectiveness of deficit-financed healthcare spending as a stimulus. Applied to medicine, this suggests that long-term fiscal responsibility is crucial: expanding healthcare access through borrowing may not yield the intended economic or health benefits if citizens expect future costs to rise.

This insight could inform debates on healthcare reform, especially in countries grappling with ballooning medical expenditures. Ricardian economics warns against short-term fixes that ignore long-term fiscal implications. For example, expanding public insurance programs without sustainable funding mechanisms could lead to intergenerational inequities and economic distortions. Policymakers might instead focus on reforms that align incentives, reduce waste, and promote cost-effective care—principles that resonate with Ricardo’s emphasis on efficiency and comparative advantage.

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However, Ricardian economics offers limited guidance on the unique moral and practical dimensions of medicine. Healthcare is not a typical market good. Patients often lack the information or autonomy to make rational choices, especially in emergencies. Moreover, the sector is rife with externalities: one person’s vaccination benefits the broader community, and untreated illness can strain public resources. These complexities challenge the assumption of rational, forward-looking behavior central to Ricardian equivalence.

Additionally, Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage—where nations benefit by specializing in goods they produce most efficiently—has implications for global health. It supports international collaboration in pharmaceutical production, medical research, and telemedicine. Yet, over-reliance on global supply chains can expose vulnerabilities, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic when countries faced shortages of critical medical supplies.

In conclusion, Ricardian economics provides valuable fiscal insights that can inform healthcare policy, particularly regarding debt sustainability and efficient resource allocation. Its emphasis on long-term planning and comparative advantage can guide reforms that make medicine more resilient and cost-effective. However, the theory’s assumptions about rational behavior and market dynamics limit its applicability to the nuanced realities of healthcare. Medicine requires not just economic efficiency but ethical considerations, equity, and compassion—areas where Ricardian economics falls short. Thus, while it can contribute to the conversation, it cannot “save” medicine alone.

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PUBLIC RELATIONS: In Medicine

Posted on November 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd and Copilot A.I.

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Public relations (PR) in medicine is a specialized field that focuses on managing communication between healthcare organizations, medical professionals, and the public. Unlike traditional marketing, which emphasizes selling services, PR in medicine emphasizes trust, credibility, and education. In a sector where lives and well-being are at stake, effective communication is not optional—it is essential.

1. Building Trust and Reputation

Healthcare institutions rely heavily on public trust. Patients must feel confident in the competence and integrity of hospitals, clinics, and medical professionals. PR strategies such as press releases, community outreach, and media engagement help establish credibility. For example, when hospitals share success stories of medical breakthroughs or highlight patient-centered initiatives, they reinforce their reputation as reliable and compassionate providers.

2. Health Education and Awareness

One of the most important functions of PR in medicine is educating the public. Medical jargon can be complex, and PR professionals translate it into accessible language. Campaigns about preventive care, vaccination, or chronic disease management empower communities to make informed health decisions. By bridging the knowledge gap, PR ensures that medical information is not confined to professionals but reaches the wider population in a clear and actionable way.

3. Crisis Communication

Healthcare organizations often face crises—ranging from disease outbreaks to medical errors. In such moments, PR becomes the frontline defense. Transparent communication, timely updates, and empathy are crucial in maintaining public confidence. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals and health agencies relied on PR to disseminate accurate information, counter misinformation, and reassure anxious populations. Effective crisis communication can prevent panic and sustain trust even in challenging times.

4. Advocacy and Community Engagement

PR in medicine also involves advocacy for public health policies and community engagement. Hospitals and medical associations often use PR campaigns to support initiatives such as mental health awareness, anti-smoking drives, or nutrition education. By engaging with communities through events, seminars, and social media, healthcare organizations position themselves as partners in public well-being rather than distant institutions.

5. Digital Transformation in Medical PR

The rise of digital media has transformed healthcare PR. Social media platforms, blogs, and online forums allow medical institutions to communicate directly with patients. This immediacy enhances transparency but also requires careful management to avoid misinformation. Digital PR strategies now include online reputation management, patient testimonials, and interactive health campaigns. In this way, PR adapts to modern communication channels while maintaining its core mission of trust and education.

6. Ethical Responsibility

Unlike other industries, PR in medicine carries a profound ethical responsibility. Misleading information can have life-threatening consequences. Therefore, PR professionals in healthcare must prioritize accuracy, sensitivity, and compassion. Their role is not only to protect the image of institutions but also to safeguard public health.

Conclusion

Public relations in medicine is more than a communication tool—it is a bridge between science and society. By fostering trust, educating communities, managing crises, and advocating for health, PR ensures that medical institutions remain credible and compassionate. In an era of rapid medical advancements and global health challenges, the importance of PR in medicine continues to grow, making it an indispensable part of modern healthcare.

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Understanding the Google Scholar Paradox in Research

Posted on November 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A.I.

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

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Classic Definition: Scientific research depends on the referencing and citing of other research.

Modern Circumstance: The Google Scholar Paradox is that research which gets cited most often is whatever shows up in the top results of Google Scholar searches; regardless of its contribution to the field.

Paradox Example: The Google Scholar effect is a phenomenon when some medical and healthcare researchers pick and cite works appearing in the top results on Google Scholar regardless of their contribution to the citing publication.

Paradoxically they automatically assume these works’ credibility and believe that editors, reviewers, and readers expect to see these citations.

Courtesy: Morgan Housel

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SCHRODINGER’S CAT and Other Thought Experiments

Posted on November 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

Thought

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Thought experiments have long been a powerful tool in science and philosophy, allowing thinkers to explore complex ideas without the need for immediate empirical testing. Among the most famous is Schrödinger’s Cat, devised in 1935 by physicist Erwin Schrödinger to highlight the strange implications of quantum mechanics. In this scenario, a cat is placed in a sealed box with a radioactive atom, a Geiger counter, and a vial of poison. If the atom decays, the Geiger counter triggers the release of poison, killing the cat. According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, until the box is opened and observed, the atom exists in a superposition of decayed and undecayed states. Consequently, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead until observation collapses the wavefunction. This paradox illustrates the difficulty of applying quantum principles to macroscopic objects and remains a central discussion point in debates about the nature of reality.

Schrödinger’s Cat is not unique in its ability to provoke deep reflection. Throughout history, scientists and philosophers have used thought experiments to challenge assumptions and clarify theories. For example, Galileo’s falling bodies experiment imagined two objects of different weights tied together and dropped from a tower. By reasoning through the scenario, Galileo demonstrated that heavier objects do not fall faster than lighter ones, contradicting Aristotelian physics and paving the way for Newtonian mechanics.

Another influential thought experiment is Einstein’s elevator, which he used to develop the theory of general relativity. Einstein imagined an observer inside a sealed elevator, unable to see outside. If the elevator were accelerating upward in space, the observer would feel pressed to the floor, just as if gravity were acting on them. This equivalence between acceleration and gravity became the foundation of Einstein’s revolutionary insight that gravity is not a force but the curvature of spacetime.

In thermodynamics, Maxwell’s demon presents a paradox about the second law of entropy. James Clerk Maxwell imagined a tiny demon controlling a door between two chambers of gas. By selectively allowing fast-moving molecules to pass one way and slow-moving molecules the other, the demon could seemingly decrease entropy without expending energy. This thought experiment sparked debates about the nature of information, energy, and the limits of physical laws, influencing modern discussions in statistical mechanics and information theory.

Philosophy also abounds with thought experiments. Descartes’ evil demon questioned whether our perceptions could be manipulated, casting doubt on the certainty of knowledge. More recently, John Searle’s Chinese Room challenged the idea that computers can truly “understand” language, distinguishing between syntax and semantics in artificial intelligence.

In conclusion, Schrödinger’s Cat remains a symbol of quantum strangeness, but it is part of a broader tradition of thought experiments that have shaped human understanding. From Galileo’s tower to Einstein’s elevator, Maxwell’s demon to Searle’s room, these imaginative scenarios allow us to probe the boundaries of knowledge, test the coherence of theories, and confront paradoxes that empirical experiments alone cannot resolve. They remind us that science is not only about observation but also about the creative power of the human mind to envision possibilities beyond immediate reality.

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Understanding the Risks of Capitation in Healthcare

Posted on November 8, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A.I.

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The Pitfalls of Capitation in Medicine

Capitation, a payment model in healthcare where providers receive a fixed amount per patient regardless of the services rendered, has been promoted as a way to control costs and incentivize efficiency. However, despite its theoretical appeal, capitation medicine presents significant drawbacks that can compromise patient care, distort provider incentives, and exacerbate systemic inequities.

One of the most concerning aspects of capitation is the potential for under-treatment. Since providers are paid a set fee per patient, regardless of how much care that patient requires, there is a financial incentive to minimize services. This can lead to situations where necessary tests, referrals, or treatments are delayed or denied in order to preserve profit margins. Patients with complex or chronic conditions—who require more frequent and intensive care—may be especially vulnerable under this model. The risk is that medical decisions become driven by cost containment rather than clinical need, undermining the ethical foundation of healthcare.

NURSING CAPITATION: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2024/07/07/on-nursing-capitation-reimbursement/

Capitation also introduces challenges in maintaining quality standards. Unlike value-based care, which ties reimbursement to outcomes, capitation focuses solely on cost predictability. Without robust oversight and accountability mechanisms, providers may cut corners or avoid high-risk patients altogether. This can result in cherry-picking, where healthier individuals are favored, and sicker patients are subtly discouraged from enrolling. Such practices not only distort the patient pool but also deepen health disparities, particularly among marginalized populations who already face barriers to care.

Furthermore, capitation can strain the provider-patient relationship. Physicians may feel pressured to limit time spent with each patient or avoid costly interventions, leading to a sense of transactional care rather than personalized attention. This erosion of trust can diminish patient satisfaction and reduce adherence to treatment plans. In a system where providers are rewarded for doing less, the intrinsic motivation to go above and beyond for patients may be compromised.

Operationally, capitation demands sophisticated infrastructure to manage risk, track utilization, and ensure compliance. Smaller practices or those serving underserved communities may lack the resources to implement such systems effectively. This can create a two-tiered system where well-funded organizations thrive while others struggle to deliver basic care. Additionally, the administrative burden of managing capitation contracts, monitoring performance metrics, and navigating complex reimbursement rules can divert attention from clinical priorities.

Critics also argue that capitation may stifle innovation. When providers are locked into fixed budgets, there is little room to experiment with new technologies, therapies, or care models that might improve outcomes but carry upfront costs. This conservative approach can hinder progress and limit access to cutting-edge treatments.

CAPITATION HISTORY: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/09/15/capitation-reimbursement-a-historical-economic-review/

In conclusion, while capitation medicine aims to control costs and streamline care, its inherent risks—under-treatment, inequity, and diminished quality—make it a problematic model when not carefully regulated. To truly reform healthcare, payment systems must balance financial sustainability with ethical responsibility, ensuring that every patient receives the care they need, not just the care that fits a budget.

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BAYLOR PLAN: Nursing Shift Payments

Posted on November 8, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd and Copilot A.I.

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The Baylor method of nurse payments is a scheduling and compensation model that allows nurses to work weekend shifts while receiving full-time pay and benefits, offering flexibility and helping healthcare facilities address staffing shortages.

The Baylor method, also known as the Baylor Plan or Baylor Shift, originated at Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, Texas, as a strategic response to nurse shortages and burnout. It was designed to retain experienced nurses by offering a more flexible work schedule that still met the demands of patient care. Under this model, nurses typically work two 12-hour shifts on the weekend—Saturday and Sunday—and receive compensation equivalent to a full 40-hour workweek.

This approach has become increasingly popular in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and other healthcare settings. The core idea is simple: by concentrating work hours into the weekend, nurses gain more time off during the week while employers maintain adequate staffing during traditionally hard-to-fill shifts. For many nurses, this arrangement provides a better work-life balance, allowing them to pursue education, spend time with family, or take on additional employment during the week.

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Financially, the Baylor method is attractive to both nurses and employers. Nurses benefit from full-time pay and benefits—including health insurance, retirement contributions, and paid time off—while only working two days per week. Employers, on the other hand, can reduce turnover and improve weekend staffing without increasing overall labor costs. Some facilities even offer Baylor shifts with added incentives, such as shift differentials or bonuses, to further encourage weekend coverage.

However, the Baylor method is not without its challenges. Working two consecutive 12-hour shifts can be physically and emotionally demanding, especially in high-acuity units. Nurses may experience fatigue or burnout if they are not adequately supported. Additionally, because Baylor nurses are paid for 40 hours while only working 24, scheduling extra shifts during the week can complicate overtime calculations. Typically, overtime pay only kicks in after 40 actual hours worked, not hours paid, which can lead to confusion or dissatisfaction if not clearly communicated.

From an operational standpoint, the Baylor method helps facilities maintain consistent staffing levels during weekends, which are often underserved due to lower availability of part-time or weekday-only staff. It also allows for more predictable scheduling and can improve patient outcomes by ensuring continuity of care. Facilities that adopt the Baylor model often report higher nurse satisfaction and retention rates.

In conclusion, the Baylor method of nurse payments is a creative and effective solution to some of the most persistent challenges in healthcare staffing. By offering full-time compensation for weekend work, it provides nurses with flexibility and financial stability while helping facilities maintain high-quality care. As healthcare continues to evolve, models like the Baylor shift demonstrate the importance of innovative scheduling strategies that support both caregivers and patients.

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Site-Neutral Payments Still a Long Ways Off

Posted on November 7, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Health Capital Consultants, LLC

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An October 2025 Health Affairs study found that payment equity between facilities owned by hospitals, known as hospital outpatient departments (HOPDs), and independent outpatient facilities such as ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs), is still far from reality. Comparing payments for common procedures, researchers found commercial prices were 78% higher in HOPDs compared to ASCs, although payment differentials varied considerably.

This Health Capital Topics article reviews the article and potential policy implications. (Read more…)

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Understanding NASDAQ: The Digital Revolution in Stock Trading

Posted on November 7, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A.I. and Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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The NASDAQ, short for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, is one of the largest and most influential stock exchanges in the world. Founded in 1971, it was the first electronic stock market, revolutionizing how securities were traded by replacing traditional floor-based systems with computerized trading platforms. This innovation made transactions faster, more transparent, and accessible to a broader range of investors.

Unlike the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which historically operated through physical trading floors, the NASDAQ is entirely virtual. It connects buyers and sellers through a sophisticated network of computers, allowing for rapid execution of trades. This digital-first approach has made it particularly attractive to technology companies and growth-oriented firms, earning it a reputation as the go-to exchange for innovative and high-tech businesses.

Companies Listed on the NASDAQ The NASDAQ is home to some of the most prominent and influential companies in the world. Giants like Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Google (Alphabet), Meta (formerly Facebook), and Tesla all trade on the NASDAQ. These companies are part of the NASDAQ-100, an index that tracks the performance of the 100 largest non-financial companies listed on the exchange. The NASDAQ Composite Index, which includes over 3,000 stocks, provides a broader snapshot of the market’s overall health and direction.

How It Works The NASDAQ operates as a dealer’s market, meaning transactions are facilitated by market makers—firms that stand ready to buy or sell securities at publicly quoted prices. These market makers help maintain liquidity and ensure that trades can be executed efficiently. Prices are determined by supply and demand, and the electronic nature of the exchange allows for real-time updates and high-speed trading.

Significance in the Global Economy The NASDAQ plays a vital role in the global financial system. It provides companies with access to capital by allowing them to issue shares to the public, and it offers investors a platform to buy and sell those shares. The performance of the NASDAQ is often seen as a barometer for the health of the technology sector and, more broadly, the innovation economy. When the NASDAQ rises, it typically signals investor confidence in growth and future earnings; when it falls, it may reflect concerns about economic stability or company performance.

Global Reach and Influence Though based in the United States, the NASDAQ’s influence extends worldwide. Many international companies choose to list on the NASDAQ to gain exposure to U.S. investors and benefit from the prestige associated with being part of a leading global exchange. Its technological infrastructure and regulatory standards make it a model for other exchanges around the world.

NASDAQ 100: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2023/07/24/nasdaq-100-re-balanced-index/

In summary, the NASDAQ is more than just a stock exchange—it’s a symbol of innovation, speed, and global connectivity. Its pioneering approach to electronic trading has reshaped the financial landscape, and its roster of companies continues to drive technological progress and economic growth across the globe.

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RULE 3-5-7: Investor Trading Strategy

Posted on November 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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The 3-5-7 Rule is a trading strategy that helps investors manage risk and maximize gains by setting clear limits on losses and targets for profits. It’s a simple yet powerful framework for disciplined decision-making.

In the volatile world of trading, success often hinges not just on identifying opportunities but on managing risk with precision. The 3-5-7 Rule is a widely respected risk management strategy designed to help traders protect their capital while pursuing consistent returns. This rule provides a structured approach to trading by setting specific thresholds for risk exposure and profit expectations.

At its core, the 3-5-7 Rule breaks down into three key components:

3% Risk Per Trade: Traders should never risk more than 3% of their total account value on a single trade. This limit ensures that even if a trade goes against them, the loss is manageable and doesn’t jeopardize their overall portfolio.
5% Total Exposure Across All Positions: The rule advises that total exposure across all open positions should not exceed 5% of the account value. This prevents over-leveraging and reduces the impact of correlated losses during market downturns.
7% Profit Target: For every trade, the goal is to achieve a profit that is at least 7% greater than the potential loss. This risk-to-reward ratio helps ensure that even with a lower win rate, traders can remain profitable over time.

The beauty of the 3-5-7 Rule lies in its simplicity and adaptability. It can be applied across various asset classes—stocks, forex, crypto—and suits both beginners and seasoned traders. By enforcing discipline, it helps traders avoid emotional decisions, such as chasing losses or holding onto losing positions too long. Moreover, this rule encourages thoughtful position sizing. Traders must calculate their entry and exit points carefully, factoring in stop-loss levels and account size. This analytical approach fosters better trade planning and reduces impulsive behavior.

Another advantage is its scalability. As a trader’s account grows, the percentages remain constant, but the dollar amounts adjust accordingly. This keeps the strategy relevant and effective regardless of portfolio size. In practice, the 3-5-7 Rule acts as a safety net. It doesn’t guarantee profits, but it significantly reduces the likelihood of catastrophic losses. It also promotes consistency, which is crucial for long-term success in trading.

In conclusion, the 3-5-7 Rule is more than just a guideline—it’s a mindset. It teaches traders to respect risk, plan strategically, and aim for favorable outcomes.

By adhering to this rule, traders can navigate the unpredictable markets with greater confidence and control.

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Understanding Parkinson’s Law: Importance vs Attention

Posted on November 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

The Attention a Problem Gets is Inverse to its’ Importance

Courtesy: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA, MEd CMP

Historian Cyril Parkinson’s wrote in his book Parkinson’s Law,

“The time spent on any item of the agenda will be in inverse proportion to the sum [of money] involved.”

EXAMPLE: Parkinson described a fictional finance committee with three tasks: approval of a $10 million nuclear reactor, $400 for an employee bike shed, and $20 for employee refreshments in the break room.

The committee approves the $10 million nuclear reactor immediately, because the number is too big to contextualize, alternatives are too daunting to consider, and no one on the committee is an expert in nuclear power.

Bike Shed Effect: The bike shed gets considerably more debate. Committee members argue whether a bike rack would suffice and whether a shed should be wood or aluminum, because they have some experience working with those materials at home.

Employee refreshments take up two-thirds of the debate, because everyone has a strong opinion on what’s the best coffee, the best cookies, the best chips, etc.

Absurd: The world is filled with these absurdities. In personal finance, Ramit Sethi recently said we should stop asking $3 questions (should I buy coffee?) and ask more $30,000 questions (should I buy a smaller home?). Most people don’t, because it’s hard and intimidating. In any given moment the easiest way to deal with a big problem is to ignore it and fill your time thinking about a smaller one.

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Assessment: Your thoughts and comments related to the post Corona Virus Pandemic, meetings and time management and psychology are appreciated.

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Understanding Goodhart’s Law and Its Impact on Healthcare Artificial Intelligence

Posted on November 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters and Copilot A.I.

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Goodhart’s law is an adage often stated as, “When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”. It is named after British economist Charles Goodhart, who is credited with expressing the core idea of the adage in a 1975 article on monetary policy in the United Kingdom:

Any observed statistical regularity will tend to collapse once pressure is placed upon it for control purposes.

It was used to criticize the British Margaret Thatcher Government for trying to conduct monetary policy on the basis of targets for broad and narrow money, but the law reflects a much more general phenomenon.

And so, aother famous Goodhart’s Law example is the cobra effect, where well-intentioned government policies inadvertently worsened the problem they were designed to solve.

For example, the British colonial government in India, concerned about the increasing number of venomous cobras in Delhi, began offering a bounty for each dead cobra that was delivered. Initially, this strategy was successful as locals brought in large numbers of slaughtered snakes. Over time, however, enterprising individuals started breeding cobras to kill them for supplemental income. When the government abandoned the bounty, the cobra breeders released their cobras into the wild, leading to a surge in Delhi’s snake population.

The cobra effect, where efforts to control a problem lead to unintended and often worse outcomes, serves as a cautionary tale for health care AI. If developers or health care institutions focus too narrowly on specific performance AI metrics, they risk undermining the system’s overall effectiveness, leading to suboptimal patient outcomes. Physicians must be vigilant in ensuring that health care AI systems are not only optimized for performance metrics but are also truly beneficial in practical, clinical applications.

Modified: Dr. Neil Anand via Kevin MD

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HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING: Algorithmic Computerized Stock Trading

Posted on November 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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High-frequency trading (HFT) is a form of algorithmic trading that uses powerful computers and complex programs to execute thousands of trades in fractions of a second. It has transformed modern financial markets by increasing speed, liquidity, and efficiency—but also raised concerns about fairness and stability.

High-frequency trading emerged in the early 2000s as technological advances allowed financial firms to process market data and execute trades faster than ever before. HFT firms use sophisticated algorithms to analyze multiple markets and identify short-term opportunities. These trades are often held for mere seconds or milliseconds, and profits are made by exploiting tiny price discrepancies across assets or exchanges.

One of the defining features of HFT is its reliance on speed. Firms invest heavily in infrastructure—such as co-location services near exchange servers and fiber-optic cables—to gain microsecond advantages over competitors. This race for speed has led to a technological arms race, where milliseconds can mean millions in profit.

HFT contributes significantly to market liquidity, meaning it helps ensure that buyers and sellers can transact quickly at stable prices. By constantly placing and updating orders, HFT firms narrow bid-ask spreads and reduce transaction costs for other market participants. This has made markets more efficient and accessible, especially for retail investors.

However, HFT is not without controversy. Critics argue that it creates an uneven playing field, where firms with access to advanced technology and capital can dominate markets. Concerns about market manipulation—such as quote stuffing (flooding the market with orders to slow competitors) or spoofing (placing fake orders to move prices)—have led to increased regulatory scrutiny.

The 2010 Flash Crash is often cited as a cautionary example of HFT’s potential risks. During this event, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged nearly 1,000 points in minutes before rebounding. Investigations revealed that automated trading systems, including HFT algorithms, contributed to the sudden loss of liquidity and extreme volatility.

Regulators have responded by implementing safeguards such as circuit breakers, which pause trading during extreme price movements, and requiring firms to register and disclose their trading strategies. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) continue to monitor HFT’s impact on market integrity.

Despite its challenges, HFT remains a dominant force in global finance. It accounts for a significant portion of trading volume in equities, futures, and foreign exchange markets. Many institutional investors rely on HFT strategies to manage large portfolios and hedge risks.

In conclusion, high-frequency trading represents both the promise and peril of technological innovation in finance. While it enhances market efficiency and liquidity, it also introduces new risks and ethical dilemmas.

As markets evolve, balancing innovation with fairness and stability will be essential to ensuring that HFT serves the broader interests of investors and the economy.

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Understanding the Scitovsky Paradox in Welfare Economics

Posted on November 5, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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According to colleague Dan Ariely PhD, the Scitovsky Paradox and using the Kaldor–Hicks criterion, allocation A may be more efficient than allocation B, while at the same time B is more efficient than A.

Moreover, the Scitovsky paradox in welfare economics which is resolved by stating that there is no increase in social welfare by a return to the original part of the losers. It is named after the Hungarian born American economist, Tibor Scitovsky. According to Scitovsky, ther Kaldor-Hicks criterion involves contradictory and inconsistent results.

What Scitovsky demonstrated was it is possible that if an allocation A is deemed superior to another allocation B by the Kaldor compensation criteria, then by a subsequent set of moves by the same criteria, we can prove that B is also superior to A.

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The Sraffa–Hayek Economic Debate

Posted on November 5, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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The Sraffa–Hayek debate stands as a pivotal moment in the history of economic thought, highlighting deep philosophical and methodological differences between two influential schools: the Austrian School, represented by Friedrich Hayek, and the neo-Ricardian or Cambridge School, represented by Piero Sraffa. Taking place primarily in the 1930s, this intellectual exchange centered on the nature of capital, the role of equilibrium, and the validity of marginalist theory.

Friedrich Hayek, a staunch advocate of Austrian economics, had developed a theory of business cycles rooted in the mis allocation of capital due to artificially low interest rates. In his framework, interest rates serve as signals that coordinate inter temporal production decisions. When central banks distort these signals, they cause over investment in capital-intensive industries, leading to unsustainable booms followed by inevitable busts. Hayek’s theory was grounded in a time-structured view of capital, emphasizing the importance of temporal coordination in production.

Piero Sraffa, a Cambridge economist and close associate of John Maynard Keynes, challenged Hayek’s assumptions in a 1932 review of Hayek’s book Prices and Production. Sraffa’s critique was both technical and philosophical. He questioned the coherence of Hayek’s notion of a uniform natural rate of interest in a complex economy with heterogeneous capital goods. Sraffa argued that in such an economy, there could be multiple natural rates of interest, making it impossible to define a single rate that equilibrates savings and investment across all sectors.

Moreover, Sraffa criticized the Austrian reliance on equilibrium analysis in a world characterized by uncertainty and institutional complexity. He contended that Hayek’s model was overly abstract and detached from real-world dynamics. This critique foreshadowed Sraffa’s later work, Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities (1960), which laid the foundation for the neo-Ricardian critique of marginalist economics. In that work, Sraffa demonstrated that prices and distribution could be determined without recourse to subjective utility or marginal productivity, challenging the core of neoclassical theory.

The debate had far-reaching implications. For the Austrian School, it exposed vulnerabilities in their capital theory and prompted refinements in their approach to intertemporal coordination. For the broader economics profession, Sraffa’s critique contributed to a growing skepticism about the internal consistency of marginalist value theory, influencing the Cambridge capital controversies of the 1950s and 1960s.

While the Sraffa–Hayek debate did not produce a definitive victor, it underscored the importance of foundational assumptions in economic modeling. It also highlighted the tension between abstract theoretical elegance and empirical relevance—a tension that continues to shape economic discourse today. Ultimately, the debate enriched the intellectual landscape by forcing economists to confront the limitations of their models and to grapple with the complex realities of capital, time, and uncertainty.

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K-SHAPED ECONOMY: An Uneven and Divided World

Posted on November 4, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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The term “K-shaped economy” emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic to describe a recovery marked by stark divergence—where some sectors and social groups rebound rapidly while others continue to decline. Unlike traditional V-shaped or U-shaped recoveries, which imply uniform economic improvement, the K-shaped model reflects a split trajectory: the upward arm of the “K” represents those who thrive, while the downward arm captures those left behind. This phenomenon has profound implications for economic policy, social equity, and long-term stability.

At the heart of the K-shaped economy is inequality. High-income individuals, white-collar professionals, and large corporations often benefit from technological advances, remote work flexibility, and access to capital. For example, tech giants like Apple, Microsoft, and Alphabet saw record profits during the pandemic, fueled by digital transformation and cloud services. Meanwhile, lower-income workers—especially in hospitality, retail, and service industries—faced job losses, reduced hours, and limited access to healthcare or financial safety nets. This divergence widened existing income and wealth gaps, exacerbating social tensions.

Sectoral performance also illustrates the K-shaped divide. Industries such as e-commerce, software, and logistics surged, while travel, entertainment, and small businesses struggled. The rise of automation and artificial intelligence further tilted the scales, favoring companies that could invest in innovation while displacing low-skilled labor. In education, students from affluent families adapted to online learning with ease, while those from disadvantaged backgrounds faced digital barriers and learning loss. These disparities underscore how economic recovery is not just uneven—it’s structurally imbalanced.

Geography plays a role too. Urban centers with diversified economies and strong tech sectors rebounded faster than rural or manufacturing-heavy regions. Housing markets in affluent areas soared, driven by low interest rates and remote work migration, while renters and first-time buyers faced affordability crises. Even within cities, neighborhoods with better infrastructure and public services recovered more quickly, deepening the urban-suburban divide.

Policymakers face a daunting challenge in addressing the K-shaped recovery. Traditional stimulus measures may not reach the most vulnerable populations without targeted interventions. Expanding access to education, healthcare, and digital infrastructure is essential to leveling the playing field. Progressive taxation, wage support, and small business aid can help bridge the gap, but require political will and fiscal discipline. Central banks must balance inflation control with inclusive growth, avoiding policies that disproportionately benefit asset holders.

The long-term consequences of a K-shaped economy are significant. Persistent inequality can erode trust in institutions, fuel populism, and hinder social mobility. Economic growth may slow if large segments of the population remain underemployed or financially insecure. To build a resilient and inclusive future, governments, businesses, and civil society must collaborate to ensure that recovery lifts all boats—not just the yachts.

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Understanding the Edgeworth Paradox in Economics

Posted on November 4, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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Irish economist Frances Edgeworth put forward the Edgeworth Paradox in his paper “The Pure Theory of Monopoly”, published in 1897.

It describes a situation in which two players cannot reach a state of equilibrium with pure strategies, i.e. each charging a stable price. A fact of the Edgeworth Paradox is that in some cases, even if the direct price impact is negative and exceeds the conditions, an increase in cost proportional to the quantity of an item provided may cause a decrease in all optimal prices. Due to the limited production capacity of enterprises in reality, if only one enterprise’s total production capacity can be supplied cannot meet social demand, another enterprise can charge a price that exceeds the marginal cost for the residual social need.

And so, according to colleague Dan Ariely PhD, the Edgeworth Paradox suggests that with capacity constraints, there may not be an equilibrium.

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Senate Hearing Signals Potential Changes to the 340B Drug Discount Program

Posted on November 3, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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By Health Capital Consultants, LLC

On October 23, 2025, both Democratic and Republican lawmakers expressed support during a Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee hearing for reforming the 340B Drug Discount Program. Although senators acknowledged that any reform would necessitate an intentional, considered approach to mitigate unintended consequences, the bipartisan agreement (particularly during a government shutdown deadlocked on healthcare) indicates that changes to the program may be on the horizon.

This Health Capital Topics article outlines the 340B program, discusses issues that have made the program controversial, and discusses potential reform options. (Read more…)

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THEORY: Short Interest Investing

Posted on November 3, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Short Interest Theory suggests that high levels of short interest in a stock may actually signal a potential price increase, contrary to traditional bearish interpretations.

Short Interest Theory is a contrarian investment concept that challenges conventional wisdom in financial markets. Traditionally, a high short interest—meaning a large percentage of a company’s shares are being sold short—is seen as a bearish signal, indicating that many investors expect the stock’s price to decline. However, Short Interest Theory flips this assumption, proposing that a high short interest can actually be a bullish indicator, suggesting a potential upward price movement due to a phenomenon known as a “short squeeze.”

To understand this theory, it’s important to grasp the mechanics of short selling. When investors short a stock, they borrow shares and sell them on the open market, hoping to repurchase them later at a lower price and pocket the difference. However, if the stock price rises instead of falling, short sellers face mounting losses. To limit these losses, they may be forced to buy back the stock at higher prices, which increases demand and drives the price up even further. This chain reaction is what’s known as a short squeeze.

Short Interest Theory posits that when short interest reaches unusually high levels, the stock becomes a prime candidate for a short squeeze. Investors who follow this theory look for stocks with high short interest ratios—often measured as the number of shares sold short divided by the stock’s average daily trading volume. A high ratio suggests that it would take many days for all short sellers to cover their positions, increasing the likelihood of a rapid price surge if positive news or buying pressure emerges.

This theory gained widespread attention during the GameStop (GME) saga in early 2021. Retail investors noticed that GME had an extremely high short interest—more than 100% of its float—and began buying shares en masse. This triggered a historic short squeeze, sending the stock price soaring and forcing institutional short sellers to cover their positions at massive losses. The event served as a real-world validation of Short Interest Theory and highlighted the power of collective investor behavior in modern markets.

Despite its appeal, Short Interest Theory is not without risks. Betting on a short squeeze can be speculative and volatile. Not all heavily shorted stocks experience upward momentum; some may continue to decline if the negative sentiment is justified by poor fundamentals or weak earnings. Moreover, timing a short squeeze is notoriously difficult, and investors can suffer significant losses if the anticipated rebound fails to materialize.

In conclusion, Short Interest Theory offers a compelling contrarian perspective on market sentiment. By interpreting high short interest as a potential bullish signal, it encourages investors to look beyond surface-level indicators and consider the dynamics of market psychology and trading behavior. While it can lead to lucrative opportunities, especially in the context of short squeezes, it also demands careful analysis and risk management. As with any investment strategy, understanding the underlying fundamentals and market context is essential for making informed decisions.

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Understanding Managerial Accounting Concepts

Posted on November 1, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Product Costing and Valuation

Product costing deals with determining the total costs involved in the production of a good or service. Costs may be broken down into subcategories, such as variable, fixed, direct, or indirect costs. Cost accounting is used to measure and identify those costs, in addition to assigning overhead to each type of product created by the company.

Managerial accountants calculate and allocate overhead charges to assess the full expense related to the production of a good. The overhead expenses may be allocated based on the number of goods produced or other activity drivers related to production, such as the square footage of the facility. In conjunction with overhead costs, managerial accountants use direct costs to properly value the cost of goods sold and inventory that may be in different stages of production.

Marginal costing (sometimes called cost-volume-profit analysis) is the impact on the cost of a product by adding one additional unit into production. It is useful for short-term economic decisions. The contribution margin of a specific product is its impact on the overall profit of the company. Margin analysis flows into break-even analysis, which involves calculating the contribution margin on the sales mix to determine the unit volume at which the business’s gross sales equals total expenses. Break-even point analysis is useful for determining price points for products and services.

Cash Flow Analysis

Managerial accountants perform cash flow analysis in order to determine the cash impact of business decisions. Most companies record their financial information on the accrual basis of accounting. Although accrual accounting provides a more accurate picture of a company’s true financial position, it also makes it harder to see the true cash impact of a single financial transaction. A managerial accountant may implement working capital management strategies in order to optimize cash flow and ensure the company has enough liquid assets to cover short-term obligations.

When a managerial accountant performs cash flow analysis, he will consider the cash inflow or outflow generated as a result of a specific business decision. For example, if a department manager is considering purchasing a company vehicle, he may have the option to either buy the vehicle outright or get a loan. A managerial accountant may run different scenarios by the department manager depicting the cash outlay required to purchase outright upfront versus the cash outlay over time with a loan at various interest rates.

Inventory Turnover Analysis

Inventory turnover is a calculation of how many times a company has sold and replaced inventory in a given time period. Calculating inventory turnover can help businesses make better decisions on pricing, manufacturing, marketing, and purchasing new inventory. A managerial accountant may identify the carrying cost of inventory, which is the amount of expense a company incurs to store unsold items.

If the company is carrying an excessive amount of inventory, there could be efficiency improvements made to reduce storage costs and free up cash flow for other business purposes.

Constraint Analysis

Managerial accounting also involves reviewing the constraints within a production line or sales process. Managerial accountants help determine where bottlenecks occur and calculate the impact of these constraints on revenue, profit, and cash flow. Managers then can use this information to implement changes and improve efficiencies in the production or sales process.

Financial Leverage Metrics

Financial leverage refers to a company’s use of borrowed capital in order to acquire assets and increase its return on investments. Through balance sheet analysis, managerial accountants can provide management with the tools they need to study the company’s debt and equity mix in order to put leverage to its most optimal use.

Performance measures such as return on equity, debt to equity, and return on invested capital help management identify key information about borrowed capital, prior to relaying these statistics to outside sources. It is important for management to review ratios and statistics regularly to be able to appropriately answer questions from its board of directors, investors, and creditors.

Accounts Receivable (AR) Management

Appropriately managing accounts receivable (AR) can have positive effects on a company’s bottom line. An accounts receivable aging report categorizes AR invoices by the length of time they have been outstanding. For example, an AR aging report may list all outstanding receivables less than 30 days, 30 to 60 days, 60 to 90 days, and 90+ days.

Through a review of outstanding receivables, managerial accountants can indicate to appropriate department managers if certain customers are becoming credit risks. If a customer routinely pays late, management may reconsider doing any future business on credit with that customer.

Budgeting, Trend Analysis, and Forecasting

Budgets are extensively used as a quantitative expression of the company’s plan of operation. Managerial accountants utilize performance reports to note deviations of actual results from budgets. The positive or negative deviations from a budget also referred to as budget-to-actual variances, are analyzed in order to make appropriate changes going forward.

Managerial accountants analyze and relay information related to capital expenditure decisions. This includes the use of standard capital budgeting metrics, such as net present value and internal rate of return, to assist decision-makers on whether to embark on capital-intensive projects or purchases. Managerial accounting involves examining proposals, deciding if the products or services are needed, and finding the appropriate way to finance the purchase. It also outlines payback periods so management is able to anticipate future economic benefits.

Managerial accounting also involves reviewing the trendline for certain expenses and investigating unusual variances or deviations. It is important to review this information regularly because expenses that vary considerably from what is typically expected are commonly questioned during external financial audits. This field of accounting also utilizes previous period information to calculate and project future financial information. This may include the use of historical pricing, sales volumes, geographical locations, customer tendencies, or financial information.

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NEPO BABIES: Broke Too Often!

Posted on October 31, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Nepo babies often go broke due to a mix of financial mismanagement, lack of resilience, and the illusion of inherited success. Their privileged upbringing can mask the need for discipline, adaptability, and long-term planning—traits essential for sustaining wealth.

The term nepo baby—short for nepotism baby—refers to children of celebrities or influential figures who benefit from family connections to launch careers, especially in entertainment, fashion, or media. While these individuals often start with significant advantages, including wealth, fame, and access, many struggle to maintain financial stability over time. The reasons are complex and rooted in both personal and systemic factors.

First, many nepo babies lack financial literacy. Growing up in environments where money flows freely, they may never learn budgeting, investing, or the value of money. Without these skills, they’re prone to overspending, poor investments, and unsustainable lifestyles. Lavish purchases—designer clothes, luxury cars, expensive homes—can quickly drain even sizable inheritances if not managed wisely.

Second, the illusion of guaranteed success can be dangerous. Nepo babies often enter industries where their family name opens doors, but that doesn’t guarantee longevity. Fame is fickle, and public interest can fade. If they don’t develop their own talents or work ethic, they may find themselves unemployable once the novelty wears off. This overreliance on family reputation can lead to complacency, making it harder to adapt when challenges arise.

Third, many nepo babies face identity crises and public scrutiny. Constant comparisons to their successful parents can erode confidence and create pressure to live up to unrealistic expectations. Some rebel by distancing themselves from their family’s legacy, while others try to prove themselves in unrelated fields. Either way, this struggle can lead to erratic career choices and unstable income streams.

Fourth, fame without privacy can fuel destructive habits. The entertainment world is rife with stories of young stars—many of them nepo babies—falling into substance abuse, reckless behavior, or toxic relationships. These issues not only affect mental health but also lead to legal troubles and financial loss. Without strong support systems or accountability, it’s easy to spiral.

Finally, inherited wealth can disappear quickly without proper estate planning. Trust funds and inheritances may be mismanaged or depleted by taxes, lawsuits, or poor financial advisors. Some nepo babies assume the money will last forever and fail to plan for long-term sustainability. Others are exploited by opportunistic friends or partners who take advantage of their naivety.

In contrast, those who succeed often do so by acknowledging their privilege, developing their own skills, and surrounding themselves with trustworthy mentors. They treat their inherited platform as a launchpad—not a safety net—and work to build something lasting.

In short, nepo babies go broke not because they lack opportunity, but because opportunity without discipline is a recipe for downfall. Wealth and fame are fleeting without the grit to sustain them. The lesson here isn’t just about celebrity—it’s a universal truth: success inherited must still be earned.

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LEVEL FUNDED HEALTH CARE: A Middle Ground Solution

Posted on October 29, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Level-funded health care is an increasingly popular option for small to mid-sized businesses seeking a balance between cost control and comprehensive employee coverage. It blends features of fully insured and self-funded health plans, offering employers greater flexibility and potential savings while minimizing risk.

In a traditional fully insured plan, employers pay a fixed premium to an insurance carrier, which assumes all financial risk for employee claims. In contrast, self-funded plans allow employers to pay for claims out-of-pocket, which can lead to significant savings—but also exposes them to unpredictable costs. Level-funded plans sit between these two models, offering a structured and predictable approach to self-funding.

With level-funded health care, employers pay a fixed monthly amount that covers three components: estimated claims funding, stop-loss insurance, and administrative fees. The estimated claims portion is based on actuarial data and reflects the expected health care usage of the employee group. Stop-loss insurance protects the employer from catastrophic claims by capping their financial exposure. Administrative fees cover third-party services such as claims processing and customer support.

One of the key advantages of level-funded plans is the potential for cost savings. If actual claims fall below the estimated amount, employers may receive a refund or credit at the end of the year. This incentivizes wellness programs and preventive care, as healthier employees lead to lower claims. Additionally, level-funded plans often provide more transparency into claims data, allowing employers to better understand health trends and make informed decisions about benefits.

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Another benefit is flexibility. Level-funded plans can be customized to suit the needs of a specific workforce, offering a range of coverage options and provider networks. This contrasts with the rigid structure of many fully insured plans. Employers also gain more control over plan design, which can help attract and retain talent in competitive job markets.

However, level-funded health care is not without challenges. It requires careful planning and a solid understanding of risk. Employers must be prepared for the possibility that claims may exceed projections, although stop-loss insurance helps mitigate this. Additionally, level-funded plans may not be suitable for very small groups or those with high-risk populations, as the cost of stop-loss coverage can be prohibitive.

Regulatory considerations also play a role. Level-funded plans are typically governed by federal ERISA laws rather than state insurance regulations, which can affect compliance and reporting requirements. Employers should work closely with benefits consultants or brokers to ensure they understand the legal landscape and choose a plan that aligns with their goals.

In conclusion, level-funded health care offers a compelling alternative for businesses seeking to manage costs while providing quality coverage. By combining predictability with the potential for savings and customization, it empowers employers to take a more active role in their health benefits strategy. As the health care landscape continues to evolve, level-funded plans are likely to remain a valuable option for organizations looking to strike the right balance between affordability and employee well-being.

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A MODERN PRESCRIPTION SHOWDOWN: Amazon Pharmacy VS. GoodRx

Posted on October 28, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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In the evolving landscape of digital health care, Amazon Pharmacy and GoodRx have emerged as two leading platforms offering consumers affordable and convenient access to prescription medications. While both aim to simplify the process of obtaining prescriptions, they differ significantly in their approach, pricing models, and user experience.

Amazon Pharmacy, launched in 2020, is a full-service online pharmacy that allows customers to order medications directly through Amazon. It offers fast, free delivery for Prime members and integrates with most insurance plans. One of its standout features is RxPass, a subscription service available to Prime members for $5 per month, which covers unlimited eligible generic medications. This model is particularly attractive to individuals who take multiple generics regularly, as it can significantly reduce out-of-pocket costs.

In contrast, GoodRx, founded in 2011, operates primarily as a price comparison and discount platform. It does not dispense medications itself but partners with local and mail-order pharmacies to help users find the lowest prices. GoodRx provides coupons that can be used at thousands of pharmacies nationwide, often resulting in substantial savings—especially for those without insurance. It also offers GoodRx Gold, a paid membership that unlocks deeper discounts and telehealth services.

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When comparing the two, pricing transparency is a key differentiator. GoodRx excels in showing users a range of prices across different pharmacies, empowering them to choose the most cost-effective option. Amazon Pharmacy, while competitive, typically offers fixed prices and focuses more on convenience and integration with its broader ecosystem.

Convenience is another area where Amazon Pharmacy shines. With its streamlined ordering process, automatic refills, and integration with Amazon’s delivery network, it appeals to users who prioritize ease and speed. GoodRx, while convenient in its own right, requires users to present coupons at the pharmacy or use mail-order services, which may involve more steps.

Insurance compatibility also varies. Amazon Pharmacy accepts most major insurance plans, making it a viable option for insured individuals. GoodRx, on the other hand, is often used by those without insurance or with high deductibles, as its discounts can sometimes beat insurance copays.

However, both platforms have limitations. Amazon Pharmacy’s RxPass is restricted to generic medications and excludes certain states due to regulatory issues. GoodRx’s discounts may not apply to all medications, and prices can fluctuate depending on location and pharmacy.

In terms of user experience, Amazon offers a seamless, tech-driven interface with customer support and medication management tools. GoodRx provides educational resources, price alerts, and a mobile app that helps users track savings and prescriptions.

Ultimately, the choice between Amazon Pharmacy and GoodRx depends on individual needs. For those seeking a one-stop solution with predictable costs and fast delivery, Amazon Pharmacy may be ideal. For users who want to shop around for the best deal or lack insurance, GoodRx offers unmatched flexibility and savings.

As digital health continues to grow, both platforms are reshaping how Americans access medications—making prescriptions more affordable, transparent, and accessible than ever before.

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AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS: Can it Save Healthcare?

Posted on October 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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The global healthcare sector faces mounting challenges: rising costs, inefficiencies, limited access, and bureaucratic entanglements. In response, some economists and policymakers have turned to Austrian Economics for answers. Rooted in the works of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, Austrian Economics emphasizes individual choice, market-driven solutions, and skepticism toward centralized planning. But can this school of thought truly “save” healthcare?

At its core, Austrian Economics champions the idea that decentralized decision-making and free-market mechanisms lead to more efficient and responsive systems. In healthcare, this would mean reducing government control and allowing competition to drive innovation, lower costs, and improve quality. Proponents argue that when patients act as consumers and providers compete for their business, the system becomes more accountable and efficient. For example, direct primary care models—where patients pay physicians directly without insurance intermediaries—reflect Austrian principles and have shown promise in improving care and reducing administrative overhead.

Austrian theorists also critique the price distortions caused by third-party payers like insurance companies and government programs. According to them, when consumers are insulated from the true cost of care, demand becomes artificially inflated, leading to overutilization and waste. By restoring price signals—where patients see and respond to the actual cost of services—Austrian economists believe the market can better allocate resources and curb unnecessary spending.

However, critics argue that healthcare is not a typical market. Patients often lack the information, time, or capacity to make rational choices, especially in emergencies. Moreover, healthcare involves significant externalities and moral considerations that pure market logic may overlook. For instance, should access to life-saving treatment depend solely on one’s ability to pay? Austrian Economics offers little guidance on equity or universal access, which are central concerns in modern healthcare debates.

Austria itself provides an interesting case study. Despite the name, Austrian Economics is not the guiding philosophy behind Austria’s healthcare system. Instead, Austria operates a social insurance model with near-universal coverage, funded through mandatory contributions and managed by a mix of public and private actors. While recent reforms have aimed to streamline administration and reduce fragmentation he system remains largely collectivist—contrary to Austrian ideals.

In conclusion, Austrian Economics offers valuable insights into the inefficiencies of centralized healthcare systems and the potential benefits of market-based reforms. Its emphasis on individual choice, price transparency, and entrepreneurial innovation can inspire meaningful improvements. However, its limitations in addressing equity, access, and the unique nature of healthcare suggest that it cannot “save” the system on its own. A hybrid approach—blending market mechanisms with safeguards for universal access—may offer a more balanced path forward.

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MONETARY VALUATION: Of the Medical Practice

Posted on October 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

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Valuing a medical practice involves assessing its financial performance, assets, and intangible factors like goodwill and patient loyalty to determine its fair market worth.

Determining the value of a medical practice is a nuanced process that blends financial analysis with strategic insight. Whether you’re preparing to sell, merge, or bring in a partner, understanding how to value your practice ensures informed decision-making and fair negotiations.

There are several recognized methods for valuing a medical practice, each suited to different scenarios. The most common include the income approach, market approach, asset-based approach, and the rule-of-thumb method.

HEALTHCARE VALUATION: Terms and Definitions

The income approach focuses on the practice’s ability to generate future earnings. This method involves analyzing historical financial statements, projecting future cash flows, and discounting them to present value using a risk-adjusted rate. It’s particularly useful when the practice has stable revenue and predictable expenses. Key metrics include net income, physician productivity, and reimbursement rates.

The market approach compares the practice to similar ones that have recently sold. It relies on data from comparable transactions, adjusted for differences in size, specialty, location, and profitability. This method is ideal when reliable market data is available, though such data can be scarce for niche specialties or rural practices.

The asset-based approach calculates the value of tangible and intangible assets. Tangible assets include medical equipment, office furniture, and real estate. Intangible assets—like patient records, brand reputation, and goodwill—are harder to quantify but can significantly impact value. Goodwill, for instance, reflects the practice’s reputation, patient loyalty, and referral networks.

The rule-of-thumb method uses industry benchmarks, such as a multiple of annual revenue or earnings. For example, a general practice might be valued at 60–80% of annual gross revenue. While quick and easy, this method oversimplifies and may not reflect the unique strengths or weaknesses of a specific practice.https:/https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/03/17/medial-practice-valuation-adjustments//medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/03/17/medial-practice-valuation-adjustments/

Beyond these methods, several qualitative factors influence valuation. These include the size and diversity of the patient base, the practice’s specialty, use of technology (like EHR systems or telemedicine), and whether key physicians will remain post-sale. A practice heavily reliant on one provider may be less valuable than one with a strong team and succession plan.

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MEDICAL PRACTICE: Valuation Adjustments

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Timing also matters. Economic conditions, regulatory changes, and shifts in healthcare reimbursement can affect practice value. Tax implications and deal structure—such as asset sale vs. stock sale—should also be considered during negotiations.

Ultimately, valuing a medical practice is both art and science. Engaging a professional appraiser or valuation expert can help ensure accuracy and objectivity. They bring experience, access to market data, and the ability to tailor valuation methods to your specific situation.

In summary, a comprehensive valuation considers financial performance, assets, market trends, and intangible factors. By understanding these elements, practice owners can make strategic decisions that reflect the true worth of their medical enterprise.

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", "Doctors Only", CMP Program, finance, Funding Basics, Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Marcinko Associates, Practice Management | Tagged: asset based approach, CMP, david marcinko, healthcare, income approach, market approach, medical practice, medical practice value, rule thumb, stocks, Technology, valuation | Leave a comment »

MEDICAL SCHOOLS: What They Do Not Teach About Money!

Posted on October 26, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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WARNING! WARNING! All DOCTORS

What Medical School Didn’t Teach Doctors About Money

Medical school is designed to mold students into competent, compassionate physicians. It teaches anatomy, pathology, pharmacology, and clinical skills with precision and rigor. Yet, despite the depth of medical knowledge imparted, one critical area is often overlooked: financial literacy. For many doctors, the transition from student to professional comes with a steep learning curve—not in medicine, but in money. From managing debt to understanding taxes, investing, and retirement planning, medical school leaves a financial education gap that can have long-term consequences.

The Debt Dilemma

One of the most glaring omissions in medical education is how to manage student loan debt. The average medical student graduates with over $200,000 in debt, yet few are taught how to navigate repayment options, interest accrual, or loan forgiveness programs. Many doctors enter residency with little understanding of income-driven repayment plans or Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), missing opportunities to reduce their financial burden. Without guidance, some make costly mistakes—such as refinancing federal loans prematurely or choosing repayment plans that don’t align with their career trajectory.

Income ≠ Wealth

Medical students often assume that a high salary will automatically lead to financial security. While physicians do earn more than most professionals, income alone doesn’t guarantee wealth. Medical school rarely addresses the importance of budgeting, saving, and investing. As a result, many doctors fall into the “HENRY” trap—High Earner, Not Rich Yet. They spend lavishly, assuming their income will always cover expenses, only to find themselves living paycheck to paycheck. Without a solid financial foundation, even high earners can struggle to build net worth.

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Taxes and Business Skills

Doctors are also unprepared for the complexities of taxes. Whether employed by a hospital or running a private practice, physicians face unique tax challenges. Medical school doesn’t teach how to track deductible expenses, optimize retirement contributions, or navigate self-employment taxes. For those who open their own clinics, the lack of business education is even more pronounced. Understanding profit margins, payroll, insurance billing, and compliance regulations is essential—but rarely covered in medical training.

Investing and Retirement Planning

Another blind spot is investing. Medical students are rarely taught the basics of compound interest, asset allocation, or retirement accounts. Many don’t know the difference between a Roth IRA and a traditional 401(k), or how to evaluate mutual funds and index funds. This lack of knowledge delays retirement planning and can lead to missed opportunities for long-term growth. Some doctors rely on financial advisors without understanding the fees or conflicts of interest involved, putting their wealth at risk.

Insurance and Risk Management

Medical school also fails to educate students on insurance—life, disability, malpractice, and health. Doctors need robust coverage to protect their income and assets, but many don’t know how to evaluate policies or understand terms like “own occupation” or “elimination period.” Inadequate coverage can leave physicians vulnerable to financial disaster in the event of illness, injury, or litigation.

Emotional and Behavioral Finance

Beyond technical knowledge, medical school overlooks the emotional side of money. Physicians often face pressure to maintain a certain lifestyle, especially after years of sacrifice. The desire to “catch up” can lead to impulsive spending, luxury purchases, and financial stress. Without tools to manage money mindset and behavioral habits, doctors may struggle with guilt, anxiety, or burnout related to finances.

The Case for Financial Education

Fortunately, awareness of this gap is growing. Organizations like Medics’ Money and podcasts such as “Docs Outside the Box” are working to fill the void by offering financial education tailored to physicians.

These resources cover everything from budgeting and debt management to investing and entrepreneurship. Some medical schools are beginning to incorporate financial literacy into their curricula, but progress is slow and inconsistent.

Conclusion

Medical school equips doctors to save lives, but it doesn’t prepare them to secure their own financial future. The lack of financial education leaves many physicians vulnerable to debt, poor investment decisions, and lifestyle inflation. To thrive both professionally and personally, doctors must seek out financial knowledge beyond the classroom. Whether through self-study, mentorship, or professional guidance, understanding money is as essential as understanding medicine. After all, financial health is a cornerstone of overall well-being—and every doctor deserves to master both.

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", finance, Financial Planning, Funding Basics, Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Health Insurance, Healthcare Finance, Insurance Matters, Investing, Marcinko Associates, Portfolio Management, Retirement and Benefits, Risk Management | Tagged: Accounting, budgeting, business skills, david marcinko, DDS, debt, DMD, DO, doctors, DPM, finance, financial future, HENRY, Income, insurance, Investing, MD, medical school, money, personal-finance, physicians, Risk Management, taxes, Wealth, wealth management | Leave a comment »

Understanding Polymaths, Savants, and Geniuses

Posted on October 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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What’s a polymath?

The definition of “polymath” is the subject of debate. The term has its roots in Ancient Greek and was first used in the early 17th Century to mean a person with “many learnings”, but there is no easy way to decide how advanced those learnings must be and in how many disciplines. Most researchers argue that to be a true polymath you need some kind of formal acclaim in at least two apparently unrelated domains. And, one of the most detailed examinations of the subject comes from Waqas Ahmed in his book The Polymath, published earlier this year.

Now, despite his many achievements, Ahmed does not identify as a polymath. “It is too esteemed an accolade for me to refer to myself as one,” he said. When examining the lives of historical polymaths, he only considered those who had made significant contributions to at least three fields, such as Leonardo da Vinci (the artist, inventor and anatomist), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (the great writer who also studied botany, physics and mineralogy) and Florence Nightingale (who, besides founding modern nursing, was also an accomplished statistician and theologian).

What is a savant?

Savant syndrome is an exceedingly rare condition in which individuals with a developmental disorder or an intellectual disability possess extraordinary talents, knowledge, or abilities in a specific area. Savant syndrome may be congenital at birth or acquired later in life and is commonly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It may also coexist alongside other conditions, such as brain injuries . Individuals with savant syndrome were historically referred to with the term “idiot savant,” but negative connotations of the term “idiot” resulted in its abandonment and is now solely termed “savant.”

Famous individuals with savant syndrome include Kim Peek, who was able to calculate dates for any event hundreds of years into the past or future and inspired the movie the Rain Man. Stephen Wiltshire was mute and communicated through drawings of detailed city landscapes. Approximately 10% of individuals with autistic disorder have savant abilities. Less than 1% of the non-autistic population have savant syndrome. Therefore, not all savants have ASD, and not all persons with autismare savants.

What is a genius?

There is no scientifically precise definition of genius. When used to refer to the characteristic, genius is associated with talent but several authors systematically distinguish these terms. Walter Isaacson, biographer of many well-known geniuses, explains that although high intelligence may be a prerequisite, the most common trait that actually defines a genius may be the extraordinary ability to apply creativity and imaginative thinking to almost any situation.

The plural form of genius can be either geniuses or genii, pronounced [ jee-nee-ahy ], depending on the intended meaning of the word. Geniuses is much more commonly used. The plural forms of several other singular words that end in -us are also formed in this way, such as virus/viruses, callus/calluses, and status/statuses. Irregular plurals that are formed like genii, such as radius/radii or cactus/cacti, derive directly from their original pluralization in Latin. However, the standard English plural -es is often also acceptable for these terms, as in radiuses and cactuses.

Who is Mensa material?

Mensa members range in age from 2 to 106. They include engineers, homemakers, teachers, actors, athletes, students, and CEOs, and they share only one trait — high intelligence. To qualify for Mensa, they scored in the top 2 percent of the general population on an accepted standardized intelligence test.

Note: These descriptions are presented with some thanks to Chat GPT.

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Filed under: Book Reviews, Ethics, Experts Invited, Glossary Terms, LifeStyle, mental health | Tagged: ASD, autism, autistic, ChatGPT, genius, IQ, kim peek, knowledge, mensa, mental health, neurodiversity, polymath, savant, smart, stephen wiltshire, Walter Isaacson, Waqas Ahmed, wisdom, wise | Leave a comment »

MEME STOCK: Prices

Posted on October 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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According to the Daily Beast, First Lady Melania Trump was allegedly used as “window dressing” in a multi-million-dollar memecoin scheme that deceived investors and enriched its crypto creators, according to a lawsuit filed in federal court. The suit involves the $Melania coin, which the 55-year-old First Lady promoted to her social media on the eve of President Donald Trump’s inauguration in January, writing, “The Official Melania Meme is live! You can buy $MELANIA now.” Many of Trump’s supporters purchased the coin, pushing it to trade at an all-time high price of $13.73 apiece. $Melania was trading at less than 10 cents per coin by Wednesday—a staggering crash in value. Investors in the coin filed a federal class action lawsuit in April against Benjamin Chow, co-founder of crypto exchange Meteora, and Hayden Davis, co-founder of crypto venture capital firm Kelsier Labs, among others, WIRED reported Tuesday.

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Meme stock prices have shown dramatic volatility, with the Roundhill MEME ETF reflecting sharp swings driven by retail investor sentiment and social media hype.

The phenomenon of meme stocks—equities that gain popularity through online communities rather than traditional financial metrics—has reshaped market dynamics since early 2021. Companies like GameStop and AMC became emblematic of this trend, as retail investors coordinated on platforms like Reddit to drive prices to unprecedented highs. To capture this movement, the Roundhill Meme Stock ETF (ticker: MEME) was launched, bundling popular meme stocks into a single investment vehicle.

The price history of the MEME ETF illustrates the volatility inherent in meme stock investing. In October 2025 alone, the ETF experienced dramatic fluctuations. On October 13, it closed at $10.85, marking a 14.57% gain from the previous day. Just three days later, on October 16, it dropped to $9.97, an 8.95% decline. These swings reflect the influence of social media sentiment, short squeezes, and speculative trading rather than company fundamentals.

Over the past year, the MEME ETF has seen a 74.5% decline, underscoring the risks of investing in stocks driven by hype rather than earnings or growth potential. Despite occasional rallies, the overall trend has been downward, with the ETF trading around $8.93 as of the latest close.

This price history highlights the speculative nature of meme stocks. While they can offer short-term gains, they are highly susceptible to rapid reversals. Investors drawn to meme stocks should be aware of the emotional and social dynamics that drive their prices, and consider whether such volatility aligns with their risk tolerance and investment goals.

In essence, meme stock price history is a story of community-driven market disruption, where traditional valuation models are often sidelined in favor of viral momentum.

The MEME ETF serves as a barometer for this cultural shift, capturing both the excitement and the instability of this new investing frontier.

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", Alternative Investments, Ethics, Funding Basics, Glossary Terms, Investing, Marcinko Associates, Portfolio Management | Tagged: AMC, Ben Chow, daily beast, david marcinko, dmca, GameStop, Hayden Davis, melania trump, meme, MEME ETF, Meteora, Roundhill MEME ETF, Wired | Leave a comment »

Mastering the 20/4/10 Car Buying Rule

Posted on October 23, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

20/4/10 RULE

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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An automobile is one of the biggest purchases after a home; for many physicians and most all of us. But, unlike the typical home, it is usually a depreciating asset – today morning you purchase a car for X-amount of dollars and by the evening it will be worth less. After 5 years it will not be even half-value but still, many folks keep buying cars regularly – buy at 10, sell at 4 & lose 6 (repeat the cycle).

So, here are few financial rules of thumb that you can follow:

The value of a car should not be more than 50% of the annual income of the owner.
Purchase a used car or buy a new & use it for 10 years.
While buying a car with a loan stick to Rule 20/4/10 – Minimum 20% down payment, loan tenure not more than 4 years & EMI should not be higher than 10% of your income.

Note: Equated Monthly Installment [EMI]

Caution: The phrase rule of thumb refers to an approximate method for doing something, based on practical experience rather than theory. This usage of the phrase can be traced back to the 17th century and has been associated with various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a human adult thumb.

EDUCATION: Books

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", Experts Invited, Financial Planning, Funding Basics, Glossary Terms, Marcinko Associates | Tagged: automobile buying, automobile purchase, car buying, car purchase, EMI, Equated Monthly Installment, Marcinko | Leave a comment »

PPMC: Physician Practice Management Corporation

Posted on October 23, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

DEFINED

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A physician practice management corporation (PPMC) is a business entity that provides non-clinical administrative and operational support to medical practices, allowing physicians to focus on patient care while the corporation handles the business side of healthcare.

Physician practice management corporations emerged in response to the increasing complexity of running a medical practice. As healthcare regulations, insurance requirements, and operational costs grew, many physicians found it challenging to manage both clinical responsibilities and business operations. PPMCs offer a solution by taking over the administrative burdens, enabling physicians to concentrate on delivering quality care.

At their core, PPMCs are responsible for a wide range of non-medical services. These include billing and coding, human resources, payroll, marketing, compliance, information technology, and financial management. By centralizing these functions, PPMCs can achieve economies of scale, reduce overhead costs, and improve operational efficiency for the practices they manage. This model is particularly attractive to small and mid-sized practices that may lack the resources to manage these functions independently.

PPMCs typically enter into long-term management agreements with physician groups. In some cases, they may purchase the non-clinical assets of a practice—such as equipment, office space, and administrative staff—while the physicians retain control over clinical decisions and patient care. This arrangement allows for a clear division between medical and business responsibilities, which is essential for maintaining compliance with healthcare regulations like the Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute.

PPMCs: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2019/11/18/on-the-ppmcs-of-yester-year-and-today/

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One of the key advantages of working with a PPMC is access to capital and advanced infrastructure. PPMCs often invest in state-of-the-art electronic health record (EHR) systems, data analytics tools, and revenue cycle management platforms. These technologies can enhance patient care, streamline operations, and improve financial performance. Additionally, PPMCs may offer strategic guidance on practice expansion, mergers and acquisitions, and payer contract negotiations.

However, the relationship between physicians and PPMCs must be carefully managed. While PPMCs bring valuable expertise and resources, there is a risk that business priorities could overshadow clinical autonomy. To mitigate this, successful PPMCs prioritize physician engagement, transparent governance, and aligned incentives. They work collaboratively with physicians to ensure that business strategies support, rather than hinder, the delivery of high-quality care.

The physician practice management industry has evolved significantly over the past few decades. After a wave of failures in the 1990s due to overexpansion and misaligned incentives, modern PPMCs have adopted more sustainable and physician-centric models. Today, they play a crucial role in helping practices adapt to value-based care, population health management, and other emerging trends in healthcare delivery.

In conclusion, a physician practice management corporation serves as a strategic partner to medical practices, offering the business acumen and operational support needed to thrive in a complex healthcare environment. By offloading administrative tasks and providing access to advanced resources, PPMCs empower physicians to focus on what they do best—caring for patients—while ensuring the long-term success and sustainability of their practices.

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Filed under: "Doctors Only", Ask a Doctor, Career Development, Glossary Terms, Health Law & Policy, Management, Marcinko Associates, Practice Management | Tagged: Anti-Kickback Statute, david marcinko, health, healthcare, medicine, physician practice management, physician practicement corporations, PPMC, PPMCs, Stark laws, Technology | Leave a comment »

INVESTING: Rules of Thumb

Posted on October 22, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Portfolio Allocation & Risk Management

🏦 100 Minus Age Rule: Subtract your age from 100 to estimate the percentage of your portfolio to invest in stocks. The rest goes to bonds or safer assets.

Rule of 110 or 120: A modern twist—subtract your age from 110 or 120 to allow for more stock exposure in a low-interest environment.
Diversify, Don’t Speculate: Spread investments across asset classes to reduce risk.
Don’t Invest What You Can’t Afford to Lose: Especially for speculative assets like crypto or startups.

📈 Growth & Returns

Rule of 72: Divide 72 by your annual return rate to estimate how many years it takes to double your money.
Time in the Market Beats Timing the Market: Staying invested long-term usually outperforms trying to predict short-term moves.
Start Early, Compound Often: The earlier you invest, the more compound interest works in your favor.

🧾 Budgeting & Saving

50/30/20 Rule: Allocate 50% of income to needs, 30% to wants, and 20% to savings/investments.
Emergency Fund Rule: Save 3–6 months of living expenses before investing aggressively.
Pay Yourself First: Automatically invest a portion of your income before spending.

🧠 Behavioral & Strategy Tips

Buy What You Understand: Don’t invest in companies or assets you don’t comprehend.
Avoid Emotional Decisions: Fear and greed are the enemies of smart investing.
Rebalance Annually: Adjust your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.
Don’t Chase Past Performance: What worked last year may not work this year.

🏦 Retirement & Withdrawal

The 4% Rule: Withdraw 4% of your retirement savings annually to make it last ~30 years.
Save 15% of Income for Retirement: A common target for long-term financial security.
Max Out Tax-Advantaged Accounts First: Prioritize 401(k), IRA, or Roth IRA before taxable accounts.

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", finance, Financial Planning, Glossary Terms, Taxation, Touring with Marcinko | Tagged: 100 minus age rule, 4% rule, 50/30/20 rule, david marcinko, emergency fund, financial-independence, Investing, personal-finance, retirement, rule 110, rule 120, rule 72 | Leave a comment »

Understanding the Boomerang Effect in Psychology and Medicine

Posted on October 21, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

DEFINITION

By Staff Reporters

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Classic Definition: The Boomerang[ing] paradox is a feedback loop or cycle where events come back positively or negatively. It is an interconnection between people that looks like an ecosystem.

Modern Circumstance: When our thoughts and words energetically go out into the world, it has the same effect as the boomerang. It will go all the way out and come back around. That part of the creation model is our thinking and speaking. We’re unconscious and co-creating our reality. The Boomerang effect is everywhere: politics, business, relationships, economics, environment, marketing, psychology and healthcare, etc.

PSYCHOLOGY

Paradox Example: Research has found that teaching people and patients about psychological biases can help counteract biased behavior. On the other hand, due to the innate need for preservation of a positive self-image, it is likely that teaching people about biases they hold, may cause a boomerang paradoxical effect in cases where being associated with a specific bias implies negative social connotations

MEDICINE

Paradox Example: Recent examples of a boomerang paradoxical drug effects is with osteoporosis medications such as Actonel, Boniva and Fosamax. These all belong to a class of drugs called bisphosphonates. They are supposed to strengthen bones, but some doctors report that long-term use of these drugs may actually pose a risk of certain unusual fractures.

ECONOMICS

Paradox Example: A characteristic of advanced economies like Australia is continual growth in household income and plunging costs of electric appliances, resulting in rapid growth in peak demand. The power grid in turn requires substantial incremental generating and network capacity, which is utilized momentarily at best. The result is the Boomerang Paradox, in which the nation’s rising wealth has created the pre-conditions for fuel poverty.

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The Medical Executive-Post is a news and information aggregator and social media professional network for medical and financial service professionals. Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed. Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.

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Origins and Mission

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Investing in Butterfly Spreads

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American Depository Receipts Defined

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Silver as a Hybrid Asset

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