BOARD CERTIFICATION EXAM STUDY GUIDES Lower Extremity Trauma
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Posted on February 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
LEGIT or NOT?
By Staff Reporters
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A new pathway will result in a degree called the “Doctor of Medical Science” (DMS); this training is designed for someone—not a physician—to practice clinical medicine with all of the privileges afforded to a medical doctor in the discipline of primary care.
Lincoln Memorial University (LMU) recently announced the start of this new program. In a recent press release they stated, “Lincoln Memorial University is pleased to announce a new type of medical training with its launch of the brand new Doctor of Medical Science (DMS) degree. The only one of its kind, this program bridges the gaps between physician and physician assistant (PA) training for the development of a new type of doctoral trained provider to aid Appalacia and other health care shortage areas.”
The DMS will be for Physician Assistants who have at least three years experience in clinical practice. The curriculum will be a two year program and will consist of 50 credits. The first year will have online didactics delivered by clinical and PhD specialists on staff at LMU-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine and other teaching hospitals. The second year will be more online didactics specific to a clinical specialty.
LMU has already received approval for this program from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.
Posted on February 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
DEFINITION
By Staff Reporters
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Variable Universal Life Insurance: Permanent life insurance that allows the policyholder to vary the amount and timing of premiums and, by extension, the death benefit. Universal life insurance policies accumulate cash value which grows tax deferred. Within certain limits, policyholders can direct how this cash value will be allocated among sub-accounts offered within the policy.
Several factors will affect the cost and availability of life insurance, including age, health, and the type and amount of insurance purchased. Life insurance policies have expenses, including mortality and other charges. If a policy is surrendered prematurely, the policyholder also may pay surrender charges and have income tax implications. You should consider determining whether you are insurable before implementing a strategy involving life insurance.
Any guarantees associated with a policy are dependent on the ability of the issuing insurance company to continue making claim payments.
Posted on February 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
DEFINITIONS
By SBA and Staff Reporters
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Acquisition
The acquiring of supplies or services by the federal government with appropriated funds through purchase or lease.
Affiliates
Business concerns, organizations, or individuals that control each other or that are controlled by a third party. Control may include shared management or ownership; common use of facilities, equipment, and employees; or family interest.
Best and Final Offer
For negotiated procurements, a contractor’s final offer following the conclusion of discussions.
Certificate of Competency
A certificate issued by the Small Business Administration (SBA) stating that the holder is “responsible” (in terms of capability, competency, capacity, credit, integrity, perseverance, and tenacity) for the purpose of receiving and performing a specific government contract.
Certified 8(a) Firm
A firm owned and operated by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals and eligible to receive federal contracts under the Small Business Administration’s 8(a) Business Development Program.
Contract
A mutually binding legal relationship obligating the seller to furnish supplies or services (including construction) and the buyer to pay for them.
Contracting
Purchasing, renting, leasing, or otherwise obtaining supplies or services from nonfederal sources. Contracting includes the description of supplies and services required, the selection and solicitation of sources, the preparation and award of contracts, and all phases of contract administration. It does not include grants or cooperative agreements.
Contracting Officer
A person with the authority to enter into, administer, and/or terminate contracts and make related determinations and findings.
Contractor Team Arrangement
An arrangement in which (a) two or more companies form a partnership or joint venture to act as potential prime contractor; or (b) an agreement by a potential prime contractor with one or more other companies to have them act as its subcontractors under a specified government contract or acquisition program.
Defense Acquisition Regulatory Council (DARC)
A group composed of representatives from each Military department, the Defense Logistics Agency, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and that is in charge of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) on a joint basis with the Civilian Agency Acquisition Council (CAAC).
Defense Contractor
Any person who enters into a contract with the United States for the production of material or for the performance of services for the national defense.
Electronic Data Interchange
Transmission of information between computers using highly standardized electronic versions of common business documents.
Emerging Small Business
A small business concern whose size is no greater than 50 percent of the numerical size standard applicable to the Standard Industrial Classification code assigned to a contracting opportunity.
Equity
An accounting term used to describe the net investment of owners or stockholders in a business. Under the accounting equation, equity also represents the result of assets less liabilities.
Fair and Reasonable Price
A price that is fair to both parties, considering the agreed-upon conditions, promised quality, and timeliness of contract performance. “Fair and reasonable” price is subject to statutory and regulatory limitations.
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)
The body of regulations which is the primary source of authority governing the government procurement process. The FAR, which is published as Chapter 1 of Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations, is prepared, issued, and maintained under the joint auspices of the Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of General Services Administration, and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Actual responsibility for maintenance and revision of the FAR is vested jointly in the Defense Acquisition Regulatory Council (DARC) and the Civilian Agency Acquisition Council (CAAC).
Full and Open Competition
With respect to a contract action, “full and open” competition means that all responsible sources are permitted to compete.
Intermediary Organization
Organizations that play a fundamental role in encouraging, promoting, and facilitating business-to-business linkages and mentor-protégé partnerships. These can include both nonprofit and for-profit organizations: chambers of commerce; trade associations; local, civic, and community groups; state and local governments; academic institutions; and private corporations.
Joint Venture
In the SBA Mentor-Protégé Program, an agreement between a certified 8(a) firm and a mentor firm to perform a specific federal contract.
Mentor
A business, usually large, or other organization that has created a specialized program to advance strategic relationships with small businesses.
Negotiation
Contracting through the use of either competitive or other-than-competitive proposals and discussions. Any contract awarded without using sealed bidding procedures is a negotiated contract.
Partnering
A mutually beneficial business-to-business relationship based on trust and commitment and that enhances the capabilities of both parties.
Prime Contract
A contract awarded directly by the Federal government.
Protégé
A firm in a developmental stage that aspires to increasing its capabilities through a mutually beneficial business-to-business relationship.
Request for Proposal (RFP)
A document outlining a government agency’s requirements and the criteria for the evaluation of offers.
SCORE
Counselors to America’s Small Business is a 12,400-member volunteer association sponsored by the SBA. SCORE matches volunteer business-management counselors with present prospective small business owners in need of expert advice.
Small Business
A business smaller than a given size as measured by its employment, business receipts, or business assets.
Small Business Development Centers (SBDC)
SBDCs offer a broad spectrum of business information and guidance as well as assistance in preparing loan applications.
Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Contract
A type of contract designed to foster technological innovation by small businesses with 500 or fewer employees. The SBIR contract program provides for a three-phased approach to research and development projects: technological feasibility and concept development; the primary research effort; and the conversion of the technology to a commercial application.
Small Disadvantaged Business Concern
A small business concern that is at least 51 percent owned by one or more individuals who are both socially and economically disadvantaged. This can include a publicly owned business that has at least 51 percent of its stock unconditionally owned by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals and whose management and daily business is controlled by one or more such individuals.
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code
A code representing a category within the Standard Industrial Classification System administered by the Statistical Policy Division of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. The system was established to classify all industries in the US economy. A two-digit code designates each major industry group, which is coupled with a second two-digit code representing subcategories.
Subcontract
A contract between a prime contractor and a subcontractor to furnish supplies or services for the performance of a prime contract or subcontract.
Posted on February 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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U.S. Stock Markets will be closed for Presidents Day. But crypto trading takes no days off.
The Presidents Day holiday was originally intended to celebrate the birthday of the first President George Washington on February 22nd, according to the Library of Congress. The holiday is still formally designated as Washington’s Birthday by the Office of Personnel Management. Washington’s birthday was an informal holiday during the country’s early existence and President Rutherford B. Hayes formalized the holiday in 1879, according to History.com. The holiday’s proximity to the birthday of President Abraham Lincoln on February 12th caused the general public to link the two and later expand the celebration to all presidents.
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Berkshire Hathaway, the investment conglomerate led by Warren Buffett, reduced its holdings in two US banks. Bank of America (BoA) and Citigroup shares were sold in the final quarter of 2024. The move, disclosed in a regulatory filing last Friday, comes as Buffett continues to trim Berkshire’s stock portfolio, favoring safer investments such as US Treasury bills.
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Wall Street just dumped nearly every dollar of the $12.5 billion in loans that helped Elon Musk buy Twitter—now called X—in 2022. A group of seven major banks, led by Morgan Stanley, offloaded $4.74 billion of the debt last Friday, selling more than their planned $3 billion as investors flooded in with $12 billion in orders, according to a report from the Financial Times.
Posted on February 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Complimentary Glow Effect is when something looks better simply because it’s next to something else that’s attractive. It’s like standing next to a supermodel to get a boost to your own appearance.
Marketers use this all the time by pairing products with glamorous images to make them more appealing. It’s a visual trick that our brains fall for every time.
So, according to colleague Dan Ariely PhD, the next time you’re tempted by a shiny new gadget, remember: it might just be basking in the complimentary glow of clever marketing.
Posted on February 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
DEFINITION
By Staff Reporters
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The Karpman drama triangle is a social model of human interaction proposed by San Francisco psychiatrist, Stephen B. Karpman in 1968. The triangle maps a type of destructive interaction that can occur among people in conflict. The drama triangle model is a tool used in psychotherapy, specifically transactional analysis. The triangle of actors in the drama are persecutors, victims and rescuers.
Karpman described how in some cases these roles were not undertaken in an honest manner to resolve the presenting problem, but rather were used fluidly and switched between by the actors in a way that achieved unconscious goals and agendas.
The outcome in such cases was that the actors would be left feeling justified and entrenched, but there would often be little or no change to the presenting problem, and other more fundamental problems giving rise to the situation remaining unaddressed.
Posted on February 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Infinite banking is not a product or service offered by a specific institution. It’s a concept promoted as a way you can “be your own bank” to have more control over your money.
Infinite banking is a strategy in which you buy a life insurance policy that accumulates interest-earning cash value and take out loans against it, “borrowing from yourself” as a source of capital. Then eventually pay back the loan and start the cycle all over again. To whit:
Buy a cash value life insurance policy, which you own and control.
Pay policy premiums, a portion of which builds cash value.
Cash value earns compounding interest.
Take a loan out against the policy’s cash value, tax-free.
Repay loans with interest.
Cash value accumulates again, and the cycle repeats.
If you use this concept as intended, you’re taking money out of your life insurance policy to purchase everything you’d need for the rest of your life. Cars. Houses. Airplane tickets. Netflix.
So, when you pay back the policy loan, just as you’d have to pay back any mortgage, auto loan, or credit card, you’re paying yourself back.
Nelson Nash popularized this concept in his book Becoming Your Own Banker.
In retirement, according to Josephine Nesbit, your economic class can be broadly categorized into four distinct groups, each defined by their net worth and financial capabilities, ranging from retirees with limited resources to the wealthy. And, according to Moneywise, here are the net worth categories of the poor, middle class (and upper-middle class) and rich:
Poor retirees: Poor retirees are in the lower 20th percentile, and may have a net worth of around $10,000. This is often without property ownership, forcing many to rely mainly on Social Security or minimal pensions.
Middle-class retirees: Making up the 50th percentile, with a median net worth of approximately $281,000, this group usually includes home equity, retirement savings and a 401(k) plan.
Upper-middle-class retirees: These retirees possess a net worth between $201,800 and $608,900. They have diversified assets and enjoy a comfortable retirement cushion.
Rich retirees: In the 90th percentile, with net worth starting at $1.9 million, this group has much more financial freedom and is able to afford luxuries and legacy planning.
Posted on February 15, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Bigorexia is a psychological condition and type of body dysmorphic disorder which involves a distorted self-image that focuses specifically on muscle size and physical appearance,” Kara Becker, a certified eating disorder therapist and national director of eating disorder programs at Newport Healthcare, told HuffPost.
With bigorexia, the afflicted person is obsessed with becoming more muscular and preoccupied with the idea that their body isn’t brawny enough ― even if they actually have the physique of a bodybuilder. And, although muscle dysmorphia can affect anyone, it’s more common in males, and research indicates the disorder is on the rise.
In fact, a 2019 study indicated that 22% of adolescent boys engaged in “muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors” in an attempt to bulk up or gain weight and found that supplements, dietary changes and even steroid use were common among young adult males.
Posted on February 15, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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What Is a Pig Butchering Scam?
Pig butchering scams get their colorful (and gory) name from the process of fattening hogs before slaughtering them. Except in this case, it’s a scammer making friends with you before taking your money. These cons have four distinct phases:
Initial contact is made by a scammer. The scammers are often enslaved by organized crime rings who force them to contact potential victims through social media platforms, dating apps, online networking sites, and job boards.
Fattening, a phase where the scammer gets to know and builds trust with a victim. They may pretend to be romantically interested in the victim, befriend the victim, or offer the victim a job.
Slaughter refers to the phase where the con pays off. Scammers may persuade victims to send them money, invest in a fake company or cryptocurrency, or reveal sensitive personal information that can be used for identity theft. Over time, scammers ask for large sums of money threatening to end contact if victims refuse to pay.
Shaming and disappearance. Scammers will continue their relationship with the victim until the victim is unable to pay or catches onto the scam. Scammers may taunt their victims to shame them into silence, or they may simply vanish along with any accounts, websites, or apps they’ve been using.
How to Avoid Pig Butchering Scams:
To avoid becoming a victim of a pig butchering type scam, watch for these red flags and know how to protect yourself:
Unexpected contact: Never respond to unsolicited messages from unknown contacts, even about seemingly benign topics, especially via text message and on encrypted messaging applications.
Refusal to participate in video chats: If someone you’ve been messaging with consistently declines to interact face-to-face, they likely aren’t the person from the profile photo.
Request for financial information: Don’t share any personal financial information with individuals you’ve never met in person. If a new virtual friend or romantic connection starts making financial inquiries, put the brakes on the relationship.
Invitation to invest in specific financial products: Be wary of any unsolicited investment advice or tips, particularly from someone you’ve only spoken to online and even if they suggest you trade through your own account. Always question what a source has to gain from sharing tips with you and whether the transaction fits with your financial goals and investment strategy.
Unknown or confusing investment opportunity: Carefully evaluate the product, as well as the person and/or company requesting your investment. Along with a basic search, try adding words like “scam” or “fraud” to see what results come up. Consider running recommendations by a third party or an investment professional who has no stake in the investment, and use FINRA BrokerCheck to see if the promoter is a registered investment professional.
Unfamiliar trading platforms: Do extensive research before moving any money, particularly in an emerging market like cryptocurrency, which has hundreds of exchanges and new avenues for trading continuing to evolve. Who controls the platform? What security measures are in place? How can you withdraw funds if needed? If you don’t know the answers to those questions, don’t put your assets there.
Exaggerated claims and elevated emotions: Take a closer look at any investment that offers much higher than average returns or is touted as “guaranteed.” Fraudsters will also often use their knowledge about you to appeal to your emotions—something like, “Don’t you want to have money to send your kids to college?”
Sense of urgency about an upcoming news announcement or share price increase: Remember that insider trading is illegal, and you should never trade in shares of a company on the basis of material, nonpublic information.
If you think you’ve been a victim of a pig butchering stock scam, submit a regulatory tip to FINRA. If you think you’ve been the victim of internet fraud, file a report with the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center.
Posted on February 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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According to colleague Eugene Schmuckler PhD MBA MED, the Exercise Paradox is the finding that individuals with an active lifestyle have a relatively similar caloric expenditure to individuals in a sedentary lifestyle.
With international stock markets comprising about 40 percent of the world’s capitalization as of 2023, a broad range of investment opportunities exist outside the borders of the U.S.
For investors who are looking to diversify their mutual fund portfolio with exposure to companies located outside the U.S., there exist two basic choices: A global mutual fund or an international mutual fund.
By definition, international funds invest in non-U.S. markets, while global funds may invest in U.S. stocks alongside non-U.S. stocks.
Make a Choice: The definition may seem clear, but what may seem less clear is why an investor might select one over the other. The reason that an investor may select a global fund is to provide the portfolio manager with the latitude to move the fund’s investments among non-U.S. markets and the U.S. market in order to take advantage of the shifts in relative opportunities these markets may present at any given moment.
By investing in a global fund, the challenge for the investor is that he or she may not know at any point in time their total exposure to the U.S. market within the context of their overall portfolio.
An Inside Look: As a consequence, some investors want to manage their allocation risk by setting the broad asset allocation for their portfolio and then identifying funds that are within those asset classes. For these investors, an international fund may make more sense since it allows them to maintain a greater adherence to their desired domestic/international stock allocation.
Keep in mind that asset allocation is an approach to help manage investment risk. Asset allocation does not guarantee against investment loss. As you consider a global or an international fund, you should also be aware of the fund’s approach to the inherent currency risks. Some funds choose to engage in strategies that may mitigate the effects of currency fluctuations, while others consider currency movements – up and down – to be an element of portfolio performance.
Posted on February 13, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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The “Second Wind” paradox is a sudden period of increased wakefulness in individuals deprived of sleep that tends to coincide with the individual’s circadian rhythm.
Although the individual is more wakeful and aware of their surroundings, they are continuing to accrue sleep debt and thus are actually exacerbating their sleep deprivation.
Financial accounting and managerial accounting are two distinct branches of the accounting field, each serving different purposes and stakeholders. Financial accounting focuses on creating external reports that provide a snapshot of a company’s financial health for investors, regulators, and other outside parties. Managerial accounting, meanwhile, is an internal process aimed at aiding managers in making informed business decisions.
Objectives of Financial Accounting
Financial accounting is primarily concerned with the preparation and presentation of financial statements, which include the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. These documents are meticulously crafted to reflect the company’s financial performance over a specific period, providing insights into its profitability, liquidity, and solvency. The objective is to offer a clear, standardized view of the financial state of the company, ensuring that external entities have a reliable basis for evaluating the company’s economic activities.
The process of financial accounting also involves the meticulous recording of all financial transactions. This is achieved through the double-entry bookkeeping system, where each transaction is recorded in at least two accounts, ensuring that the accounting equation remains balanced. This systematic approach provides accuracy and accountability, which are paramount in financial reporting. CPA = Certified Public Accountant.
Objectives of Managerial Accounting
Managerial accounting is designed to meet the information needs of the individuals who manage organizations. Unlike financial accounting, which provides a historical record of an organization’s financial performance, managerial accounting focuses on future-oriented reports. These reports assist in planning, controlling, and decision-making processes that guide the day-to-day, short-term, and long-term operations.
At the heart of managerial accounting is budgeting. Budgets are detailed plans that quantify the economic resources required for various functions, such as production, sales, and financing. They serve as benchmarks against which actual performance can be measured and evaluated. This enables managers to identify variances, investigate their causes, and implement corrective actions. Another objective of managerial accounting is cost analysis. Managers use cost accounting methods to understand the expenses associated with each aspect of production and operation. By analyzing costs, they can determine the profitability of individual products or services, control expenditures, and optimize resource allocation.
Performance measurement is another key objective. Managerial accountants develop metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs) to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of various business processes. These performance metrics are crucial for setting goals, evaluating outcomes, and aligning individual and departmental objectives with the overall strategy of the organization. CMA = Certified Managerial Accountant
Reporting Standards in Financial Accounting
The bedrock of financial accounting is the adherence to established reporting standards, which ensure consistency, comparability, and transparency in financial statements. Globally, the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are widely adopted, setting the guidelines for how particular types of transactions and other events should be reported in financial statements. In the United States, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issues the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), which serve a similar purpose. These standards are not static; they evolve in response to changing economic realities, stakeholder needs, and advances in business practices.
For instance, the shift towards more service-oriented economies and the rise of intangible assets have led to updates in revenue recognition and asset valuation guidelines. The convergence of IFRS and GAAP is an ongoing process aimed at creating a unified set of global standards that would benefit multinational corporations and investors by reducing the complexity and cost of complying with multiple accounting frameworks.
Posted on February 12, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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PharmD – Doctor of Pharmacy
A Doctor of Pharmacy [ParrmD] is the professional degree required to become a pharmacist in the US. Practicing pharmacists complete an average of six years in school—including their pre-pharmacy education—before passing required exams and completing post-graduate training.
Here’s where things often get confusing. The word “pharmacist” is sometimes used in casual conversation to refer to healthcare professionals who aren’t technically licensed to be pharmacists.
For example, pharmacy technicians assist licensed pharmacists. They work behind the counter among the medications right alongside the pharmacist. However, they don’t need a Doctor of Pharmacy to do their job. A pharmaceutical sales representative typically needs four years of a bachelor’s degree with a foundation in chemistry and biology, though this is not always a requirement. Neither of these professionals is technically a pharmacist, although laypeople may mistakenly describe them that way.
And pursuing a PharmD doesn’t always mean you’ll work in a community pharmacy. In fact, just slightly fewer than half of all PharmD recipients end up in this role. Another 15 percent practice in other healthcare settings—hospitals, nursing homes, and managed care centers, for example. Other pharmacy students pursue research roles, government regulation positions, or work in highly specialized areas like oncology or geriatric pharmacy.
A PharmD or RPH [registered pharmacist] fills the electronic or written prescriptions of a MD/DO/DPM/DDS/DMD. They generally can not prescribe drugs or write prescriptions, however.
As of February 01, 2025, the average annual pay of Doctor of Pharmacy in the United States was $196,904. While Salary.com suggests that a Doctor of Pharmacy salary in the US can go up to $236,908 or down to $149,197, most earn between $171,932 and $217,844.
Posted on February 12, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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DEFINITION BAR SLIDES LEFT TO RIGHT
Understanding Insurance Jargon
1. Premiums
When you purchase an insurance policy, you'll be required to make regular payments, known as premiums. These payments are typically made monthly or annually and are the cost of maintaining your insurance coverage.
2. Deductible
Think of a deductible as the money you have to shell out from your own pocket before your insurance kicks in to help cover your expenses. It's like the upfront cost you need to cover before your insurance really starts working for you.For example, if you have a $500 deductible and make a claim for $1,000, you'll need to pay $500, and your insurer will cover the remaining $500.
3. Policyholder
The policyholder is the person who owns an insurance policy. This individual is responsible for paying premiums and making claims under the policy.
4. Coverage Limit
Every insurance policy has a coverage limit, which is the maximum amount your insurer will pay out for a covered claim. It's crucial to understand your policy's limits to ensure you have adequate coverage.
5. Underwriting
Underwriting is the process insurers use to assess the risk of providing coverage to an individual or entity. It involves evaluating factors such as age, health, and driving record to determine premium rates and eligibility.
Types of Insurance
6. Auto Insurance
Auto insurance provides financial protection in case of accidents, theft, or damage to your vehicle. It's a legal requirement in many places and typically includes liability, collision, and comprehensive coverage.
7. Health Insurance
Health insurance covers medical expenses, including doctor visits, hospital stays, and prescription medications. It can be provided by employers or purchased individually.
8. Homeowners Insurance
Homeowners insurance is like a safety net for your home and stuff. It steps in to help if your place or belongings get damaged or stolen. Plus, it's got your back with liability coverage in case someone gets hurt while on your property.
9. Life Insurance
Life insurance pays out a death benefit to beneficiaries when the policyholder passes away. It can provide financial security to loved ones and cover funeral expenses.
10. Liability Insurance
Liability insurance covers you in case you're responsible for injuring someone or damaging their property. It's often included in auto and homeowners insurance policies.
Navigating Insurance Policies
11. Exclusions
Exclusions are specific events or circumstances that your insurance policy doesn't cover. It's essential to review these carefully to understand what situations won't be reimbursed.
12. Riders
Riders are add-ons to insurance policies that provide additional coverage for specific situations. For example, you can add a rider to your homeowners policy to cover expensive jewelry.
13. Claim
A claim is a formal request to your insurance company for coverage or reimbursement for a loss or damage. It's essential to follow the claims process outlined in your policy.
14. Grace Period
The grace period is the amount of time you have to pay your premium after the due date without your coverage lapsing. Be aware of your policy's grace period to avoid a lapse in coverage.
15. No-Claims Discount
Many insurance companies offer a no-claims discount to policyholders who haven't filed any claims within a specified period. This can lead to lower premiums over time.
Specialized Insurance Terms
16. Subrogation
Subrogation is the process by which an insurance company seeks reimbursement from a third party for a claim it has already paid out. This often occurs in auto accidents when your insurer goes after the at-fault driver's insurance company.
17. Actuary
An actuary is a professional who uses mathematics and statistics to assess risk and set premium rates for insurance policies. They play a crucial role in the insurance industry's financial stability.
18. Adjuster
An insurance adjuster is responsible for investigating claims, evaluating damage, and determining how much the insurance company should pay. They work to ensure fair settlements for policyholders.
19. Premium Credit
Premium credit is a discount offered by insurers to policyholders who meet specific criteria, such as having a good driving record or installing safety features in their home.
20. Salvage Value
When an insured item is damaged or totaled, it may still have some value. Salvage value refers to the amount the insurer can recover by selling the damaged item.
Protecting Your Financial Future
21. Risk Management
Effective risk management involves identifying potential risks and taking steps to minimize or mitigate them. Insurance is one tool in your risk management toolkit.
22. Beneficiary
A beneficiary is the person or entity designated to receive the proceeds of a life insurance policy when the policyholder passes away. It's essential to keep this information up to date.
23. Policy Term
The policy term is the duration for which your insurance policy is valid. It's crucial to renew your policy before it expires to maintain coverage.
24. Umbrella Policy
An umbrella policy provides additional liability coverage beyond the limits of your primary insurance policies. It can protect your assets in the event of a costly lawsuit.
25. Coinsurance
Coinsurance is the percentage of costs that you and your insurance company share after you've met your deductible. It's often seen in health insurance policies.
Insurance in Practice
26. Premium Increase
Your insurance premium may increase due to factors such as claims history, changes in coverage, or external economic conditions. It's essential to shop around for the best rates.
27. Depreciation
Depreciation is the decrease in the value of an asset over time. Insurance policies may account for depreciation when settling claims for damaged property.
28. Reinstatement
If your insurance policy lapses due to non-payment, you may have the option to reinstate it by paying any outstanding premiums and fees.
29. Excess
Excess, also known as a deductible, is the portion of a claim that you're responsible for paying. It's designed to prevent small, frequent claims.
30. Pre-Existing Condition
In health insurance, a pre-existing condition is a medical condition you had before obtaining coverage. Within the framework of the Affordable Care Act, insurance providers are prohibited from refusing coverage or imposing elevated premiums due to pre-existing medical conditions.
Insurance Regulations
31. State Insurance Department
Each state in the United States has a department or commission responsible for regulating insurance within its borders. They oversee insurers' operations and protect consumers.
32. Consumer Reports
Consumer reports provide information on insurance companies' financial strength, customer satisfaction, and claims-handling. They can help you choose a reputable insurer.
33. Guaranteed Renewal
Guaranteed renewal is a provision in some insurance policies that ensures the insurer cannot refuse to renew your policy as long as you pay your premiums.
34. Non-Cancelable Policy
A non-cancelable policy is one that the insurer cannot cancel or change the terms of as long as you pay your premiums. This provides certainty in coverage.
35. Market Conduct Examination
Insurance regulators conduct market conduct examinations to assess insurers' business practices and ensure they comply with laws and regulations.
Insurance for Businesses
36. Business Interruption Insurance
Business interruption insurance provides coverage for lost income and expenses when a covered event, such as a fire or natural disaster, forces your business to close temporarily.
37. Workers’ Compensation
Workers' compensation insurance covers medical expenses and lost wages for employees who are injured on the job. It's typically required by law for businesses with employees.
38. Professional Liability Insurance
Professional liability insurance, often called errors and omissions insurance, protects professionals from liability claims resulting from errors or negligence in their work.
39. Business Owner’s Policy (BOP)
A business owner's policy bundles essential coverages, such as property and liability insurance, into a single policy designed for small businesses. It's a cost-effective option.
40. D&O Insurance
Directors and officers (D&O) insurance protects the personal assets of company leaders in case they are sued for alleged wrongful acts while managing the business.
Advanced Insurance Concepts
41. Aggregate Limit
The aggregate limit is the maximum amount an insurance policy will pay out during a policy term, regardless of the number of claims made.
42. Risk Pooling
Insurance works on the principle of risk pooling, where policyholders collectively share the financial burden of covered losses.
43. Loss Ratio
The loss ratio is a measure of an insurance company's claims payouts compared to its earned premiums. A high loss ratio may indicate financial instability.
44. Surplus Lines Insurance
Surplus lines insurance covers risks that standard insurers won't or can't cover. It's often used for unique or high-risk situations.
45. Rescission
Rescission is the cancellation of an insurance policy retroactively, often due to misrepresentation or fraud on the policyholder's part.
Future of Insurance
46. Insurtech
Insurtech refers to the use of technology, such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, to streamline and improve the insurance industry's processes.
47. Telematics
Telematics devices track driving behavior and can lead to personalized auto insurance rates based on individual habits.
48. Microinsurance
Microinsurance provides affordable coverage to low-income individuals and communities, helping them mitigate risks and protect their assets.
49. Blockchain in Insurance
Blockchain technology can enhance transparency and security in insurance by creating immutable records of policies and claims.
50. Climate Change and Insurance
Climate change poses significant challenges to the insurance industry as it leads to more frequent and severe weather events. Insurers must adapt to these changing risk landscapes.
Insurance is a complex field with a language of its own, but understanding these 50 common insurance terms can help you navigate the world of insurance with confidence. Whether you're looking for auto, health, home, or any other type of insurance, being informed about these terms and concepts is essential to making informed decisions about your coverage.
Posted on February 11, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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The Paradox of Progress explores the tension between societal progress and individual well-being.
According to colleague Eugene Schmuckler PhD MBA MEd, it questions whether advancements in technology, economy, and society truly lead to greater happiness and fulfillment for individuals, or if they create new forms of dissatisfaction or inequality.
A new report from the Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center shows that the average American scored just 48% on a financial literacy test, with groups scoring as low as 37% in certain areas. Since the report’s inception in 2017, the results have been relatively stable: Americans have scored 48% to 52% correctly on the annual study.
But only 16% of Americans scored between 75% and 100% on the test in 2024. This alarming statistic has far-reaching consequences for companies, the wider economy, and more than half all Americans.
Posted on February 10, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
EVIDENCE BASED DENTISTRY
By Staff Reporters
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Evidence Based Dentistry?
Despite the high praise for evidence-based dentistry, there are a number of limitation and criticism that has been given to the process. Chambers DW provides quite a bit of criticism, as well as a number of limitations that evidence-based dentistry provides. In no particular order of importance, a number of mentioned objections towards this format are:
Evidence-based dentistry is too clumsy due to the concept being poorly defined
The implementation of evidence-based dentistry has been distorted by too heavy of an emphasis of computerized searches for research findings that meet the standards of academics
Although EBD advocates enjoy sharing anecdotal accounts of mistakes others have made, faulting others is not proof that one’s own position is correct
There is no systematic, high-quality evidence that EBD is effective
Patient and practitioner values are the shortest leg of the stool. As they are so little recognized, their integration in EBD is problematic and ethical tensions exist where paternalism privileges science over patient’s self-determined best interests.
Although dentists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants may not formally recite the Hippocratic Oath, its principles undeniably apply in their practice, particularly in the high-stakes context of emergency medical care.
By embodying these principles, dental professionals not only fulfill their commitment to ethical patient care but also ensure the safety and well-being of those they serve.
Accounts payable are short-term obligations to be paid by an organization. It arises from trading activities and other business-related expenses during the business, including parties from whom we have purchased goods or services and costs incurred for which money is yet to be paid, generally in the same financial year.
#2 – Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable form part of current assets and refer to amounts due from parties to whom we have sold goods or services or incurred expenses on their behalf for which money is yet to be realized. It may include debtors, bills receivable, etc., which can be converted into cash in the short term to ensure the organization’s liquidity.
#3 – Balance Sheet
A Balance Sheet is a reconciliation of assets (current and fixed) and liabilities (current and noncurrent), and capital invested in an organization. Stakeholders such as creditors, shareholders, and banks, which have granted loans to the organization and government, use the Balance Sheet to analyze the financial position, growth, and stability.
#4 – Current Assets
Current assets refer to an organization’s realizable resources in the short term, generally during the same financial year. They include cash/bank balance and assets that can convert into cash, ranging from short-term loans and advances, sundry debtors, short-term investments, etc.
#5 – Equity
Equity is the amount invested in the business by its owners, in the form of capital in the case of sole proprietorship and partnerships, or shares (equity and preference) of varying denominations in companies (public or private).
#6 – Expenses
All the money outflow (present or future) incurred for procuring goods and services to affect sales in a business (direct expenses) and incidental to the business (indirect expenses) as well as ancillary to the running of an organization are referred to as expenses
#7 – Fixed Assets
Fixed assets are tangible resources that an organization uses for carrying out daily operations of a business, such as land, plant and equipment, furniture and fixtures, buildings, machinery, etc., which are not purchased to be sold in the short term.
#8 – Ledger
Ledger is the book of entry for recording transactions in such a way that we come to know the outstanding debit or credit balance of an account in our business for which we record the opening balance, transactions made in that account, and the closing balance to find out the exact position of that particular account.
#9 – Income Statement
The Income statement forms part of the financial statements and tells us the exact position of our gross and net profit at a particular cut-off date. It is done by recording all the direct incomes and closing stock on the credit side and all direct expenses and opening stock on the debit side to find the gross profit and all the indirect incomes and indirect expenses similarly to find out the net profit.
#10 – Liabilities
Liabilities are the present (short term) and future(long term) obligations of an organization which represents the debts due to be paid for goods and services procured for the business in the past and include sundry creditors, short term loans and advances, bills payable, etc. which come under short term liabilities and debentures, term loans from a bank, long term loans and advances, etc. which come under long term liabilities.
#11 – Net Income
The profit or loss arrived at after deducting all direct and indirect expenses from all the direct and indirect incomes equals to net income made by a business which is the earning done by the business at a cut-off date and is very useful in comparing the growth and financial position of an organization from previous years as well as for adopting measures for the betterment of the profitability levels of the business.
#12 – Revenue
The gross income earned by the organization from carrying out core business activities without deduction of any expenses is termed as revenue earned by the organization, which also indicates the sale and other incomes in total.
#13 – Credit
Wherever an account is credited, it reduces the balance of an account in the case of real accounts, creates an obligation to pay an individual in the case of personal accounts, and increases the income side if a nominal account is credited.
#14 – Debit
Wherever an account is debited, it increases the balance of an account in the case of real accounts, creating an obligation to receive money from an individual in the case of personal accounts and increasing the expenses side if a nominal account is debited.
#15 – Audit
An audit is an examination of books of accounts prepared by an organization to validate the entries recorded and ensure the accuracy and correctness of the financial statements along with finding out any discrepancies in the books, including frauds, if any, hidden by the employees of the organization.
Posted on February 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
ACADEMIC DEFINITIONS
By Staff Reporters
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What Is a PhD?
A PhD is a doctorate degree and is the highest postgraduate qualification awarded by universities. It involves undertaking original research in a narrow subject field and typically takes 4 years to complete.
A PhD in Business Administration provides an individual with a specialized and research-based background for a topic in the business management field. This is one of the key reasons it’s sought after by those who wish to work in business-related academia or research.
What Is a DBA?
A Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) is a business-orientated professional doctorate. Like a PhD, it is the highest-level postgraduate qualification which you can obtain from a university.
The degree program focuses on providing practical and innovative business management knowledge which can apply to any workplace. DBAs are designed for experienced practitioners such as senior managers, consultants and entrepreneurs who want to further their practical abilities.
This form of doctorate was first introduced as a way of allowing a distinction to be made between experienced practitioners and expert practitioners. The doctorate is an equal alternative to a traditional PhD and is an advanced follow-up for a Master’s in Business Administration (MBA).
Is a DBA and PhD Equivalent?
A Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) is equivalent to a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD); however, there are fundamental differences between these two doctoral degrees. These differences are nearly always at the center of DBA vs PhD discussions, and they stem from the intended career path of the student following their degree.
A PhD focuses on the ‘theory’ underpinning business management, whereas a DBA focuses on the ‘practical’ concepts. Those who complete a PhD in business management usually do so as they wish to pursue a career in research or academia. Those who complete a DBA do so as they want to pursue a more advanced role in the business industry or within their organization.
Posted on February 8, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Implicit or unconscious bias is not intentional, but it has a detrimental impact. Implicit bias in nursing affects nurses’ quality of life and patient outcomes. In a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation study, researchers found that 79% of nurses experienced or observed racism or discrimination from patients and 59% saw or experienced it from colleagues.
Asian and Black nurses are particularly likely to have experienced racial aggression, and 94% of Asian and 93% of Black nurses report that it has affected their mental well-being.
Explore more about implicit bias, including how it impacts nurses and patients. Discover some components of effective implicit bias training for nurses.
Posted on February 8, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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What is a Trilemma?
A trilemma refers to a situation in which three options are available, but only two can be chosen at a time. It is a situation in economics and international finance in which all three possible options are difficult or nearly impossible to achieve. Unlike a dilemma, which has two options, a trilemma has three options, all of which cannot be selected at once.
Trilemma in Economics
The impossible trinity is an example of a trilemma in economics. In an impossible trinity, a country can’t have a fixed exchange rate, independent monetary policy, and free capital movement all at once. A country can achieve only two out of the three policy objectives.
The impossible trinity involves a third option as a trilemma constraint, which cannot be achieved with the selected two options. It means that the selection of any two options will make it necessary to sacrifice the third beneficial option. It is like a three-way trade-off.
Posted on February 7, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Permanent Life Insurance: A class of life insurance policies that do not expire—as long as premiums are kept current—and which combine a death benefit with a savings component. This savings portion can accumulate a cash value against which the policy owner may be able to borrow funds.
Several factors will affect the cost and availability of life insurance, including age, health and the type and amount of insurance purchased. Life insurance policies have expenses, including mortality and other charges. If a policy is surrendered prematurely, the policyholder also may pay surrender charges and have income tax implications. So, you should consider determining whether you are insurable before implementing a strategy involving life insurance.
Finally, any guarantees associated with a policy are dependent on the ability of the issuing insurance company to continue making claim payments.
Posted on February 7, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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The Pygmalion Effect, also known as the Rosenthal Effect, is a fascinating psychological phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance. This concept originated from a study conducted by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson in the 1960s. They discovered that when teachers were led to believe that certain students were expected to perform better academically, those students indeed showed significant improvement.
Here’s a brief overview of how the Pygmalion Effect works:
Expectation Setting: When someone in a position of authority (like a teacher or manager) has high expectations for an individual, they often communicate these expectations through subtle cues.
Behavioral Changes: The individual receiving these cues tends to internalize the expectations and changes their behavior accordingly. They might become more motivated, put in more effort, and show greater persistence.
Performance Improvement: As a result of these behavioral changes, the individual’s performance improves, thereby fulfilling the initial high expectations.
This effect highlights the power of positive reinforcement and belief in someone’s potential. It underscores the importance of fostering a supportive and encouraging environment, whether in educational settings, workplaces, or personal relationships.
If you’re interested in applying the Pygmalion Effect in your life, consider these tips:
Set High, Yet Realistic Expectations: Believe in the potential of those around you and communicate your confidence in their abilities.
Provide Support and Resources: Ensure that individuals have the tools and support they need to meet these expectations.
Offer Positive Feedback: Regularly acknowledge and celebrate progress and achievements to reinforce positive behavior.
Remember, the Pygmalion Effect is a powerful reminder that our beliefs and expectations can significantly influence the outcomes we see in others.
Posted on February 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Cognitive bias is a pattern of thinking in humans that, although flawed, is repeated mindlessly, sometimes resulting in irrational behavior and decisions. Dental personnel need to understand how cognitive biases impact both their patients and their team members. Left unchecked, these automatic associations can cause grave mistakes and injuries, and result in real harm.
This course is designed to help dental team members recognize their own biases and see the need to introspect and self-regulate to change them.
Fund managers Tom Bailard, Larry Biehl and Ron Kaiser identified five types of investors, each type characterized by their investment preferences and actions. These 5 types are: Individualists, Adventurers, Celebrities, Guardians and Straight Arrows. Key to the different categories is their different attitude to seeking professional financial advice. Defined below:
Individualists have faith in their own investment abilities so do not approach a financial adviser. But they are also cautious.
Adventurers are what may be called high rollers, in that they like big bets, tend not to diversify and are happy to put all their eggs in one basket. They, too, are unlikely to seek financial advice.
Celebrities tend to follow the crowd in investment terms but are aware of their lack of expertise so frequently consult advisers.
Guardians are fearful of losing money, thus prefer rock-solid investments such as government bonds. They, too, are likely to seek professional investment advice.
Straight Arrows exhibit some of the characteristics of individualists and some of adventurers.
Posted on February 5, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
DEFINITION
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Naturopathic Doctors are educated and trained in accredited naturopathic medical colleges. They diagnose, prevent, and treat acute and chronic illness to restore and establish optimal health by supporting the person’s inherent self-healing process.
Rather than just suppressing symptoms, naturopathic doctors work to identify underlying causes of illness, and develop personalized treatment plans to address them. Their Therapeutic Order™, identifies the natural order in which all therapies should be applied to provide the greatest benefit with the least potential for damage.
Posted on February 4, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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According to Wikipedia, the Flexner Report was a book-length landmark report of medical education in the United States and Canada, written by Abraham Flexner and published in 1910 under the aegis of the Carnegie Foundation. Flexner not only described the state of medical education in North America, but he also gave detailed descriptions of the medical schools that were operating at the time. He provided both criticisms and recommendations for improvements of medical education in the United States.
Many aspects of the present-day American medical profession stem from the Flexner Report and its aftermath. While it had many positive impacts on American medical education, the Flexner report has been criticized for introducing policies that encouraged systemic racism and sexism.
The Report, also called Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four, called on American medical schools to enact higher admission and graduation standards, and to adhere strictly to the protocols of mainstream science principles in their teaching and research. The report talked about the need for revamping and centralizing medical institutions. Many American medical schools fell short of the standard advocated in the Flexner Report and, subsequent to its publication, nearly half of such schools merged or were closed outright.
Colleges for the education of the various forms of alternative medicine, such as electro-therapy were closed. Homeopathy, traditional osteopathy, eclectic medicine, and physiomedicalism (botanical therapies that had not been tested scientifically) were derided.
The Report also concluded that there were too many medical schools in the United States, and that too many doctors were being trained. A repercussion of the Flexner Report, resulting from the closure or consolidation of university training, was the closure of all but two black medical schools and the reversion of American universities to male-only admittance programs to accommodate a smaller admission pool.
In Chapter 11, Flexner stressed that the success of medical education reform and the professionalization of medicine relied heavily on the effective legal and ethical functioning of state medical boards. However, he noted that these boards were failing in their mission, stalling progress and allowing substandard medical practices to continue, thereby jeopardizing public health. This problem persists as a significant issue in the current practice of medicine in the United States.
According to Rob Lenihan, of TheStreet, the January Barometer is a theory that says the investment performance of the S&P 500 in January is representative of the predicted performance of the entire year. The theory says that if stocks are higher in January, they should be higher for the year, and if they are lower in the first month, they’ll be lower for the year.
The S&P 500 finished down on January 31st, but the broad market ended up 2.6% for the month, so maybe we should heed the words of Wall Street legend Yale Hirsch, who first came up with the concept in 1972 in his Stock Trader’s Almanac, a widely read investment guide. Hirsch, by the way, also gave the world the Santa Claus Rally, which describes a rise in stock prices during the last five trading days in December and the first two trading days in the following January.
Analyst Stephen Guilfoyle said early this month in a post for TheStreet Pro that Santa Claus posted a loss this year, which was Santa’s second consecutive year in the red.
“No sweat,” the veteran trader said in his January 9th TheStreet Pro column. “That’s just a seasonal trade, and 2024 was a very nice year for U.S. equities in a broad sense.”
Posted on February 3, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
UnitedHealthcare has agreed to a $2.5 million settlement in response to a class action lawsuit accusing the company of making unauthorized telemarketing calls. More than 12,000 individuals may be entitled to compensation, with payouts ranging from $350 to $1,000 per person, depending on how many claims are filed.
The lawsuit, filed under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), alleges that UnitedHealthcare placed calls to individuals without their consent between January 9, 2015, and January 9th, 2019. If you received these calls, you could be eligible for a cash settlement—but you must act before April 15th, 2025.
PALM BEACH, Fla. (AP) — President Donald Trump has fired the director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Rohit Chopra, in the latest purge of a Biden administration holdover. Chopra was one of the more important regulators from the previous Democratic administration who was still on the job since Trump took office on Jan. 20th.
A 2020 STAT analysis found more than two-thirds of Congress receiving a check from pharmaceutical companies that year. More recent data from Open Secrets likewise confirms that a large majority of leaders serving in the U.S. Congress and Senate receive significant contributions from pharmaceutical or health products companies, averaging $45,000 and $47,000 for Republicans and Democrats in the House of Representatives, respectively — and $50,000 and $69,000 for Republicans and Democrats in the Senate.
A certified financial planner (CFP®) helps individuals plan their financial futures. CFPs are not focused only on investments; they help their clients achieve specific long-term financial goals, such as saving for retirement, buying a house, or starting a college fund for their children.
To become a CFP®, a person must complete a course of study and then pass a two-part examination. The exam covers wealth management, tax palnning, insurance, retirement planning, estate planning, and other basic personal finance topics. These topics are all important for someone seeking to help clients achieve financial goals.
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
A CFA, on the other hand, conducts investing in larger settings, normally for large investment firms on both the buy side and the sell side, mutual funds or hedge funds. CFAs can also provide internal financial analysis for corporations that are not in the investment industry. While a CFP® focuses on wealth management and planning for individual clients, a CFA focuses on wealth management for a corporation.
To become a CFA, a person must complete a rigorous course of study and pass three examinations over the course of two or more years. In addition, the candidate must adhere to a strict code of ethics and have four years of work experience in an investment decision-making setting.
I’ve received emails from readers asking my thoughts on DeepSeek. I need to start with two warnings. First, the usual one: I’m a generalist value investor, not a technology specialist (last week I was analyzing a bank and an oil company), so my knowledge of AI models is superficial. Second, and more unusually, we don’t have all the facts yet.
But this story could represent a major step change in both AI and geopolitics. Here’s what we know: DeepSeek—a year-old startup in China that spun out of a hedge fund—has built a fully functioning large language model (LLM) that performs on par with the latest AI models. This part of the story has been verified by the industry: DeepSeek has been tested and compared to other top LLMs. I’ve personally been playing with DeepSeek over the last few days, and the results it spit out were very similar to those produced by ChatGPT and Perplexity—only faster.
This alone is impressive, especially considering that just six months ago, Eric Schmidt (former Google CEO, and certainly no generalist) suggested China was two to three years behind the U.S. in AI. But here’s the truly shocking—and unverified—part: DeepSeek claims they trained their model for only $5.6 million, while U.S. counterparts have reportedly spent hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars. That’s 20 to 200 times less.
The implications, if true, are stunning. Despite the U.S. government’s export controls on AI chips to China, DeepSeek allegedly trained its LLM on older-generation chips, using a small fraction of the computing power and electricity that its Western competitors have. While everyone assumed that AI’s future lay in faster, better chips—where the only real choice is Nvidia or Nvidia—this previously unknown company has achieved near parity with its American counterparts swimming in cash and datacenters full of the latest Nvidia chips. DeepSeek (allegedly) had huge compute constraints and thus had to use different logic, becoming more efficient with subpar hardware to achieve a similar result. In other words, this scrappy startup, in its quest to create a better AI “brain,” used brains where everyone else was focusing on brawn—it literally taught AI how to reason.
Enter the Hot Dog Contest
Americans love (junk) food and sports, so let me explain with a food-sport analogy. Nathan’s Famous International Hot Dog Eating Contest claims 1916 as its origin (though this might be partly legend). By the 1970s, when official records began, winning competitors averaged around 15 hot dogs. That gradually increased to about 25—until Takeru Kobayashi arrived from Japan in 2001 and shattered the paradigm by consuming 50 hot dogs, something widely deemed impossible. His secret wasn’t a prodigious appetite but rather his unique methodology; He separated hot dogs from buns and dunked the buns in water, completely reimagining the approach.
Then a few years later came Joey Chestnut, who built on Kobayashi’s innovation to push the record well beyond 70 hot dogs and up to 83. Once Kobayashi broke the paradigm, the perceived limits vanished, forcing everyone to rethink their methods. Joey Chestnut capitalized on it.
DeepSeek may be the Kobayashi of AI, propelling the whole industry into a “Joey Chestnut” era of innovation. If the claims about using older chips and spending drastically less are accurate, we might see AI companies pivot away from single-mindedly chasing bigger compute capacity and toward improved model design.
I never thought I’d be quoting Stoics to explain future GPU chip demand, but Epictetus said, “Happiness comes not from wanting more, but from wanting what you have.” Two millennia ago, he was certainly not talking about GPUs, but he may as well have been. ChatGPT, Perplexity, and Google’s Gemini will have to rethink their hunger for more compute and see if they can achieve more with wanting (using) what they have.
If they don’t, they’ll be eaten by hundreds of new startups, corporations, and likely governments entering the space. When you start spelling billions with an “M,” you dramatically lower the barriers to entry.
Until DeepSeek, AI was supposed to be in reach for only a few extremely well-funded companies, (the “Magnificent Ones”) armed with the latest Nvidia chips. DeepSeek may have broken that paradigm too.
The Nvidia Conundrum
The impact on Nvidia is unclear. On one hand, DeepSeek’s success could decrease demand for its chips and bring its margins back to earth, as companies realize that a brighter AI future might lie not in simply connecting more Nvidia processors but in making models run more efficiently. DeepSeek may have reduced the urgency to build more data centers and thus cut demand for Nvidia chips.
On the other hand (I’m being a two-armed economist here), lower barriers to entry will lead to more entrants and higher overall demand for GPUs. Also, DeepSeek claims that because its model is more efficient, the cost of inference (running the model) is a fraction of the cost of running ChatGPT and requires a lot less memory—potentially accelerating AI adoption and thus driving more demand for GPUs. So this could be good news for Nvidia, depending on how it shakes out.
My thinking on Nvidia hasn’t materially changed—it’s only a matter of time before Meta, Google, Tesla, Microsoft, and a slew of startups commoditize GPUs and drive down prices.
Likewise, more competition means LLMs themselves are likely to become commoditized—that’s what competition does—and ChatGPT’s valuation could be an obvious casualty.
Geopolitical Shockwaves
The geopolitical consequences are enormous. Export controls may have inadvertently spurred fresh innovation, and they might not be as effective going forward. The U.S. might not have the control of AI that many believed it did, and countries that don’t like us very much will have their own AI.
We’ve long comforted ourselves, after offshoring manufacturing to China, by saying that we’re the cradle of innovation—but AI could tip the scales in a direction that doesn’t favor us. Let me give you an example. In a recent
interview with the Wall Street Journal, OpenAI’s product chief revealed that various versions of ChatGPT were entered into programming competitions anonymously. Out of roughly 28 million programmers worldwide, these early models ranked in the top 2–3%. ChatGPT-o1 (the latest public release) placed among the top 1,000, and ChatGPT-o3 (due out in a few months) is in the top 175. That’s the top 0.000625%! If it were a composer, ChatGPT-o3 would be Mozart.
I’ve heard that a great developer is 10x more valuable than a good one—maybe even 100x more valuable than an average one. I’m aiming to be roughly right here. A 19-year-old in Bangalore or Iowa who discovered programming a few months ago can now code like Mozart using the latest ChatGPT. Imagine every young kid, after a few YouTube videos, coding at this level. The knowledge and experience gap is being flattened fast.
I am quite aware that I am drastically generalizing (I cannot stress this enough), and but the point stands: The journey from learning to code to becoming the “Mozart of programming” has shrunk from decades to months, and the pool of Mozarts has grown exponentially. If I owned software companies, I’d become a bit more nervous—the moat for many of them has been filled with AI.
Adapting, changing your mind, and holding ideas as theses to be validated or invalidated—not as part of your identity—are incredibly important in investing (and in life in general). They become even more crucial in an age of AI, as we find ourselves stepping into a sci-fi reality faster than we ever imagined. DeepSeek may be that catalyst, forcing investors and technologists alike to question long-held assumptions and reevaluate the competitive landscape in real time.
I’d love to hear your thoughts, so please leave your comment and feedback here. Also, if you missed my previous article “Escaping Stock Market Double Hell”, you can read it and leave a comment here.
Posted on January 28, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Capital is not flowing from developed countries to developing countries despite the fact that developing countries have lower levels of capital per worker, and therefore higher returns to capital.
Classical economic theory predicts that capital should flow from rich countries to poor countries, due to the effect of diminishing returns of capital. Poor countries have lower levels of capital per worker – which explains, in part, why they are poor. In poor countries, the scarcity of capital relative to labor should mean that the returns related to the infusion of capital are higher than in developed countries.
In response, savers in rich countries should look at poor countries as profitable places in which to invest. In reality, things do not seem to work that way. Surprisingly little capital flows from rich countries to poor countries.
This puzzle, famously discussed in a paper by Robert Lucas in 1990, is often referred to as the “Lucas Paradox”.
Posted on January 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
DEFINITIONS
By Staff Reporters
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Registered Nurse [RN]
RNs must complete an accredited Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) program (or, in rare cases, diploma programs). After that, they become eligible to sit the NCLEX-RN exam and apply for registered nurse licensure in their state.
As a registered nurse, duties include basic patient care but expand to more technical responsibilities like medication administration, performing diagnostic tests, and operating medical equipment. Depending on the role, one may also supervise other healthcare workers like LPNs, certified nursing assistants (CNAs), or even other RNs.
Licensed Practical Nurses [LPN]
LPNs may also be called licensed vocational nurses (LVNs), and like registered nurses, LPNs must also complete an education program before becoming eligible for licensure. LPN programs typically take around one year, and you can find them at community colleges or vocational schools.
Prospective LPNs must then take and pass the NCLEX-PN exam to become licensed. As an LPN, focus is on patient care tasks like monitoring vitals and changing bandages as part of a care team supervised by a physician or RN.
Posted on January 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
The S&P 500 (^GSPC) just capped its best first four trading days under a new president since Ronald Reagan’s first week in 1985. And, the week ahead will bring investors a deluge of news that will put that rally to the test.
Earnings from more than 100 members of the S&P 500 — highlighted by results from tech heavyweights Meta (META), Microsoft (MSFT), Apple (AAPL), and Tesla (TSLA) — are set for release, with Wednesday serving as the week’s busiest. Starbucks (SBUX), Exxon (XOM), and Chevron (CVX) are also set to report.
On this coming ednesday afternoon, the Federal Reserve will also announce its latest monetary policy decision, with the central bank expected to keep interest rates unchanged and investors focused on what Fed Chairman Jay Powell has to say about the balance of 2025.
Last week, the S&P 500, NASDAQ Composite (^IXIC), and Dow Jones Industrial Average (^DJI) each rallied during a holiday-shortened four day trading week. Over the last five days, the S&P 500 and Dow have gained more than 2.8%; the tech index is leading gains over that period, rising more than 3.1%.
The FTC’s second interim staff report on consolidated pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) found that the three largest of these middlemen—CVS Health’s Caremark Rx, Cigna Group’s Express Scripts, and UnitedHealth Group’s OptumRx—”marked up two specialty generic cancer drugs by thousands of percent and then paid their affiliated pharmacies hundreds of millions of dollars of dispensing revenue in excess of estimated acquisition costs for each drug annually.”
People have been concerned about the future of Medicare for years. Now that Donald Trump has begun his second term in office, the question becomes: What will happen next?
According to the JAMA Network and ABC News, here are some predictions for what may come:
There will be greater price transparency: During his first term, Trump worked to make prices more transparent to both individuals and health care organizations. This may very well continue.
More emphasis on Medicare Advantage plans: Under Project 2025, it’s possible that Medicare Advantage plans will become the “default option for Medicare coverage.” This could lead to a privatization of the program.
Medicare’s future remains to be seen. For now, the best thing current and future retirees can do is keep an eye on their coverage options and costs.
Posted on January 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Ego-Protection refers to psychological strategies individuals use to defend their self-esteem and sense of self-worth against threats or failures. This can include attributing failures to external factors, minimizing the importance of negative feedback, or comparing oneself to others in ways that maintain a positive self-image.
According to colleague Dan Ariely PhD, ego-protective mechanisms help people cope with setbacks and maintain mental well-being, although they can sometimes prevent individuals from learning from mistakes or accepting constructive criticism.
Posted on January 24, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Nash equilibrium, in game theory, is an outcome in a noncooperative game for two or more players in which no player’s expected outcome can be improved by changing one’s own strategy.
The Nash equilibrium is a key concept in game theory, in which it defines the solution of N-player non-cooperative games. It is named for American mathematician John Nash, who was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to game theory.
Posted on January 23, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Fighting or arguing over text is also known as “fexting.”
While for some it might be more practical, it can harm relationships.
Misunderstandings and misinterpretations are more likely to happen over text.
Frequent arguments and disagreements between partners over text, also known as “fexting,” have become commonplace because of the convenience and ease of expressing your thoughts with text messages. We are all so used to communicating digitally in our daily lives that it can become an unconscious habit to express our feelings and frustrations via text message [SMS].
MBA is the common abbreviation for a Master of Business Administration degree, and recipients typically stop attending school after receiving it.
However, those who are interested in conducting business research may decide to pursue a doctorate in business or management. Such students can earn a Ph.D. or a Doctor of Business Administration degree, commonly known as a DBA.
What ‘MSHA’ Stands For?
Master of Health Administration (MHA) and Master of Science in Health Administration (MSHA) are largely equivalent designations for degree programs that focus primarily on leadership and management of hospitals, healthcare organizations, and businesses that operate in the healthcare sector.
In contrast, an MBA in Health Administration is a Master of Business Administration degree program with a concentration, track, or specialization that provides students with several courses in topics specific to healthcare management and administration. Most of the coursework in an MBA program is devoted to general training in business functions, such as accounting, finance, logistics, marketing, personnel and project management.
MHA and MHSA programs devote all or most of their curriculum to studying the healthcare system, healthcare policy, and the application of business principles in the field of healthcare. MBA in Healthcare Administration programs devote only a portion of their curricula to topics specific to the healthcare sector.
Posted on January 22, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Stocks ended firmly higher on Tuesday, with the S&P 500 rising 0.88% and reclaiming the 6,000 point mark amid a pullback in Treasury yields and optimism over Donald Trump’s focus on deregulation, focused tariff strategies and the prospect of solid corporate earnings into the fourth quarter reporting season.
Tech stocks are likely to pace early gains in the Wednesday session, however, following the unveiling of a new AI joint venture called ‘Stargate’ that will include an initial $100 billion investment from SoftBank, Oracle Corp. (ORCL) and OpenAI.
Executive Order 14009, titled “Strengthening Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act,” includes several key components designed to increase access to affordable health care and reduce the number of uninsured Americans:
Reversal of Trump administration policies: The order sought to undo measures that limited ACA provisions or made healthcare less accessible.
Longer enrollment periods: The order encouraged states to lengthen enrollment periods and provided additional federal support. As a result, many states extended their enrollment windows to ensure broader access to affordable healthcare.
Restoration of pre-existing condition protections: Reaffirmed protections for individuals with pre-existing conditions and reinforced nondiscrimination policies in healthcare.
Immediate review of agency actions: The order directed various executive departments and agencies to review existing regulations, orders, and policies to ensure they align with the goal of strengthening Medicaid and the ACA.
xecutive Order 14070, titled “Continuing To Strengthen Americans’ Access to Affordable, Quality Health Coverage,” aimed to maintain and enhance Medicaid and the ACA. Key components included:
Enhanced marketplace subsidies: The order highlights the positive impact of the American Rescue Plan Act on access to coverage, including enhanced marketplace subsidies.
Extended postpartum Medicaid coverage: It provides options for states to extend postpartum Medicaid coverage.
New incentives for Medicaid expansion: The order includes new incentives for states to expand their Medicaid programs.
While IAs and FAs may seem the same, they are not the same. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) have clearly defined investment advisors as distinct from financial advisors.
The term financial advisor is a generic one that can encompass many different financial professionals, although it most commonly refers to stock brokers (individuals or companies that buy and sell securities).
Investment advisor, on the other hand, is a legal term and thus has a more clear-cut definition – or at least as clear as legalese is apt to be.
KEY DIFFERENCES:
Financial advisors help with all aspects of your finances, including saving, budgeting, insurance, retirement planning, and taxes.
Investment advisors focus specifically on choosing and managing investment portfolios.
Financial advisors offer broader financial guidance, while investment advisors concentrate solely on investments.
Investment advisors are held to the fiduciary standard, while financial advisors who work as brokers may operate under different rules.
Posted on January 21, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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According to colleague Dan Ariely PhD,Pre-Procurement Ownership is when you start to feel ownership over something before you actually have it. It’s like mentally moving into a house or car before you’ve signed the papers and moved in or driven away
This psychological quirk makes us more likely to commit to purchases because we’ve already imagined them as ours. Marketers exploit this by encouraging us to “try before you buy.”
So, next time you’re trying on a new men’s suit or woman’s skirt, be aware: your brain might already be claiming ownership.
Posted on January 19, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
BREAKING NEWS!
By Staff Reporters
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Sorry, TikTok isn’t available right now
A law banning TikTok has been enacted in the U.S. Unfortunately, that means you can’t use TikTok for now.
We are fortunate that President Trump has indicated that he will work with us on a solution to reinstate TikTok once he takes office. Please stay tuned!
In the meantime, you can still log in to download your data.
MBBS Degree [Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]
The MBBS is usually a five-year undergraduate degree that medical students complete when they want to become doctors. However, some programs take six years to complete because the institution expects you to earn a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in your training.
By the time a student applies to a medical program, they have likely taken several foundational science courses as part of their high school (or secondary) education. For example, medical applicants in the United Kingdom are often expected to show high scores on their General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and A-levels.
Earning an MBBS means that students are certified to care for patients as junior physicians without specialized training. Graduates are expected to complete two years of additional training, which rotates them through different specialties. Once they identify a specialty they like, they can apply for additional training, which can take anywhere between three and eight years.
MD Degree [Doctor of Medicine]
The acronym “MD” stands for the Latin term “Medicinae Doctor,” which translates to “Doctor of Medicine” in English.
It refers to the title that students from the United States of America obtain after finishing medical school. Some countries consider the “MD” title a postgraduate doctoral degree that MBBS graduates can obtain with additional years of training.
The CPA and CMA designations cater to distinct professional focuses within the accounting and finance fields. A CPA is often seen as the gold standard for public accounting, emphasizing auditing, tax, and regulatory compliance. This certification is highly regarded for roles that require a deep understanding of financial reporting and external auditing. CPAs are frequently employed by public accounting firms, government agencies, and corporations that need to ensure their financial statements adhere to strict regulatory standards.
On the other hand, the CMA designation is tailored for professionals who aim to excel in management accounting and strategic financial management. CMAs are trained to analyze financial data to inform business decisions, focusing on internal processes and performance management. This makes the CMA particularly valuable for roles in corporate finance, strategic planning, and management consulting. Companies looking to optimize their internal financial operations and drive business strategy often seek out CMAs for their expertise in cost management, budgeting, and financial analysis.
The educational and experiential requirements for these certifications also differ. To become a CPA, candidates typically need to complete 150 semester hours of college education, which often includes a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field. Additionally, CPAs must pass the Uniform CPA Examination and meet specific state licensing requirements, which usually include a certain amount of professional experience.
In contrast, the CMA certification requires a bachelor’s degree in any discipline, two years of relevant work experience, and passing the two-part CMA exam. This flexibility in educational background can make the CMA more accessible to a broader range of professionals.
The ICE 3-Month USD LIBOR interest rate is the average interest rate at which a selection of banks in London are prepared to lend to one another in American dollars with a maturity of 3 months.
The Bank of America US High Yield Constrained Index is a market value-weighted index of all domestic high-yield bonds and Yankee high-yield bonds (issued by a foreign entity and denominated in U.S. dollars), including deferred interest bonds and payment-in-kind securities.
The ICE BofA BB-B US High Yield Constrained Index is composed of U.S. dollar-denominated corporate debt publicly issued in the U.S. market rated BB through B, based on an average of Moody’s, S&P and Fitch ratings, with issuer exposure capped at 2%.
ICE BofA U.S. Convertible Index tracks the performance of publicly issued, exchange-listed US dollar denominated convertible securities of US companies with at least $50 million face amount outstanding and at least one month remaining to the final conversion date. Index constituents are market capitalization-weighted and rebalanced monthly.
ICE BofA ML MOVE Index is a widely used measure of bond market volatility, similar to the VIX Index for stocks. The MOVE Index (also known as the Merrill Lynch Option Volatility Estimate) is a yield-curve-weighted index that tracks the market’s expectation of volatility in the U.S. bond market based on 1-month Treasury options.
ICE Exchange-Listed Preferred & Hybrid Securities Index tracks the performance of exchange-listed US dollar denominated hybrid debt, preferred stock and convertible preferred stock publicly issued by corporations in the US domestic market. Preferred stock and notes must have a minimum amount outstanding of $100 million; convertible preferred stock must have at least $50 million face amount outstanding. Index constituents are market capitalization-weighted subject to certain constraints. The index is re-balanced monthly.
Posted on January 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
WASHINGTON — The US Supreme Court on Friday delivered a blow to TikTok by upholding a law that could potentially lead to the video-sharing social media platform being banned in the United States. The justices in an unsigned opinion with no dissents rejected a free speech challenge filed by the company, meaning the law is set to go into effect on Sunday as planned. The bipartisan law requires China-based TikTok owner ByteDance to divest itself of the company by Sunday, the day before President-elect Donald Trump is to take office. If no sale takes place, the platform used by millions of Americans will in theory be banned.
Legendary short seller Nate Andersonannounced this week that he is shutting down his firm, Hindenburg Research, due to extreme job stress. With only 11 employees, Anderson took gargantuan swings at companies—and their billionaire leaders. Hindenburg published deeply researched reports about companies it believed were overvalued and rife with corruption. It got its big break when it shorted electric truck-maker Nikola in 2020, calling the company an “intricate fraud.” Regulators took note, and it led to three fraud convictions for Nikola founder Trevor Milton.
US stocks jumped on Friday amid a tech stock revival as investors assessed a week of key data and earnings reports alongside potential policy shifts under a Trump administration.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average (^DJI) gained 0.8% while the S&P 500 (^GSPC) rose 1%, coming off a losing day for the major gauges. The tech-heavy NASDAQ Composite (^IXIC) put on 1.5% as Nvidia (NVDA) and Tesla (TSLA) shares nudged back into the green.
The US Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a lawsuit against Walgreens (WBA), one of the nation’s largest pharmacy chains, alleging widespread prescription drug practice violations. According to the DOJ, Walgreens improperly dispensed millions of prescriptions from August 2012 to the present day that either lacked “legitimate medical purpose” or were otherwise invalid.
Posted on January 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Premature Closure is the tendency to make quick, decisive judgments without considering all the evidence. It’s like jumping to conclusions on a trampoline – fast and often wrong. Our brains crave certainty and dislike ambiguity, leading us to close the case prematurely. This can save time but often results in mistakes and oversights. To avoid premature closure, take a step back, gather more information, and keep an open mind about this cognitive bias.
And so, colleague Dan Ariely PhD suggests that we remember: haste makes waste, especially in decision-making.
The Bloomberg U.S. Universal Index represents the union of the U.S. Aggregate Index, U.S. Corporate High Yield Index, Investment Grade 144A Index, Eurodollar Index, U.S. Emerging Markets Index, and the non-ERISA eligible portion of the CMBS Index.
The index covers USD-denominated, taxable bonds that are rated either investment grade or high-yield. Some Bloomberg U.S. Universal Index constituents may be eligible for one or more of its contributing sub-components that are not mutually exclusive. These securities are not double-counted in the index.
The Bloomberg U.S. Universal Index was created on January 1st, 1999, with index history back-filled to January 1st, 1990.
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