BOARD CERTIFICATION EXAM STUDY GUIDES Lower Extremity Trauma
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Posted on August 25, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
WHAT IS COMMON STOCK “PAR” VALUE?
DEFINITION:
For common stock, the value on the books of the corporation. It has little to do with market value or even the original price of shares at first issuance. The difference between par and the price at first issuance is carried on the books of a corporation as “paid-in capital” or “capital surplus.”
Par value for preferred stocks is also liquidating value and the value on which dividends (expressed as a percentage) are paid, generally $100 per share.
Financial ratio analysis typically involves the calculation of ratios that are financial and operational measures representative of the financial status of a clinic or medical practice enterprise. These ratios are evaluated in terms of their relative comparison to generally established industry norms, which may be expressed as positive or negative trends for that industry sector. The ratios selected may function as several different measures of operating performance or financial condition of the subject entity.
Common types of financial indicators that are measured by ratio analysis include:
Liquidity. Liquidity ratios measure the ability of an organization to meet cash obligations as they become due, i.e., to support operational goals. Ratios above the industry mean generally indicate that the organization is in an advantageous position to better support immediate goals. The current ratio, which quantifies the relationship between assets and liabilities, is an indicator of an organization’s ability to meet short-term obligations. Managers use this measure to determine how quickly assets are converted into cash.
Activity. Activity ratios, also called efficiency ratios, indicate how efficiently the organization utilizes its resources or assets, including cash, accounts receivable, salaries, inventory, property, plant, and equipment. Lower ratios may indicate an inefficient use of those assets.
Leverage.Leverage ratios, measured as the ratio of long-term debt to net fixed assets, are used to illustrate the proportion of funds, or capital, provided by shareholders (owners) and creditors to aid analysts in assessing the appropriateness of an organization’s current level of debt. When this ratio falls equal to or below the industry norm, the organization is typically not considered to be at significant risk.
Profitability. Indicates the overall net effect of managerial efficiency of the enterprise. To determine the profitability of the enterprise for bench marking purposes, the analyst should first review and make adjustments to the owner(s) compensation, if appropriate. Adjustments for the market value of the “replacement cost” of the professional services provided by the owner are particularly important in the valuation of professional medical practices for the purpose of arriving at an ”economic level” of profit.
The selection of financial ratios for analysis and comparison to the organization’s performance requires careful attention to the homogeneity of data. Bench marking of intra-organizational data (i.e., internal bench marking) typically proves to be less variable across several different measurement periods.
However, the use of data from external facilities for comparison may introduce variation in measurement methodology and procedure. In the latter case, use of a standard chart of accounts for the organization or recasting the organization’s data to a standard format can effectively facilitate an appropriate comparison of the organization’s operating performance and financial status data to survey results.
In Part 1, we discussed how to establish fair market value (FMV) for a medical practice in the article, “Establish Your Practice’s Fair Market Value.” This time, we’ll review important terms and conditions for the sale acquisition and transaction.
Unfortunately, as a general rule, medical practice worth is presently deteriorating. A good medical practice is no longer a good business necessarily, and selling doctors can no longer automatically expect to extract a premium sale price. Nevertheless, appraising your medical practice on a periodic basis can play a key role in obtaining maximum value for it.
Competent practice valuation specialists typically charge a retainer to cover out-of-pocket expenses. Fees should not be based on a percentage of practice value, and may take 30-45 days to complete. Flat fees should be the norm because a sliding scale or percentage fee may be biased toward over-valuation in a declining marketplace. Fees range from $7,500-$50,000 for the small to large medical practice or clinic.
Expect to pay a retainer and sign a formal, professional engagement letter. Seek an unbiased and independent viewpoint. Buyer and sellers should each have their own independent appraisal done, using similar statistics, accounting measures, and economic assumptions.
At the Institute of Medical Business Advisors, Inc www.MedicalBusinessAdvisors.com we use three engagement levels that vary in intensity, purpose, and cost:
1. A comprehensive valuation provides an unambiguous value range. It is supported by most all procedures that valuators deem relevant, with mandatory onsite review. This gold standard is suitable for contentious situations. A written “opinion of value” is applicable for litigation support activities like depositions and trial. It is also useful for external reporting to bankers, investors, the public, Internal Revenue Service (IRS), etc.
2. A limited valuation lacks additional suggested Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) procedures. It is considered to be an “agreed upon engagement,” when the client is the only user. For example, it may be used when updating a buy/sell agreement, or when putting together a practice buy-in for a valued associate. This limited valuation would not be for external purposes, so no onsite visit is necessary and a formal opinion of value is not rendered.
3. An ad-hoc valuation is a low level engagement that provides a gross non-specific approximation of value based on limited parameters or concerns involved parties. Neither a written report nor an opinion of value is rendered. It is often used periodically as an internal organic growth/decline gauge.
Structure Sales Transactions and Acquisitions
When the practice price has been determined and agreed on, the actual sales deal can be structured in a couple of ways:
(1) Stock Purchase v. Asset Purchase
In an asset transaction, the buyer will receive a tax amortization benefit associated with the intangible value of the business. This tax amortization represents a non-cash expense benefiting the buyer. In this case, the present value of those future tax benefits is added to the business enterprise value.
(2) Corporate Transactions
Typical private deals in the past involved some multiple (ratio) of earning before income taxes (EBIT)—usually a combination of cash, restricted stock, notes receivable, and possibly assumption of liabilities. For some physician hospital organizations, and public deals, the receipt of common stock can increase the practice price by as much as 40-50 percent (to accept the corresponding business risk, in lieu of cash).
Complete the Deal
The deal structure will vary depending on whether the likely buyer is a private practitioner, health system or a corporate partner. Some key issues to consider in the “art of the deal” include:
Working capital (in or out?): Including working capital in the transaction will increase the sale price.
Stock vs. asset transaction: Structuring the deal as an asset purchase will increase practice value due to the tax amortization benefits received by the buyer for intangible assets of the practice.
Common stock premium: The total sale price can be significantly higher than a cash equivalent price for accepting the risk and relative illiquidity of common stock as part of the payment.
Physician compensation: If your goal is to maximize practice value, take home a lower salary to increase practice sale price. The reverse is also true.
Understand Private Deal Structure
Assuming a practice sale is a private transaction, deal negotiations are based on the following pricing methodologies:
Seller financing: Many transactions involve an earn-out arrangement where the buyer puts money down and pays the balance under a formula based on future revenues, or gives the seller a promissory note under similar terms. Seller financing decreases a buyer’s risks (the longer the terms, the lower the risk). Longer terms demand premiums, while shorter terms demand discounts. Premiums that buyers pay for a typical seller-financed practice are usually more than what you would expect from a simple time value of money calculation, as a result of buyer risk reduction from paying over time, rather than up front with a bank loan or all cash. Remember to obtain a life insurance policy on the buyer.
Down payment: The greater the down payment for acquisition of a medical practice, the greater the risk is to the buyer. Consequently, sellers who will take less money up front can command a higher than average price for their practice, while sellers who want more down usually receive less in the end.
Taxation: Tax consequences can have a major impact on the price of a medical practice. For instance, a seller who obtains the majority of the sales price as capital gains can often afford to sell for a much lower price and still pocket as much or more than if the sales price were paid as ordinary income. Value attributed to the seller’s patient list, medical records, name brand, good will, and files qualifies for capital gains treatment. Value paid for the selling doctor’s continuing assistance after the sale and value attributed to a non-compete agreement are taxed at ordinary income. A buyer willing to allocate more for items with capital gains treatment, or a seller willing to take more in ordinary income, can frequently negotiate a better price. This is the essence of economically prudent practice transition planning.
Sidestep Common Buyer Blunders
Here are 10 blunders to avoid, as a buyer:
1. Believing the selling doctor’s attestations. Always verify data through an independent appraisal.
2. Wanting to change the culture of the practice. Be careful: Patients may not adjust quickly to change.
3. Using all available cash without keeping a reserve for potential contingencies.
4. Creating a conflict with the seller by recognizing a weakness and continually focusing on it for a bargain price.
5. Failing to realize that managed care plan contracts can be lost quickly or may not be always transferable.
6. Suffering from analysis paralysis. Money cannot be made by continually checking out a medical practice, only by actually running one.
7. Not appreciating the uniqueness of each practice, and using inaccurate “rules of thumb” from the golden age of medicine.
8. Not realizing that practice worth and goodwill value have plummeted lately and continue to decline in most parts of the country.
9. Not understanding that practice brokers may play both sides of the buy/sell equation for profit. Brokers usually are not obligated to disclose conflicts of interest, are not fiduciaries, and do not provide testimony as a court-approved expert witness.
10. Not hiring an appraisal professional who will testify in court, if need be, using the IRS-approved USPAP methods of valuation. Always assume that the appraisal will be contested (many times, it is).
After pricing and contracting due diligence has been performed, the next step in the medical practice sale process—as Donald Trump might say—is just good, old-fashioned negotiation.
Cimasi, R.J., A.P. Sharamitaro, T.A. Zigrang, L.A.Haynes. Valuation of Hospitals in a Changing Reimbursement and Regulatory Environment. Edited by David E. Marcinko. Healthcare Organizations: Financial Management Strategies. Specialty Technical Publishers, 2008.
Marcinko, D.E. “Getting it Right: How much is a plastic surgery practice really worth?” Plastic Surgery Practice, August 2006.
Marcinko, D.E., H.R. Hetico. The Business of Medical Practice (3rd ed). Springer Publishing,New York,N.Y., 2011.
Marcinko, D.E. and H.R. Hetico. Risk Management and Insurance Planning for Physicians and Advisors. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Mass., 2007.
Marcinko, D.E. and H.R. Hetico. Financial Planning for Physicians and Advisors. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Mass., 2007.
Marcinko, D.E. and H.R. Hetico. Dictionary of Health Insurance and Managed Care. Springer Publishers, New York, N.Y., 2007.
Marcinko, D.E. and H.R. Hetico. Dictionary of Health Economics and Finance. Springer Publishers,New York,N.Y., 2007.
There are a Myriad of Reasons for Obtaining a Medical Practice Valuation and Appraisal Engagement:
Outright selling-buying
Partnership and Associate buy-in / buy-out
Mergers and Acquisitions
Organic growth tracking
Hospital integrations
Private and public reporting
Financing and Venture Capital
Estate and tax planning
Our Capability
We have the ability to provide extensive analysis of value components in healthcare practices and provide appraisals based on business, economic, and market conditions. This involves detailed examination of financials and clinical data in the context of numerous factors including medical specialty, physician supply and demand, payer mix, regulatory environment, regional dynamics, and risk premium.
Posted on August 19, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Later this week, central bankers will meet in the shadow of the Tetons for the Jackson Hole Symposium, an annual retreat for global economic officials to talk monetary policy.
The main event: Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell’s keynote speech on Friday, which investors hope will clarify the timing and pace of interest rate cuts.
Posted on August 12, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Free Market Medical Association
*** DEFINITION: Direct Primary Care (DPC) is an innovative alternative payment model improving access to high functioning healthcare with a simple, flat, affordable membership fee. No fee-for-service payments. No third party billing. The defining element of DPC is an enduring and trusting relationship between a patient and his or her primary care provider. Patients have extraordinary access to a physician of their choice, often for as little as $70 per month, and physicians are accountable first and foremost their patients. DPC is embraced by health policymakers on the left and right and creates happy patients and happy doctors all over the country!
Posted on August 11, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
The FDA declined to approve MDMA as a PTSD treatment, which would have been a big step forward for psychedelics use in mental health care, saying further study is needed. But the agency did approve a nasal spray to treat severe allergic reactions as an alternative to shots like EpiPen.
Stellantis will lay off 2,450 factory workers this year as it phases out an older version of its Ram pickup truck.
Scams via Zelle, the payment service you turn to when you run out of wedding gift ideas, are the subject of an ongoing inquiry by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the Wall Street Journal reported this week. Zelle was founded in 2017 by seven of the biggest US banks to compete with peer-to-peer payment apps like Venmo and Cash App. It outgrew its rivals but became a magnet for scams, which customers typically don’t get reimbursed for.
Posted on August 11, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants, LLC
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On July 10, 2024, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released its proposed Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS) for calendar year (CY) 2025.
In addition to the agency’s suggested cut to physician payments, the proposed rule also announced new covered services. According to CMS, the proposed rule “reflect[s] a broader Administration-wide strategy to create a more equitable health care system that results in better accessibility, quality, affordability, empowerment, and innovation for all Medicare beneficiaries.” (Read more…)
Posted on August 10, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
FTX was ordered to pay $12.7 billion to customers. All customers will recoup their deposits that were locked when the crypto exchange went under in 2022, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission just said last Thursday.
Take-Two Interactive Software surged 4.35% after it beat earnings estimates last quarter, but no word yet on how its Gearbox acquisition is helping its bottom line, nor when GTA 6 is going to be released.
Expedia traveled 10.21% higher due to an earnings beat, with the company sidestepping a consumer spending slowdown quite nicely.
What’s down
e.l.f. Beauty tanked 14.46% despite beating earnings estimates and guiding for a better fiscal year than expected, as investors worry about tough competition.
Capri Holdings slid 4.86% as the company founded by Michael Kors faces slowing sales from cash-strapped consumers.
The S&P 500® index (SPX) rose 25 points (0.5%) to 5,344.16, ending the week little changed; the Dow Jones Industrial Average® ($DJI) rose 51 points (0.1%) to 39,497.54 to end the week down about 0.6%; the NASDAQ Composite® ($COMP) ended 85 points higher (0.5%) at 16,745.30, leaving it about 0.2% lower for the week.
The 10-year Treasury note yield (TNX) dropped five basis points to 3.944%.
The Cboe Volatility Index (VIX) declined three points (13%) to 20.7.
Google and Meta teamed up to target teens with ads for Instagram on YouTube, going against Google’s own rules, the Financial Times reported.
Posted on August 8, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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A carry trade is a tactic in which an investor borrows a currency with lower interest rates and invests the proceeds in a higher-yielding asset, often in a different market with higher interest rates.
Over the past few years, many funds were using this strategy by buying US equities or selling US bonds with money borrowed from the yen because of the huge disparity in interest rates between the US and Japan. Japan kept the yen cheap on purpose because its economy is primarily export-driven, and the low price of Japanese products kept exports thriving. And the dollar, as the dominant global currency, has remained impressively strong through thick and thin.
This was all fun and profits, until Japan raised interest rates for the first time in 17 years last week. Suddenly, the yen wasn’t as cheap as it once was. And at the exact same time, the US is expected to cut interest rates in September, which means the dollar would become less valuable, completely throwing this international carry trade out of balance
Posted on August 7, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
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By Staff Reporters
According to Wikipeida, Mark-to-market (MTM or M2M) or fair value accounting is accounting for the “fair value” of an asset or liability based on the current market price, or the price for similar assets and liabilities, or based on another objectively assessed “fair” value.[1] Fair value accounting has been a part of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the United States since the early 1990s. Failure to use it is viewed as the cause of the Orange County Bankruptcy,[2][3] even though its use is considered to be one of the reasons for the Enron scandal and the eventual bankruptcy of the company, as well as the closure of the accounting firm Arthur Andersen.[4]
Mark-to-market accounting can change values on the balance sheet as market conditions change. In contrast, historical cost accounting, based on the past transactions, is simpler, more stable, and easier to perform, but does not represent current market value. It summarizes past transactions instead. Mark-to-market accounting can become volatile if market prices fluctuate greatly or change unpredictably. Buyers and sellers may claim a number of specific instances when this is the case, including inability to value the future income and expenses both accurately and collectively, often due to unreliable information, or over-optimistic or over-pessimistic expectations of cash flow and earnings.[5]
Stock brokers allow their clients to access credit via margin accounts. These accounts allow clients to borrow funds to buy securities. Therefore, the amount of funds available is more than the value of cash (or equivalents). The credit is provided by charging a rate of interest and requiring a certain amount of collateral, in a similar way that banks provide loans. Even though the value of securities (stocks or other financial instruments such as options) fluctuates in the market, the value of accounts is not computed in real time. Marking-to-market is performed typically at the end of the trading day, and if the account value decreases below a given threshold (typically a ratio predefined by the broker), the broker issues a margin call that requires the client to deposit more funds or liquidate the account.
When it comes to purchasing a medical practice, there are a variety of factors that one must consider in evaluating the worth of the practice. Assessing the value of a practice is fraught with potential landmines if one does not go into the process with a strong understanding of some key principles to medical practice valuation.
According to the Dictionary of Health Economics and Finance, practice valuation is the “formal process of determining the worth of healthcare or other medical business entity at a specific point in time and the act or process of determining fair market value.” Fair market value is defined as “ … the price at which a willing buyer will buy and a willing seller will sell an asset in an open free market with full disclosure.”
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Revenue Ruling 59-60 clearly states that fair market value “is essentially a future prophecy and must be based on facts available at the required date of appraisal.”
Unfortunately, one cannot directly observe the value of a medical practice as there are a number of underlying issues. Obviously, the buyer and seller are pursuing opposite objectives, and this reality is not necessarily conducive to facilitating clarity on those issues.
Accordingly, let us consider a few mistakes that are commonly made by physicians who are considering the purchase of a medical practice.
A Guide To The Myths And Realities Of Medical Practice Valuation
• Valuations are material representations providing a range of transferable worth. • Valuations are reproducible estimates based on economic assumptions. • Valuations are not “back of the envelope multiples” using specious benchmarks. • Valuations are defensible and should be “signed off” by the completing firm attesting to origination guidelines and in accordance with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) and IRS formats as needed. • Financial accounting value (book value) is not fair market value. • Professional valuators represent only one party. The buyer or seller-owner is the client. • Unbiased valuators do not provide financing or equity participation schemes.
Knowing The Distinctions Among Engagement Types
The Institute of Medical Business Advisors uses three levels that approximate engagement types for the industry. These levels are comprehensive valuation, limited valuation and ad-hoc valuation.
A comprehensive valuation is an extensive service designed to provide an unambiguous opinion of the value range. It is supported by all procedures that valuators deem relevant with mandatory onsite review. This gold standard is suitable for contentious situations like divorce, partnership dissolution, estate planning and gifting, etc. The written opinion of value is applicable for litigation support activities like depositions and trial. It is also useful for external reporting to bankers, investors, the public and IRS, etc.
A limited valuation lacks additional suggested USPAP procedures. It is considered to be an “agreed upon procedure,” which is used in circumstances in which the client is the only user. For example, one may use the limited valuation when updating a buy-sell agreement or when putting together a practice buy-in for a valued associate. This limited valuation would not be for external purposes. No onsite visit is needed. A formal opinion of value is not rendered.
An ad-hoc valuation is a low level engagement that provides a gross and non-specific approximation of value based on limited limited parameters or concerns by involved parties. Neither a written report nor an opinion of value is rendered. The ad-hoc valuation is often used periodically as an internal organic growth/decline gauge.
Are You Following Industry Standards And Rules?
Specifically, when it comes to USPAP transactions involving physician practices, the following points are implied by the industry and the IRS.
• Discounted cash flow analysis is the most relevant income approach and must be done on an “after-tax” basis. It generally produces a higher value but is costly, detail-oriented and time consuming. • Project practice collections based on reasonable assumptions for the practice and market, etc. • Physician compensation is based on market rates consistent with age, experience and productivity. • Majority (control) premiums and minority (lack of control) discounts are also to be considered. A majority premium is the amount paid to gain enough ownership to set policies, direct operations and make decisions for the practice. A minority discount for partial ownership does not allow this power. Thus, majority ownership is valuated higher than minority ownership purchase.
What About Personal Goodwill And Practice Goodwill?
Goodwill represents the difference between practice purchase price and the value of the net assets. Personal goodwill results from the charisma, skills and reputation of a specific doctor. These attributes accrue solely to the individual, are not transferable and cannot be sold. Personal goodwill has little or no economic value.
Transferable medical practice goodwill has value, may be transferred and is defined as the unidentified residual attributes that contribute to the propensity of patients and managed care contracts (and their revenue streams) to return in the future.
However, bear in mind that the Goodwill Registry, an older source used to determine the average percentage of revenue contributed to practice goodwill, has sparse to no podiatry input, may be dated for some specialties and leads to abnormally high values.
In addition to various multiple factors, one must also appreciate the impact of a changing environment and practice transfer in a local market, which can augment or blunt goodwill value. It is also important to determine whether patients or HMOs return because of true goodwill or are mandated to do so by contractual obligations.
Now to further confuse the issue, how each kind of goodwill is allocated in situations like divorce depends on state law. For example, some courts weigh in on the apportionment of both kinds of goodwill, other courts exclude both kinds of goodwill and other courts pursue a case-by-case approach.
Understanding ‘Excess Earnings Capitalization’ And Compensation Issues
Another way to determine goodwill value is through “excess earnings capitalization.” This economic method looks at the difference between salary and what you would have to pay a comparable doctor replacement.
As an example, when you subtract the numbers and divide the result by 20 percent, an important percentage referred to as the capitalization rate emerges. The final number gives a dollar value for practice goodwill. Courts seem to prefer this method in divorce situations because it tends to reflect a practice’s current value.
Regardless of the practice business model, physician compensation is inversely related to practice value. In other words, the more a doctor takes home in above average salary, the less the practice is generally worth and vice versa.
Emphasize Practice Specifics Over Benchmarks And Formulas
In the stable economic past, physicians may have used industry benchmarks as quick and inexpensive substitutes for professionally prepared valuations. However, this practice can be fraught with peril if challenged. The courts seem to frown on this simplistic and dated methodology. Moreover, generic benchmark formulas assume a financial statement reporting standard that just does not exist with contemporary professional valuations.
Therefore, almost every competitive issue that impacts value should be addressed with each practice engagement. This includes but is not limited to:
• contemporary dislocations by third parties, Medicare and commercial payers; • retail clinics and changes in supply/ demand and specialty trends; • the rise of ambulatory surgery centers, walk-in clinics and specialty hospitals; • outsourced care and medical tourism; • alterations in resource based-relative value units, ambulatory payment classifications (APCs), diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) and newer Medicare-severity diagnosis-related groups (MS-DRGs); and • the Medicare Modernization Act, HIPAA, OSHA, the EEOC and other regulations.
One must also consider the impact of current employee trends to high-deductible health care plans and private concierge medicine. Another consideration is employer shifts away from defined benefits plans to defined contribution plans.
Aggregating Or ‘Normalizing’ Financial Information: What You Should Know
In addition to possibly conducting employee interviews, one must gather appropriate financial information in order to properly value a practice. As a starting point, interested physician buyers should be able to see the following information for the most recent three-year period.
It is especially important to eliminate one-time, non-recurring practice expenses. These are adjusted for excessive or below normal expenses on the profit and loss statement. Such “normalization” can produce a big surprise for benchmark proponents and formula-driven advocates when a selling doctor runs personal expenditures through the practice that a buyer or court would not consider legitimate. Of course, one is less likely to encounter such shenanigans when the valuation is conducted according to professional USPAP and IRS style guidelines.
For example, we recall one doctor who painted his home and wrote it off as a valid business expense. Deleting other major expenses such as country club memberships make a practice look more profitable. This is good news if you are selling it. It is bad news if you are getting a divorce.
Conversely, you may have to defend legitimate business expenses that an appraiser may seek to normalize. For example, doctors may pay for a vehicle through their practice. If they use the vehicle to travel between multiple offices and hospitals, the expense may be legitimate.
Also realize that the appraiser may also add expenses that have not been incurred. For example, the appraiser may add an office manager’s salary if your spouse is in that role for free. This produces a lower appraised value and is common in small podiatry practices. Honorarium is another example that does not figure into value calculations.
Of course, normalization is a sophisticated and time intensive process. However, the expert earns his or her professional fee, and defends the resulting valuation range when challenged.
Keys To Selecting The Right Valuator Professional
The most important credentials to look for are fiduciary level experience, specificity and independence. Some doctors mistakenly turn to those who may have never appraised a practice before. Just because an appraiser has initials behind his or her name, it does not mean he or she understands the peculiarities of medical specialties. Agents, brokers, solicitors and other intermediaries are not fiduciaries.
Physicians looking to assess a practice for possible sale/purchase should only select an independent health economist, who will be your advocate under Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), IRS or other relevant managerial accounting guidelines.
Moreover, be very wary if the valuation is not done in an independent manner or, worse, performed for both parties simultaneously.
Essential Insights On Professional Fees And What You Can Expect
Of course, it is almost impossible to answer concerns regarding fees without specific information. The cost of a valuation can range from $0 to $50,000 for an onsite team of experts for behemoth practices and ambulatory surgery centers. Keep in mind that in most cases you want to ensure the value determination will stand up to IRS scrutiny so the $0 rule of thumb approach is not an option.
However, most reputable firms use a blended fee schedule of fixed and hourly rates (plus expenses). Internists should expect to spend approximately $5,000 to $10,000 for an average sized practice and a limited appraisal that is completely suitable for most internal activities.
External appraisals or poorly aggregated financial information, onsite reviews and litigation support services incur additional costs. However, most doctors find the money well spent. Expect to pay a retainer and sign a formal professional engagement letter.
Finally, once the practice price is agreed upon, sales contract terms and agreements present a plethora of financing challenges for both parties to consider. For example, one must negotiate bank loans (if they are even available), payment rates and length, personal promissory guarantees, down payment offsets, earn-out arrangements and Uniform Commercial Codes.
Final Notes
Do not be surprised if a sales broker does not consider the aforementioned issues as the modern health era emerges. Most agent-appraisers are predominantly concerned with earning commissions by working both transaction parties and may not represent your best interests. Also be aware that they are usually not obliged to disclose conflicts of interest and do not provide testimony as a court approved expert witness.
However, it is a fait accompli that medical practice worth is presently deteriorating. As the population ages and third-party reimbursements plummet, doctors are commoditized and traditional retail medicine is replaced by more efficient wholesale business models like workplace health clinics. The subprime mortgage default fiasco, credit freeze, potential tax reform law expiration, the ACA, VBC, capitation payments and the political specter of a nationalized healthcare system only add fuel to the macroeconomic fires of uncertainty. Do not forget the corona pandemic.
As a result, a good medical practice is no longer good business necessarily and retiring doctors can no longer automatically expect to extract premium sales prices. Moreover, uninformed young physicians should not be goaded to overpay.
Statistics: 7.4%. That’s the percentage drop in students who graduated with a degree in accounting in the 2021–2022 school year than the year before. Low starting salaries, heavy workloads, and uncertainty around AI are driving the exodus of students from choosing accounting degrees. (the Wall Street Journal).
Posted on August 2, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
What it is – How it works?
[By staff reporters]
The term “Triple Entry Accounting,” was first used by Ian Grigg, financial cryptographer, and described in his paper published in 2005, three years before the emergence of Bitcoin and its underlying Blockchain protocol.
Here is the original historical article on “Triple Entry Accounting” by Grigg:
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Posted on August 1, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
Jerome Powell says September rate cut could be “on the table”
By Staff Reporters
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Jerome Powell isn’t known for being direct, but he made an exception yesterday, saying an interest rate cut could come “as soon as the next meeting” in September after the FOMC kept rates steady at the two-decade high they’ve been at since last July.
“We’re getting closer to the point at which it’ll be appropriate to reduce our policy rate,” he said. “But we’re not quite at that point.”
It’s a change from Powell’s other recent statements, which were hazier on the timing, though he did say the decision to cut rates still depends on inflation continuing to cool.
Posted on July 31, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
What it is – How it works
SMART CONTRACTS
[By Staff Reporters]
Wolfram Alpha is an online mathematical search engine launched in March 2009 and developed by Stephen Wolfram. It seeks to answer factual queries directly by computing the answer from structured data, rather than providing a list of web pages that might contain the answer.
In this way, WA differs from traditional semantic search engines, which index a large number of answers and then try to match the question to one. Wolfram Alpha has many parallels with Cyc, a project aimed since the 1980s at developing a common-sense inference engine. Wolfram Alpha is built on Wolfram’s earlier flagship product, Mathematica, which encompasses computer algebra, symbolic and numerical computation, visualization, and statistics capabilities.
With Mathematica running in the background, WA is suited to answer mathematical questions. The answer usually presents a human-readable solution.
Wolfram Alpha is written in about 5 million lines of Mathematica (using webMathematica and gridMathematica) code and runs on 10,000 CPUs. As well as being a web site, Wolfram Alpha provides an API (for a fee) that delivers computational answers to other applications. One such application is the Bing search engine.
Capabilities
As an example, one can input the name of a website, and it will return relevant information about the site, including its location, site rank, number of visitors and more. The database currently includes hundreds of datasets, including current and historical weather, drug data, star charts, currency conversion, and many others. The datasets have been accumulated over approximately two years, and are expected to continue to grow. The range of questions that can be answered is also expected to grow with the expansion of the datasets.
Wolfram Alpha is ideal for use by all readers and subscribers of the ME-P. It may be used by doctors, nurses, financial advisors and insurance agents, economists, mathematicians, editors, and publishers, teachers and students of all academic levels. The graphical nature of output is particularly helpful.
Assessment
Wolfram Alpha has received mixed reviews, to date. Advocates point to its potential, some even stating that how it determines output result is more important than current usefulness.
And so, your thoughts and comments on this ME-P are appreciated. Give Wolfram Alpha a click, listen to the audio-cast, and tell us what you think. Your thoughts and comments on this ME-P are appreciated. Feel free to review our top-left column, and top-right sidebar materials, links, URLs and related websites, too. Then, subscribe to the ME-P. It is fast, free and secure.
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Posted on July 27, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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According to Wikipedia, front running, also known as tailgating, is the practice of entering into an equity (stock) trade, option, futures contract, derivative, or security-based swap to capitalize on advance, nonpublic knowledge of a large (“block”) pending transaction that will influence the price of the underlying security. In essence, it means the practice of engaging in a personal or proprietary securities transaction in advance of a transaction in the same security for a client’s account.
Front running is considered a form of market manipulation in many markets. Cases typically involve individual brokers or brokerage firms trading stock in and out of undisclosed, unmonitored accounts of relatives or confederates. Institutional and individual investors may also commit a front running violation when they are privy to inside information.
A front running firm either buys for its own account before filling customer buy orders that drive up the price, or sells for its own account before filling customer sell orders that drive down the price. Front running is prohibited since the front-runner profits come from nonpublic information, at the expense of its own customers, the block trade, or the public market.
Citron Research founder Andrew Left is used to being the one calling out fraud, but federal prosecutors and the SEC claimed he’s the one pulling a financial fast one. The government alleges that Left committed securities fraud by using his appearances on television and his social media accounts to make misleading statements that manipulated the market—and reaped $16 million in profit for doing so.
Left declined to comment to news outlets, but his lawyer told the Wall Street Journal that the government’s cases were “based on a defective theory” and targeted Left for sharing his opinions.
Posted on July 26, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
What’s the difference between an IPO, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC), and a direct listing?
[By staff reporters]
IPOs are a 6–12 month journey where a company works with investment banks and underwriters, who buy a bunch of shares and then sell them to investors in the public market during the actual IPO. Early investors are able to liquidate their shares, and the company raises new funds.
Direct listings skip the underwriting hullabaloo. But without that stability guarantee, direct listings can result in a more volatile opening. Some companies, like Coinbase, find that it’s worth it to keep their hard-earned money out of bankers’ hands.
SPACs, aka “blank-check companies,” offer yet another alternative path to public markets. A SPAC is a shell company that raises money through the traditional IPO process, then merges with a private company and takes it public.
Posted on July 18, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP
I grew up in SE inner city Baltimore, Maryland and played stick ball in the parking lot of JHU medical school. And so, I was gratified to learn that it is about to get a lot cheaper—for many students at Johns Hopkins University, at least.
Thanks Mike Bloomberg. Be like Mike!
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The former New York mayor, entrepreneur, and 1964 John Hopkins alum Michael Bloomberg donated $1 billion to the university, according to Bloomberg Philanthropies and the university in a recent announcement. Starting this fall, tuition will be free for students coming from households that earn less than $300,000 annually, and the gift will also cover living expenses and other fees for students from families with less than $175,000 in annual income.
Financial access to medical school is a challenge for many students: The median debt for the class of 2023 is $200,000, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges. This cost can discourage students from attending medical school at a time when the US needs more physicians; the association predicted that there will be a physician shortage of up to 86,000 doctors nationwide by 2036.
Posted on July 15, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
Report underscores ongoing concerns about accuracy of collections data, particularly with respect to medical debt
By Staff Reporters
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According to Gabriella Cruz-Martinez, tens of millions of debt collections disappeared from Americans’ credit reports during the pandemic, a new government watchdog report found, but overdue medical bills remain a big strain on many households nationwide. The total number of debt collections on credit reports dropped by 33% from 261 million in 2018 to 175 million in 2022, according to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, while the share of consumers with a debt collection on their credit report shrunk by 20%.
Medical debt collections also dropped by 17.9% during that time, but still made up 57% of all collection accounts on credit reports, far more than other types of debt combined — including credit cards, utilities, and rent accounts. Despite the reduction in collections, the CFPB noted that the results underscore ongoing concerns that current medical billing and collection practices can lack transparency, often hurting the credit scores and financial health of those most vulnerable.
“Our analysis of credit reports provides yet another indicator that, due to a strong labor market and emergency programs during the pandemic, household financial distress reduced over the last two years,” Rohit Chopra, CFPB director said in a statement. “However, false and inaccurate medical debt on credit reports continues to drag on household financial health.”
Posted on July 13, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
INFLATION EASING
By Staff Reporters
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For the first time since May 2020, the average cost of goods and services in the US made like a remote worker with wanderlust and dipped last month, the Labor Department just reported in July 2024, bolstering confidence that inflation is easing.
Carried by softening gas and rent prices, the consumer price index (CPI) decreased 0.1% in June, beating economists’ forecasts of a 0.1% monthly increase.
That dip brought down the annual CPI, which also beat expectations, to record a 3% year over year gain in June—a one-year price growth low and a rate last seen in early 2021.
Average gas prices fell 3.8% in June, after dropping 3.6% in May.
Shelter prices, which account for about one-third of the CPI, only rose 0.2% in June as rents cooled. It was the category’s smallest monthly rise in three years.
Posted on July 12, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
On the Self-Employment Tax
By Perry D’Alessio CPA
A sole proprietor is an individual business owner [medical practice] physician-executive whose business [practice] is accounted for on a separate schedule of the owner’s individual income tax return.
Typically, owners filing their business returns via the use of Schedule C of Form 1040 have the lowest level of reporting requirements and also (in general) do the poorest job of keeping good records of business activity.
There is only one level of tax for the sole proprietor. The net profit (or loss) from the Schedule C business is reported on page one of Form 1040 and is combined with all of the other income items reported to arrive at gross income.
Different from interest and dividend income, or investment income that is typically considered passive in nature, self-employment income is income considered to be generated by ones’ own actions.
Self Employment Tax
There is “Self Employment” tax to be paid on virtually all self-employment income reported in the tax return. Many sole proprietors get into trouble because they neglect to take this tax into account when estimating their tax liability for the year and this tax is significant as noted below.
How SET Works
Self-employment tax is paid on 92.35 percent of all self-employment net profits. This tax is the equivalent of the combination of the employer’s and employee’s Social Security tax and Medicare tax. Social Security tax is 12.4 percent of the first $117,000 (in 2014) in net income and Medicare tax is paid 2.90 percent of net income without any upper income limit. There is also no maximum for the .9% additional Medicare tax under the PP-ACA [Obamacare] that applies when adjusted gross income exceeds $250,000 for joint filers, $200,000 for single filers, or $125,000 on married-filing-separate returns.
2024
The most you will have to pay in Social Security taxes for 2024 will be $10,453. That’s what you will pay if you earn $168,600 or more. As its name suggests, the Social Security tax goes to the Social Security program. For 2024, it amounts to 6.2% for employees on all income up to $168,600. Employers deduct the tax from paychecks and match it, so that 12.4% goes to the program for each employee. If you’re self-employed, you’ll pay the full 12.4%, though you can deduct half on your tax return.
Social Security Limit
The Social Security income limit is indexed and adjusted (upward) annually. The sole proprietor is allowed to deduct one half of the self-employment tax against income; however, this deduction is worth far less than the actual tax.
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Posted on July 12, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants, LLC
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Because of the federal government’s preference for, and reliance on the success of, accountable care organizations (ACOs), some ACOs assume their legal status shields the organization from legal scrutiny on all issues.
However, since the 2010 advent of ACOs, the law has adapted uniquely to these organizations. This fourth installment of a five-part series on the valuation of ACOs will discuss this unique regulatory environment in which ACOs operate. (Read more…)
According to the Health Dictionary Series of administrative terms; valuation expert and colleague Robert James Cimasi MHA, ASA, AVA CMP™ of www.HealthCapital.com; an ACO is a healthcare organization in which a set of providers, usually large physician groups and hospitals, are held accountable for the cost and quality of care delivered to a specific local population. ACOs aim to affect provider’s patient expenditures and outcomes by integrating clinical and administrative departments to coordinate care and share financial risk [personal communication]
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Enter the PP-ACA
Since their four-page introduction in the PP-ACA of 2010, ACOs have been implemented in both the Federal and commercial healthcare markets, with 32 Pioneer ACOs selected (on December 19, 2011), 116 Federal applications accepted (on April 10, 2012 and July 9, 2012), and at least 160 or more Commercial ACOs in existence today.
Federal Contracts
More recently, Donna Marbury writing in Medical Economics, revealed that Federal ACO contracts are established between an ACO and CMS, and are regulated under the CMS Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) Final Rule, published November 2, 2011. ACOs participating in the MSSP are accountable for the health outcomes, represented by 33 quality metrics, and Medicare beneficiary expenditures of a prospectively assigned population of Medicare beneficiaries. If a Federal ACO achieves Medicare beneficiary expenditures below a CMS established benchmark (and meets quality targets), they are eligible to receive a portion of the achieved Medicare beneficiary expenditure savings, in the form of a shared savings payment.
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Commercial Contracts
Commercial ACO contracts are not limited by any specific legislation, only by the contract between the ACO and a commercial payer. In addition to shared savings models which may not be in effect for another 3-5 years, Commercial ACOs may incentivize lower costs and improved patient outcomes through reimbursement models that share risk between the payer and the providers, i.e., pay for performance compensation arrangements and/or partial to full capitation.
Although commercial ACOs experience a greater degree of flexibility in their structure and reimbursement, the principals for success for both Federal ACOs and Commercial ACOs are similar. And, nearly any healthcare enterprise can integrate and become an ACO, larger enterprises, may be best suited for ACO status.
Larger organizations are more able to accommodate the significant capital requirements of ACO development, implementation, and operation (e.g., healthcare information technology), and sustain the sufficient number of beneficiaries to have a significant impact on quality and cost metrics.
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DEFINITION: A Hedge fund is an investment partnership with freer rein to invest aggressively in a wider variety of financial products than most mutual funds. A hedge fund’s purpose is to pool funds, maximize investor returns, and eliminate risk with hedging strategies. Hedge funds are generally considered more aggressive, risky, and exclusive than mutual funds. The hedge fund industry has grown tremendously since its inception. There are trillions of dollars of assets under management, more than 8,800 hedge fund managers, and over 27,000 funds globally
Many physicians and other investors — even those that meet net worth guidelines — are surprised to learn that there exists a $500 – 999 billion, or more, alternative investment industry that is not generally marketed to the public. Such alternative investments have also been known as hedge funds or private investment funds.
Unlike mutual funds, these alternative investments can be structured in a wide variety of ways. Because of the very same regulations discussed above, these funds cannot be advertised, but they are far from illegal or illicit.
Posted on July 9, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants LLC
In February 2023, Novant Health, a 19-hospital, non-profit health system operating throughout the Carolinas, agreed to acquire two North Carolina hospitals – Davis Regional Medical Center and Lake Norman Regional Medical Center – from Community Health System (CHS), a publicly-traded mega-system operating in 15 states.
After the $320 million deal was announced, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) began an extensive review of the acquisition, and concluded that: (1) the transaction may substantially reduce competition; (2) create a monopoly; and (3) constitute an unfair method of competition. (Read more…)
Posted on July 7, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
Understanding the Uncertainty of Loss
By Dr. David E. Marcinko MBA MEd CMP
Because of the high degree of uncertainty inherent in the estimates of ultimate losses underlying the liability for unpaid claims, the IRS will not allow a Managed Care Organization to deduct an IBNR because the financial statements are based on an estimate (IRS, 134-155).
Loss Based Deductions
Unless the taxpayer healthcare entity qualifies for the insurance company exclusion, the IRS does not allow any taxpayer entity to deduct losses based on estimates. However, the precedent has been set that the IRS will accept an amount for IBNR claims if the amount is supported by actuarial projections and/or valid receipts of claims that the company has in-house prior to the filing of the tax return.
Time Line Controversy
There has been some controversy as to how long a reporting time period the IRS will allow to include those estimates. The time period ranges from three to six months to file a claim (IRS, 137). The process by which these reserves are established requires reliance upon estimates based on known facts and on interpretations of circumstances, including the business’s experience with similar cases and historical trends involving claim payment patterns, claim payments, pending levels of unpaid claims, and product mix, as well as other factors such as court decisions, economic conditions, and public attitudes.
Assessment
There has been no clear indication from the IRS that it will accept an accrual for these losses and entities. Therefore, healthcare organizations deducting such losses may eventually find themselves in a position where the IRS may challenge the relating deductibility of those losses.
Conclusion
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Posted on July 7, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
Significance Often Under Appreciated
By Dr. David Edward Marcinko; MBA, MEd, CMP™
[Publisher-in-Chief]
As some MedicalExecutive-Post readers and subscribers are aware, hospitals that filed bankruptcy a decade ago include: a two-hospital system in Honolulu; one in Pontiac, MI; Trinity Hospital in Erin, Tennessee; Century City Doctors Hospital in Beverly Hills, and four hospital system Hospital Partners of America, in Charlotte. Today,
one can only wonder about the impact of Incurred But Not Reported claims on their plight?
IBNR Definition
According to the www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org, an IBNR claim is a concept that signifies healthcare services have been rendered but not invoiced or recorded by the healthcare provider, clinic, hospital, or organization.
Cause and Affect
IBNRs are usually the result of a commercial prospective payment risk contract between managed care organizations and healthcare providers, an IBNR claim refers to the estimated cost of medical services for which a claim has not been filed, or monitored by an IBNR collection systems or control sheet.
IBNR Types
More formally, IBNRs are a financial accounting of all services that have been performed but, as a result of a short period of time or “lag,” have not been invoiced or recorded. The medical services that will not be collected should be accounted for using the following accrued but not recorded (ABNR) entry:
Debit — accrued payments to medical providers or healthcare entity
Credit — IBNR accrual account
Example:
An example of an IBNR is hospital Coronary Artery Bypass Graft [CABG] surgery for a managed care plan member. Out of the capitated or prospective payment funds, the surgeon and/or healthcare organization has to pay for all related physical and respirator therapy, and rehabilitation services, as well as ancillary providers, drugs, and durable medical equipment [DME], as contractually obligated. This may also include complication diagnosis and extensive follow-up treatment.
Accordingly, the health plan will not be completely billed until several weeks, months, or quarters later or even further downstream in the reporting year after the patient is discharged. In order to accurately project the health plan’s financial liability, however, the health plan and hospital must estimate the cost of care based on past expenses.
Accounting Cost Controls
Since the identification and control of costs are paramount in financial healthcare management, an IBNR reserve fund (an interest bearing account) must be set up for claims that reflect services already delivered but, for whatever reason, not yet reimbursed.
From the accounting perspective, IBNR is accrued as an expense and is related as a short-term liability each fiscal month or accounting period.
Otherwise, the organization may not be able to pay the claim, if the associated revenue has already been spent. The proper handling of these “bills in the pipeline” is crucial for proactive providers and health organizations that are exploring arrangements that put them in the role of adjudicating claims or operating in a sub-capitated system.
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Assessment
IBNRs are especially important with newer patients who may be sicker than prior norms.
Recoverables that hospitals post as part of their large reserve charges are also, in many cases, IBNR losses. They may be recorded as IBNR claims on their balance sheets. Once these losses start becoming actual losses, the hospital may look to the insurer to pay a part of the claim. This causes disputes between the payor, provider, and/or healthcare organization.
Conclusion
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There are a myriad of reasons for obtaining a Fair Market Value [FMV], Venture Capital [VC} and/or Investment Banking [IB] funding appraisal engagement:
Outright Selling-Buying
Partnership and Associate buy-in / buy-out
Mergers and Acquisitions
Organic growth tracking
Hospital integrations
Private and public reporting
Financing and Venture Capital
Estate and Tax Planning
And, there are many cautions, too. On July 19, 2023, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) released a draft update of its Merger Guidelines, which guides the regulatory agencies in their review of both mergers and acquisitions in evaluating compliance with federal antitrust laws.
The new Guidelines replace, amend, and consolidate the Vertical Merger Guidelines and Horizontal Merger Guidelines, which were published in 2020 and 2010, respectively.
Posted on July 2, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Employers expect health benefit costs to rise by more than 5% on average in 2024 as factors like high inflation, health labor shortages, and expensive new therapies put pressure on plan spending after years of 3%–4% annual growth, early data suggests.
Preliminary results from Mercer’s 2023 National Survey of Employer-Sponsored Health Plans found that total health benefit costs could increase by as much as 6.6% per employee if companies do nothing to control spending, or an average of 5.4% if employers take steps to hold down costs.
That slight gap suggests most employers don’t plan to make cost-cutting changes to their plans—likely due to concerns about healthcare affordability, the analysis noted. Many large companies (with 500+ employees) have avoided shifting costs to employees over the last five years, resulting in little growth in deductibles and other cost-sharing requirements.
Posted on July 1, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants LLC.
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On April 30, 2024, retail giant Walmart announced their closure of Walmart Health, a network of 51 health centers that provided “primary and urgent care, labs, x-ray and diagnostics, behavioral health, dental, optometry and hearing services.” Walmart cited the lack of profitability, escalating costs of operation, and challenging environment for reimbursement as the reasons behind Walmart Health’s unsustainability.
This Health Capital Topics article discusses Walmart’s closures, the other corporate entrants struggling in the healthcare market, and what these challenges indicate for the primary care space. (Read more…)
Posted on June 30, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
Randy Frederick
Nonfungible tokens have become the latest investment craze. Here’s what you need to know.
Until recently, nonfungible tokens (NFTs) were written off by many as a virtual fad and a waste of money. After all, why would someone pay $2.9 million to own the very first tweet when anyone with internet access can view it for free?
But when auction house Christie’s sold the NFT of Everydays: The First 5000 Days, a collage by the artist Beeple, for $69.3 million in March 2021, it suddenly put this emerging asset class on par with collecting a Picasso (whose heirs have jumped on the digital bandwagon by selling NFTs of the artist’s ceramics).
So, what’s all the fuss about?
The basics
Like cryptocurrencies, NFTs are stored on a blockchain, which is a digital, publicly available transaction ledger. However, while a single bitcoin can be exchanged for any other bitcoin—just as a $1 bill can be exchanged for any other $1 bill—each NFT is unique (i.e., nonfungible). In that sense, NFTs are more like the Hope Diamond or Picasso’s Guernica—a one-of-a-kind work for which there is no substitute.
Indeed, an NFT’s inherent scarcity, whether because it’s a unique piece of art or a limited-issue collectible, makes it potentially lucrative—but also substantially less liquid than, say, your average stock or bond. As a result, you may need to drop the price or hold on to your NFT if the demand isn’t there when you want or need to sell it. Other risks include:
Security: Like bitcoin, NFTs require a private key that functions as a password. If your key is lost or stolen, you may never again be able to access your NFT. Other security risks involve replicas that purport to be the original—as with any collectibles marketplace—and fraudulent sites designed to steal private keys and their attendant assets.
Taxation: Although the IRS has yet to issue specific guidance, NFTs are generally treated as collectibles. As such, if you sell an NFT you’ve held on to for less than a year, any short-term gains will be taxed as ordinary income. Any gains on an NFT held for a year or longer will be taxed at a top collectibles rate of 28%—plus a 3.8% net investment income tax if your modified adjusted gross income exceeds $200,000 ($250,000 for married couples).
Where to start
If, after careful consideration, you’re still interested in dipping your toe in NFT waters, you’ll first need to do three things:
Pick a marketplace: To buy or sell NFTs, you’ll need to choose a reputable marketplace. Both Nifty Gateway and OpenSea are popular, although specialty marketplaces also exist, including ArtOfficial if you’re a fine-art collector and NBA Top Shot for basketball enthusiasts.
Get a wallet: Shopping through most NFT marketplaces requires a Web3 wallet, such as MetaMask, that can store both cryptocurrencies and NFTs. Some marketplaces, like Nifty Gateway, will store your NFT, but you’ll have to pay a fee to transfer it to another wallet should you wish to do so later.
Buy cryptocurrency: Some marketplaces accept payment in so-called fiat currencies, such as the U.S. dollar. However, many marketplaces are built on the Ethereum blockchain and prefer to transact in its native cryptocurrency, ether.
Tread with caution
Although the popularity of NFTs has exploded in the past year, with first-quarter sales topping $11 billion by mid-March 2022—up from $53 million for the fourth quarter of 2020—only time will tell if NFTs will realize their long-term potential or fall tragically short of it.
Either way, it will be fascinating to see how this new form of digital authentication changes how we invest. (Ernst & Young, for example, is working on NFT-inspired technology that can help collectors track the provenance of fine wines.)
Quantum leap
NFTs experienced exponential growth in 2021.
DappRadar.com
Sales figures include only on-chain transactions conducted on the 49 NFT marketplaces that DappRadar tracks, excluding LooksRare.
*Q1 2022 data as of 03/25/2022.
ASSESSMENT
For the time being, however, there’s a lot to be said for taking a go-slow approach to this new asset class and all the risks it entails.
In general, those interested in crypto assets like NFTs are wise to limit their exposure to no more than 1% of investable assets.
Posted on June 25, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Casey McIntyre, a 38-year-old book publisher and mother of one, helped wipe out more than $30 million in unpaid medical bills for other people…without being alive to see it. McIntyre’s husband posted a message on her behalf after she died of ovarian cancer last year, asking people to participate in a “debt jubilee” that pays off the medical bills of others. The response has been overwhelming:
As of recently, the nonprofit RIP Medical Debt has received more than $300,000 in donations through McIntyre’s campaign. The organization relieves $10,000 of medical debt for every $100
Posted on June 18, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
The retail pharmacy giants have made a string of multi-billion dollar deals!
By Staff Reporters
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CVS and Walgreens have been spending money like there is no tomorrow! In fact, the two retail pharmacy giants have made a string of multi-billion dollar acquisitions of primary care providers in the past couple years, including the $5.2 billion VillageMD acquisition in 2021 (Walgreens) and the $10.6 billion plan to buy Oak Street Health (CVS).
VillageMD also bought primary care clinic operator Summit Health-CityMD in January 2023, which Walgreens invested $3.5 billion in, and CVS spent roughly $8 billion to acquire Signify Health, a value-based payment platform, in September 2022.
That’s a huge range in percentages, but even if we split it right down the middle, that means at least 50% of medical bills are wrong—50% of the medical bills that are coming into your house and mine—and most healthcare consumers don’t even realize it.
“Collectively the healthcare industry spends over $350 Billion to submit and process claims while still working with cumbersome workflows, inefficient processes, and a changing landscape marked by increasing out-of-pocket cost for patients as well as increasing operating costs.”
The Norm Continues Downhill
For many years hospitals and healthcare organizations have struggled to maintain and improve their operating margins. They continue to face a widening gap between their operating costs and the revenues required to cover not only current costs, but also to finance strategic growth initiatives and investments.
Faced with increased operational costs and associated declines in rates of reimbursement, many healthcare hospital executives and leaders are concerned that they will not achieve margin targets. To stabilize the internal financial issue, some hospital have focused on lowering expenses in order to save costs – an area they control and an area that will show an immediate impact; however, that is not the best solution.
Beware Cost Reductions
Hospital executives are concerned with the effect that these reductions may have on patient quality and service. Finding ways to maximize workflow to lower operating costs is vital. Every dollar not collected negatively impacts short- and long term capital projects, lowers patient satisfaction scores and possibly affects quality of patient care.
Status Today
Hospitals, healthcare organizations and all medical providers are under great pressure to collect revenue in order to remain solvent. And so, here are some of the issues impacting the modern hospital revenue cycle as Obama-Care, or the PP-ACA of 2010, as launched last decade?
Issues Impacting the Revenue Cycle
Several of the major leading issues facing the revenue cycle are:
Impact of Consumer-driven Health – This process has emerged as a new approach to the traditional managed care system, shifting payment flows and introducing new “non-traditional” parties into the claims processing workflow. As market adoption enters the mainstream, consumer-driven health stands to alter the healthcare landscape more dramatically than anything we have seen since the advent of managed care. This process places more financial responsibility on the consumer to encourage value-drive healthcare spending decisions.
Competing high-priority projects –Hospitals are feeling pressured to maximize collections primarily because they know changes are coming down the pike due to healthcare reform and they know they will need to juggle these major initiatives along with the day-to-day revenue cycle operations.
Lack of skilled resources in several areas – Hospital have struggled to find the right personnel with sufficient knowledge of project management, clinical documentation improvement, coding and other revenue cycle functions, resulting in inefficient operations.
Narrowing margins – Declines in reimbursement are forcing hospitals to look at their organization to determine if they can increase efficiencies and automate to save money. Hospitals are faced with the potential of increased cost to upgrade and adapt clinical software while not meeting budget projections. There are a number of factors contributing to the financial pressure including inefficient administrative processes such as redundant data collection, manual processes, and repetitive rework of claims submissions. Also included are organizations using outdated processes and legacy technologies.
Significant market changes – Regardless of what happens with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, hospitals will have to deal with fluctuating amounts of insured and uninsured patients and variable payments.
Limited access to capital – With the trend towards more complex and expensive systems, industry may not have the internal resources and funding to build and manage these systems that keep pace with the trends.
Need to optimize revenue – There are five core areas hospitals have to examine carefully and they are:
ICD-10 – This is an entirely new coding and health information technology issue but is also a revenue issues
System integration – Hospitals need to look at integrating software and hardware systems that can combine patient account billing, collections and electronic health records.
Clinical documentation – Meaningful use will require detailed documentation in order for payment to be made and this is another revenue issue.
Billing and claims management – Reducing denials and reject claims, training staff, improving point-of-service collections and decreasing delays in patient billing can improve the revenue cycle productivity,
Contract analysis– Hospitals need to focus more on negotiating rates with insurers in order to increase revenue.
Conclusion
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A relatively new method of registration under the Act of ’33 is known as shelf registration.
Under this rule, an issuer may register any amount of securities that, at the time the registration statement becomes effective, is reasonably expected to be offered and sold within two years of the initial effective date of the registration.
Once registered, the securities may be sold continuously or periodically within 2 years without any waiting period for a registration to clear issuers generally like shelf registration because of the flexibility it gives them to take advantage of changing market conditions.
In addition, the legal, accounting, and printing costs involved in issuance are reduced, since a single registration statement suffices for multiple offerings within the 2 year period. In effect, what the issuer does is register securities that will meet its financing needs for the next 2 years.
It issues what it needs at the current time, and puts the balance on the “shelf” to be taken off the shelf as needed.
Conclusion:
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DEFINITION: A Health Savings Account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged account created for or by individuals covered under high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) to save for qualified medical expenses. Contributions are made into the account by the individual or their employer and are limited to a maximum amount each year. The contributions are invested over time and can be used to pay for qualified medical expenses, such as medical, dental, and vision care and prescription drugs.
A Health Savings Account [HSA] can be a good or bad investment to pass on, depending on who the estate planning heir is in relation to you. If you leave it to a spouse, they’ll be able to continue using the money for medical expenses with no taxes or penalties, said Pam Horack, CFP at Pathfinder Planning LLC of Lake Wylie, South Carolina.
“However, if you leave an HSA to your child, estate or other organization, it may be considered income in the year it is received,” she said. “They are not allowed to use the tax advantages for their own healthcare and the income could inadvertently throw your heirs into a higher tax bracket.”
*** One important equity concept that medical professionals should be aware of is the idea of stock splits.
In a stock split, a corporation issues a set number of shares in exchange for each share held by share holders. Typically, a stock split increases the number of shares owned by a shareholder.
For example, XYZ Corp. may declare a 2-for-1 split, which means that share holders will receive two shares for each share that they own. However, corporations can also declare a reverse stock split, such as a 1-for-2 split where shareholders would receive 1 share for every two shares that they own.
While stock splits can either increase or decrease the number of shares that a share holder owns, the most important thing to understand about stock splits is that they have no impact on the aggregate value of the shareholder’s position in the company.
Using the XYZ Corp. example above, if the stock is trading at $10 per share, an investor owning 100 shares has a 24 total position of $1,000. After the 2-for-1 split occurs the investor will now own 200 shares, but the value of the stock will adjust downward from $10 per share to $5 per share.
Thus, the investor still owns $1,000 of XYZ stock. While stock splits are often interpreted as signals from management that conditions in the company are strong, there is no intrinsic reason that a stock split will result in subsequent stock appreciation.
Many physicians and other investors — even those that meet net worth guidelines — are surprised to learn that there exists a $500 – 999 billion, or more, alternative investment industry that is not generally marketed to the public. Such alternative investments have also been known as hedge funds or private investment funds.
Unlike mutual funds, these alternative investments can be structured in a wide variety of ways. Because of the very same regulations discussed above, these funds cannot be advertised, but they are far from illegal or illicit.
In fact, physicians were among the most significant early investors in one of the last century’s most successful hedge funds. Mr. Warren Buffett, Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. and a legendary investor got his start in 1957 running the Buffett Partnership, an alternative investment fund not open to the general public. Mr. Buffett’s first public appearance as a money manager was before a group of physicians in Omaha, Nebraska. Eleven decided to put some money with him. A few of these original investors followed him into Berkshire Hathaway, now among the most highly valued companies in the world.
The alternative investment, or hedge, funds of today are similar to the original Buffett Partnership in many ways. So, we will discuss several unique terms which potential investors should be aware.
Hedge funds may feature a hurdle rate as part of the calculation of the fund manager’s performance incentive compensation. Also known as a “benchmark,” the hurdle rate is the amount, expressed in percentage points, an investor’s capital account must appreciate before the account becomes subject to a performance incentive fee. Potential medical investors should view the hurdle rate as a form of protection in context with other features of the fee arrangement.
The hurdle rate, which benchmarks a single year’s performance, may be considered mutually exclusive of any other year, or the hurdle rate may compound each year. The former case is more common. In the latter case, a portfolio manager failing to attain a hurdle rate in the first year will find the effective hurdle rate considerably higher during the second year.
Once a fund manager attains the hurdle rate for an investor, the medical investor’s capital account may be charged a performance incentive fee only on the performance above and beyond the hurdle rate. Alternatively, the account may be charged a performance fee for the entire level of performance, including the performance required to attain the hurdle rate. Other variations on the use of the hurdle rate exist, and are limited only by the contract signed between the fund manager and the investor. The hurdle rate is not generally a negotiating point, however.
Example:
A fund charges a performance fee with a 6 percent hurdle rate, calculated in mutually exclusive manner. Dr. Lanouettea, a radiologist investor places $100,000 with the fund. The first year’s performance is 5 percent. The investor therefore owes no performance fee during the first year because the portfolio manager did not attain the hurdle rate. During year two, the portfolio manager guides the fund to a 7 percent return. Because the hurdle rate is mutually exclusive of any other year, the portfolio manager has attained the 6 percent hurdle rate and is entitled to a performance fee.
Highwater Mark
Some funds feature a highwater mark provision, also known as a ”loss-carryforward” provision. As with the hurdle rate, potential investors should consider the highwater mark a form of protection. A high water mark is an amount equal to the greatest value of an investor’s capital account, adjusted for contributions and withdrawals. The high water mark ensures that the hedge fund manager charges a performance incentive fee only on the amount of appreciation over and above the highwater mark set at the time the performance fee was last charged. The current trend is for newer funds to feature this highwater mark, while older, larger funds may not feature it.
Example:
A fund charges a 20 percent performance fee with a highwater mark but no hurdle rate. Dr. Butalak, a dentist investor contributes $100,000 to the fund. During the first year, the hedge fund manager grows that capital account to $110,000 and charges a 20 percent performance fee, or $2,000. The ending capital account balance and highwater mark is therefore $108,000. During year two, the account falls back to $100,000, but the highwater mark remains $108,000. During year three, in order for the manager to charge a performance fee, the manager must grow the capital account to a level above $108,000.
Clawback Provision
Rarely, a fund may provide investors with a clawback provision. This term, borrowed from the venture capital fund world, such provisions result in a refund to the investor of all or part of a previously charged performance fee if a certain level of performance is not attained in subsequent years. Such refunds in the face of poor or inadequate performance may not be legal in some states or under certain authorities.
Conclusion
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Posted on June 3, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
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A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Stat: 4.6%. That’s how much the average income tax refund increased YoY, from $2,878 in April 2023 to $3,011 as of April 5th. (Axios)
Quote: “Wall Street has never been known for high character and high values. Is there a willingness to support Trump if it looks like he’s on the right track? Yes. I’m not proud of that, and I’m not part of that either.”—Dan Lufkin, co-founder of investment bank Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette (Bloomberg)
Read: Bank of America’s CEO sees an overall cautiousness on display in the current spending choices of consumers and businesses. (CNBC)
The May jobs report will drop on Friday: Little change is expected from April, when the unemployment rate ticked up to 3.9% and fewer jobs were added than expected (175,000). This jobs report will be one of the final pieces of economic data to drop before the Fed meets on June 11th and 12th. The central bank is unlikely to announce an interest rate cut.
Software is no longer eating the world. For the first time, chip stocks now account for the heaviest weighting in the S&P 500, taking the top spot away from software companies last week. Salesforce and other enterprise software giants are getting crushed as companies prioritize generative AI investments (chips and servers) over SaaS products.
Approximately 250 hospitals across the U.S. are completely or partially physician owned. These physician-owned hospitals (POHs) can offer a variety of services, from general care to specialty services, such as cardiovascular or orthopedic care, known as “focused factories.”
Over the past several decades, healthcare providers and policymakers have claimed that POHs have a negative impact on the healthcare industry, suggesting that: (1) POHs “cherry-pick” the most profitable patients; (2) the quality of care provided at POHs is substandard; and, (3) conflicts of interest exist due to the financial incentive for physician owners to refer patients to their POHs. (Read more…)
Posted on June 1, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants, LLC
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On April 10th, 2024, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released its proposed rules for the payment and policy updates for the Medicare inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS) and long-term care hospital prospective payment system (LTCH PPS) for fiscal year (FY) 2025.
Posted on June 1, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
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Posted on May 30, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
WHAT IS THE “MEDICARE COST CONTROL EFFICIENCY” PARADOX?
The 800 Pound Gorilla in the Medical Treatment Room
By Staff Reporters
Blogger Ezra Klein opined more than a decade ago that one of the dirty little secrets of the health-care system is that Medicare has done a much better job controlling costs than private health insurers. It is a paradox!
DEFINITION: A paradox is a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated may prove to be well founded or true.
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QUERY:But, what about Medicare, cost control efficiency, today?
Posted on May 29, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants, LLC
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On May 9th, 2024, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), a large nonprofit healthcare system that owns a number of hospitals, medical practices, and other subsidiaries, announced that they would pay $38 million to settle a longstanding Stark Law case which had triggered a violation of the False Claims Act (FCA). The lawsuit claimed that several of UPMC’s surgeons ordered complex and unnecessary procedures to increase their earnings.
Posted on May 28, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
Shopping Suggestions
By Rick Kahler MS CFP®
Shopping for a financial adviser you can trust has never been easy. The Department of Labor [DOL] rule requiring brokers to act in a fiduciary capacity when dealing with retirement plan assets has not made it any easier. The government’s intent was to help consumers clearly distinguish when financial professionals can be relied upon to give unbiased financial advice or when they are acting in their own interests to sell a financial product. Unfortunately, the rule has only exacerbated the confusion.
When shopping for financial advisers, you need to investigate their education, niche, process, compensation structure, and experience to see whether they are a good fit for your needs. Equally important, it’s up to you to do a background check and determine whose interest the adviser is looking out for. No one else will do it for you.
Two-Steps
Here are two important steps you can take to greatly increase your chances of getting someone who will truly be looking out for you.
First, ask any adviser you deal with to sign a statement affirming they will act in the capacity of a fiduciary to you, meaning you will be a client, not a customer. A copy of this form can be found at www.advisorperspectives.com. Advisers unwilling to sign the Form Adv are not likely to be fiduciaries who will put your interests first.
Second, check the adviser’s background. If advisers receive any type of fee, they are held to a fiduciary standard automatically by the SEC. Still, it’s wise to check their background for any misconduct, which you can do at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. If advisers sell securities, mutual funds, private REITs, or limited partnerships and receive any type of commission, they will be regulated by FINRA. You can go to BrokerCheck.finra.org to view their records for misconduct.
It’s important to check an adviser’s background because being found guilty of misconduct doesn’t mean they can’t actively be selling financial products.
For example, in a March 7 article at kitces.com, financial planner and writer Michael Kitces points out that over 73% of FINRA-registered brokers who FINRA lists as having a misconduct “are still employed a year later, despite the fact that such brokers are a whopping 5x more likely to engage in misconduct again in the future.”
Kitces explains that while just 7.3% of all FINRA brokers have some type of misconduct on their records, only about half of them actually lose their jobs and about half of those find employment with another firm. Additionally, it seems some firms have more of a culture of employing brokers with misconduct.
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The top five brokerage firms with the highest (15% or more) concentration of brokers with misconduct are Oppenhiemer & Co, First Allied Securities, Wells Fargo Advisers Financial Network, UBS Financial Services, and Cetera Advisers. This is according to a working paper, “The Market for Financial Adviser Misconduct,” by Mark Egan, Gregor Matvos, and Amit Seru, business school professors at the University of Chicago and University of Minnesota. Geographic location also makes a big difference with the states of California, Florida, and New York having counties with much higher concentrations of brokers guilty of misconduct (15 – 30%) than states like Pennsylvania, Kansas, Iowa, Kentucky, and Vermont with the counties having the lowest concentration (2 – 3%).
Kitces reminds us that the “single greatest predictor of whether a broker will engage in misconduct is whether he/she has engaged in any prior misconduct.”
Assessment
For this reason, it’s crucial to make FINRA’s Broker Check part of your research before hiring a financial adviser. Before trusting any adviser to put your interests first, look out for your own interests by investigating the adviser’s history.
Conclusion
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