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Understanding Goodhart’s Law and Its Impact on Healthcare Artificial Intelligence

Posted on November 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters and Copilot A.I.

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Goodhart’s law is an adage often stated as, “When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”. It is named after British economist Charles Goodhart, who is credited with expressing the core idea of the adage in a 1975 article on monetary policy in the United Kingdom:

Any observed statistical regularity will tend to collapse once pressure is placed upon it for control purposes.

It was used to criticize the British Margaret Thatcher Government for trying to conduct monetary policy on the basis of targets for broad and narrow money, but the law reflects a much more general phenomenon.

And so, aother famous Goodhart’s Law example is the cobra effect, where well-intentioned government policies inadvertently worsened the problem they were designed to solve.

For example, the British colonial government in India, concerned about the increasing number of venomous cobras in Delhi, began offering a bounty for each dead cobra that was delivered. Initially, this strategy was successful as locals brought in large numbers of slaughtered snakes. Over time, however, enterprising individuals started breeding cobras to kill them for supplemental income. When the government abandoned the bounty, the cobra breeders released their cobras into the wild, leading to a surge in Delhi’s snake population.

The cobra effect, where efforts to control a problem lead to unintended and often worse outcomes, serves as a cautionary tale for health care AI. If developers or health care institutions focus too narrowly on specific performance AI metrics, they risk undermining the system’s overall effectiveness, leading to suboptimal patient outcomes. Physicians must be vigilant in ensuring that health care AI systems are not only optimized for performance metrics but are also truly beneficial in practical, clinical applications.

Modified: Dr. Neil Anand via Kevin MD

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Filed under: "Doctors Only", Career Development, Ethics, Experts Invited, Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Information Technology | Tagged: AI, AI Medicine, artificial intelligence, cobra effect, cobras, Goodhart's Law, Goodharts Law Medicine, KevinMD, leadership, Neil Anand, Technology | Leave a comment »

HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING: Algorithmic Computerized Stock Trading

Posted on November 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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High-frequency trading (HFT) is a form of algorithmic trading that uses powerful computers and complex programs to execute thousands of trades in fractions of a second. It has transformed modern financial markets by increasing speed, liquidity, and efficiency—but also raised concerns about fairness and stability.

High-frequency trading emerged in the early 2000s as technological advances allowed financial firms to process market data and execute trades faster than ever before. HFT firms use sophisticated algorithms to analyze multiple markets and identify short-term opportunities. These trades are often held for mere seconds or milliseconds, and profits are made by exploiting tiny price discrepancies across assets or exchanges.

One of the defining features of HFT is its reliance on speed. Firms invest heavily in infrastructure—such as co-location services near exchange servers and fiber-optic cables—to gain microsecond advantages over competitors. This race for speed has led to a technological arms race, where milliseconds can mean millions in profit.

HFT contributes significantly to market liquidity, meaning it helps ensure that buyers and sellers can transact quickly at stable prices. By constantly placing and updating orders, HFT firms narrow bid-ask spreads and reduce transaction costs for other market participants. This has made markets more efficient and accessible, especially for retail investors.

However, HFT is not without controversy. Critics argue that it creates an uneven playing field, where firms with access to advanced technology and capital can dominate markets. Concerns about market manipulation—such as quote stuffing (flooding the market with orders to slow competitors) or spoofing (placing fake orders to move prices)—have led to increased regulatory scrutiny.

The 2010 Flash Crash is often cited as a cautionary example of HFT’s potential risks. During this event, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged nearly 1,000 points in minutes before rebounding. Investigations revealed that automated trading systems, including HFT algorithms, contributed to the sudden loss of liquidity and extreme volatility.

Regulators have responded by implementing safeguards such as circuit breakers, which pause trading during extreme price movements, and requiring firms to register and disclose their trading strategies. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) continue to monitor HFT’s impact on market integrity.

Despite its challenges, HFT remains a dominant force in global finance. It accounts for a significant portion of trading volume in equities, futures, and foreign exchange markets. Many institutional investors rely on HFT strategies to manage large portfolios and hedge risks.

In conclusion, high-frequency trading represents both the promise and peril of technological innovation in finance. While it enhances market efficiency and liquidity, it also introduces new risks and ethical dilemmas.

As markets evolve, balancing innovation with fairness and stability will be essential to ensuring that HFT serves the broader interests of investors and the economy.

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Understanding the Scitovsky Paradox in Welfare Economics

Posted on November 5, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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According to colleague Dan Ariely PhD, the Scitovsky Paradox and using the Kaldor–Hicks criterion, allocation A may be more efficient than allocation B, while at the same time B is more efficient than A.

Moreover, the Scitovsky paradox in welfare economics which is resolved by stating that there is no increase in social welfare by a return to the original part of the losers. It is named after the Hungarian born American economist, Tibor Scitovsky. According to Scitovsky, ther Kaldor-Hicks criterion involves contradictory and inconsistent results.

What Scitovsky demonstrated was it is possible that if an allocation A is deemed superior to another allocation B by the Kaldor compensation criteria, then by a subsequent set of moves by the same criteria, we can prove that B is also superior to A.

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The Sraffa–Hayek Economic Debate

Posted on November 5, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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The Sraffa–Hayek debate stands as a pivotal moment in the history of economic thought, highlighting deep philosophical and methodological differences between two influential schools: the Austrian School, represented by Friedrich Hayek, and the neo-Ricardian or Cambridge School, represented by Piero Sraffa. Taking place primarily in the 1930s, this intellectual exchange centered on the nature of capital, the role of equilibrium, and the validity of marginalist theory.

Friedrich Hayek, a staunch advocate of Austrian economics, had developed a theory of business cycles rooted in the mis allocation of capital due to artificially low interest rates. In his framework, interest rates serve as signals that coordinate inter temporal production decisions. When central banks distort these signals, they cause over investment in capital-intensive industries, leading to unsustainable booms followed by inevitable busts. Hayek’s theory was grounded in a time-structured view of capital, emphasizing the importance of temporal coordination in production.

Piero Sraffa, a Cambridge economist and close associate of John Maynard Keynes, challenged Hayek’s assumptions in a 1932 review of Hayek’s book Prices and Production. Sraffa’s critique was both technical and philosophical. He questioned the coherence of Hayek’s notion of a uniform natural rate of interest in a complex economy with heterogeneous capital goods. Sraffa argued that in such an economy, there could be multiple natural rates of interest, making it impossible to define a single rate that equilibrates savings and investment across all sectors.

Moreover, Sraffa criticized the Austrian reliance on equilibrium analysis in a world characterized by uncertainty and institutional complexity. He contended that Hayek’s model was overly abstract and detached from real-world dynamics. This critique foreshadowed Sraffa’s later work, Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities (1960), which laid the foundation for the neo-Ricardian critique of marginalist economics. In that work, Sraffa demonstrated that prices and distribution could be determined without recourse to subjective utility or marginal productivity, challenging the core of neoclassical theory.

The debate had far-reaching implications. For the Austrian School, it exposed vulnerabilities in their capital theory and prompted refinements in their approach to intertemporal coordination. For the broader economics profession, Sraffa’s critique contributed to a growing skepticism about the internal consistency of marginalist value theory, influencing the Cambridge capital controversies of the 1950s and 1960s.

While the Sraffa–Hayek debate did not produce a definitive victor, it underscored the importance of foundational assumptions in economic modeling. It also highlighted the tension between abstract theoretical elegance and empirical relevance—a tension that continues to shape economic discourse today. Ultimately, the debate enriched the intellectual landscape by forcing economists to confront the limitations of their models and to grapple with the complex realities of capital, time, and uncertainty.

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K-SHAPED ECONOMY: An Uneven and Divided World

Posted on November 4, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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The term “K-shaped economy” emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic to describe a recovery marked by stark divergence—where some sectors and social groups rebound rapidly while others continue to decline. Unlike traditional V-shaped or U-shaped recoveries, which imply uniform economic improvement, the K-shaped model reflects a split trajectory: the upward arm of the “K” represents those who thrive, while the downward arm captures those left behind. This phenomenon has profound implications for economic policy, social equity, and long-term stability.

At the heart of the K-shaped economy is inequality. High-income individuals, white-collar professionals, and large corporations often benefit from technological advances, remote work flexibility, and access to capital. For example, tech giants like Apple, Microsoft, and Alphabet saw record profits during the pandemic, fueled by digital transformation and cloud services. Meanwhile, lower-income workers—especially in hospitality, retail, and service industries—faced job losses, reduced hours, and limited access to healthcare or financial safety nets. This divergence widened existing income and wealth gaps, exacerbating social tensions.

Sectoral performance also illustrates the K-shaped divide. Industries such as e-commerce, software, and logistics surged, while travel, entertainment, and small businesses struggled. The rise of automation and artificial intelligence further tilted the scales, favoring companies that could invest in innovation while displacing low-skilled labor. In education, students from affluent families adapted to online learning with ease, while those from disadvantaged backgrounds faced digital barriers and learning loss. These disparities underscore how economic recovery is not just uneven—it’s structurally imbalanced.

Geography plays a role too. Urban centers with diversified economies and strong tech sectors rebounded faster than rural or manufacturing-heavy regions. Housing markets in affluent areas soared, driven by low interest rates and remote work migration, while renters and first-time buyers faced affordability crises. Even within cities, neighborhoods with better infrastructure and public services recovered more quickly, deepening the urban-suburban divide.

Policymakers face a daunting challenge in addressing the K-shaped recovery. Traditional stimulus measures may not reach the most vulnerable populations without targeted interventions. Expanding access to education, healthcare, and digital infrastructure is essential to leveling the playing field. Progressive taxation, wage support, and small business aid can help bridge the gap, but require political will and fiscal discipline. Central banks must balance inflation control with inclusive growth, avoiding policies that disproportionately benefit asset holders.

The long-term consequences of a K-shaped economy are significant. Persistent inequality can erode trust in institutions, fuel populism, and hinder social mobility. Economic growth may slow if large segments of the population remain underemployed or financially insecure. To build a resilient and inclusive future, governments, businesses, and civil society must collaborate to ensure that recovery lifts all boats—not just the yachts.

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Understanding the Edgeworth Paradox in Economics

Posted on November 4, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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Irish economist Frances Edgeworth put forward the Edgeworth Paradox in his paper “The Pure Theory of Monopoly”, published in 1897.

It describes a situation in which two players cannot reach a state of equilibrium with pure strategies, i.e. each charging a stable price. A fact of the Edgeworth Paradox is that in some cases, even if the direct price impact is negative and exceeds the conditions, an increase in cost proportional to the quantity of an item provided may cause a decrease in all optimal prices. Due to the limited production capacity of enterprises in reality, if only one enterprise’s total production capacity can be supplied cannot meet social demand, another enterprise can charge a price that exceeds the marginal cost for the residual social need.

And so, according to colleague Dan Ariely PhD, the Edgeworth Paradox suggests that with capacity constraints, there may not be an equilibrium.

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Senate Hearing Signals Potential Changes to the 340B Drug Discount Program

Posted on November 3, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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By Health Capital Consultants, LLC

On October 23, 2025, both Democratic and Republican lawmakers expressed support during a Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee hearing for reforming the 340B Drug Discount Program. Although senators acknowledged that any reform would necessitate an intentional, considered approach to mitigate unintended consequences, the bipartisan agreement (particularly during a government shutdown deadlocked on healthcare) indicates that changes to the program may be on the horizon.

This Health Capital Topics article outlines the 340B program, discusses issues that have made the program controversial, and discusses potential reform options. (Read more…)

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THEORY: Short Interest Investing

Posted on November 3, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Short Interest Theory suggests that high levels of short interest in a stock may actually signal a potential price increase, contrary to traditional bearish interpretations.

Short Interest Theory is a contrarian investment concept that challenges conventional wisdom in financial markets. Traditionally, a high short interest—meaning a large percentage of a company’s shares are being sold short—is seen as a bearish signal, indicating that many investors expect the stock’s price to decline. However, Short Interest Theory flips this assumption, proposing that a high short interest can actually be a bullish indicator, suggesting a potential upward price movement due to a phenomenon known as a “short squeeze.”

To understand this theory, it’s important to grasp the mechanics of short selling. When investors short a stock, they borrow shares and sell them on the open market, hoping to repurchase them later at a lower price and pocket the difference. However, if the stock price rises instead of falling, short sellers face mounting losses. To limit these losses, they may be forced to buy back the stock at higher prices, which increases demand and drives the price up even further. This chain reaction is what’s known as a short squeeze.

Short Interest Theory posits that when short interest reaches unusually high levels, the stock becomes a prime candidate for a short squeeze. Investors who follow this theory look for stocks with high short interest ratios—often measured as the number of shares sold short divided by the stock’s average daily trading volume. A high ratio suggests that it would take many days for all short sellers to cover their positions, increasing the likelihood of a rapid price surge if positive news or buying pressure emerges.

This theory gained widespread attention during the GameStop (GME) saga in early 2021. Retail investors noticed that GME had an extremely high short interest—more than 100% of its float—and began buying shares en masse. This triggered a historic short squeeze, sending the stock price soaring and forcing institutional short sellers to cover their positions at massive losses. The event served as a real-world validation of Short Interest Theory and highlighted the power of collective investor behavior in modern markets.

Despite its appeal, Short Interest Theory is not without risks. Betting on a short squeeze can be speculative and volatile. Not all heavily shorted stocks experience upward momentum; some may continue to decline if the negative sentiment is justified by poor fundamentals or weak earnings. Moreover, timing a short squeeze is notoriously difficult, and investors can suffer significant losses if the anticipated rebound fails to materialize.

In conclusion, Short Interest Theory offers a compelling contrarian perspective on market sentiment. By interpreting high short interest as a potential bullish signal, it encourages investors to look beyond surface-level indicators and consider the dynamics of market psychology and trading behavior. While it can lead to lucrative opportunities, especially in the context of short squeezes, it also demands careful analysis and risk management. As with any investment strategy, understanding the underlying fundamentals and market context is essential for making informed decisions.

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Understanding Managerial Accounting Concepts

Posted on November 1, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Product Costing and Valuation

Product costing deals with determining the total costs involved in the production of a good or service. Costs may be broken down into subcategories, such as variable, fixed, direct, or indirect costs. Cost accounting is used to measure and identify those costs, in addition to assigning overhead to each type of product created by the company.

Managerial accountants calculate and allocate overhead charges to assess the full expense related to the production of a good. The overhead expenses may be allocated based on the number of goods produced or other activity drivers related to production, such as the square footage of the facility. In conjunction with overhead costs, managerial accountants use direct costs to properly value the cost of goods sold and inventory that may be in different stages of production.

Marginal costing (sometimes called cost-volume-profit analysis) is the impact on the cost of a product by adding one additional unit into production. It is useful for short-term economic decisions. The contribution margin of a specific product is its impact on the overall profit of the company. Margin analysis flows into break-even analysis, which involves calculating the contribution margin on the sales mix to determine the unit volume at which the business’s gross sales equals total expenses. Break-even point analysis is useful for determining price points for products and services.

Cash Flow Analysis

Managerial accountants perform cash flow analysis in order to determine the cash impact of business decisions. Most companies record their financial information on the accrual basis of accounting. Although accrual accounting provides a more accurate picture of a company’s true financial position, it also makes it harder to see the true cash impact of a single financial transaction. A managerial accountant may implement working capital management strategies in order to optimize cash flow and ensure the company has enough liquid assets to cover short-term obligations.

When a managerial accountant performs cash flow analysis, he will consider the cash inflow or outflow generated as a result of a specific business decision. For example, if a department manager is considering purchasing a company vehicle, he may have the option to either buy the vehicle outright or get a loan. A managerial accountant may run different scenarios by the department manager depicting the cash outlay required to purchase outright upfront versus the cash outlay over time with a loan at various interest rates.

Inventory Turnover Analysis

Inventory turnover is a calculation of how many times a company has sold and replaced inventory in a given time period. Calculating inventory turnover can help businesses make better decisions on pricing, manufacturing, marketing, and purchasing new inventory. A managerial accountant may identify the carrying cost of inventory, which is the amount of expense a company incurs to store unsold items.

If the company is carrying an excessive amount of inventory, there could be efficiency improvements made to reduce storage costs and free up cash flow for other business purposes.

Constraint Analysis

Managerial accounting also involves reviewing the constraints within a production line or sales process. Managerial accountants help determine where bottlenecks occur and calculate the impact of these constraints on revenue, profit, and cash flow. Managers then can use this information to implement changes and improve efficiencies in the production or sales process.

Financial Leverage Metrics

Financial leverage refers to a company’s use of borrowed capital in order to acquire assets and increase its return on investments. Through balance sheet analysis, managerial accountants can provide management with the tools they need to study the company’s debt and equity mix in order to put leverage to its most optimal use.

Performance measures such as return on equity, debt to equity, and return on invested capital help management identify key information about borrowed capital, prior to relaying these statistics to outside sources. It is important for management to review ratios and statistics regularly to be able to appropriately answer questions from its board of directors, investors, and creditors.

Accounts Receivable (AR) Management

Appropriately managing accounts receivable (AR) can have positive effects on a company’s bottom line. An accounts receivable aging report categorizes AR invoices by the length of time they have been outstanding. For example, an AR aging report may list all outstanding receivables less than 30 days, 30 to 60 days, 60 to 90 days, and 90+ days.

Through a review of outstanding receivables, managerial accountants can indicate to appropriate department managers if certain customers are becoming credit risks. If a customer routinely pays late, management may reconsider doing any future business on credit with that customer.

Budgeting, Trend Analysis, and Forecasting

Budgets are extensively used as a quantitative expression of the company’s plan of operation. Managerial accountants utilize performance reports to note deviations of actual results from budgets. The positive or negative deviations from a budget also referred to as budget-to-actual variances, are analyzed in order to make appropriate changes going forward.

Managerial accountants analyze and relay information related to capital expenditure decisions. This includes the use of standard capital budgeting metrics, such as net present value and internal rate of return, to assist decision-makers on whether to embark on capital-intensive projects or purchases. Managerial accounting involves examining proposals, deciding if the products or services are needed, and finding the appropriate way to finance the purchase. It also outlines payback periods so management is able to anticipate future economic benefits.

Managerial accounting also involves reviewing the trendline for certain expenses and investigating unusual variances or deviations. It is important to review this information regularly because expenses that vary considerably from what is typically expected are commonly questioned during external financial audits. This field of accounting also utilizes previous period information to calculate and project future financial information. This may include the use of historical pricing, sales volumes, geographical locations, customer tendencies, or financial information.

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NEPO BABIES: Broke Too Often!

Posted on October 31, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Nepo babies often go broke due to a mix of financial mismanagement, lack of resilience, and the illusion of inherited success. Their privileged upbringing can mask the need for discipline, adaptability, and long-term planning—traits essential for sustaining wealth.

The term nepo baby—short for nepotism baby—refers to children of celebrities or influential figures who benefit from family connections to launch careers, especially in entertainment, fashion, or media. While these individuals often start with significant advantages, including wealth, fame, and access, many struggle to maintain financial stability over time. The reasons are complex and rooted in both personal and systemic factors.

First, many nepo babies lack financial literacy. Growing up in environments where money flows freely, they may never learn budgeting, investing, or the value of money. Without these skills, they’re prone to overspending, poor investments, and unsustainable lifestyles. Lavish purchases—designer clothes, luxury cars, expensive homes—can quickly drain even sizable inheritances if not managed wisely.

Second, the illusion of guaranteed success can be dangerous. Nepo babies often enter industries where their family name opens doors, but that doesn’t guarantee longevity. Fame is fickle, and public interest can fade. If they don’t develop their own talents or work ethic, they may find themselves unemployable once the novelty wears off. This overreliance on family reputation can lead to complacency, making it harder to adapt when challenges arise.

Third, many nepo babies face identity crises and public scrutiny. Constant comparisons to their successful parents can erode confidence and create pressure to live up to unrealistic expectations. Some rebel by distancing themselves from their family’s legacy, while others try to prove themselves in unrelated fields. Either way, this struggle can lead to erratic career choices and unstable income streams.

Fourth, fame without privacy can fuel destructive habits. The entertainment world is rife with stories of young stars—many of them nepo babies—falling into substance abuse, reckless behavior, or toxic relationships. These issues not only affect mental health but also lead to legal troubles and financial loss. Without strong support systems or accountability, it’s easy to spiral.

Finally, inherited wealth can disappear quickly without proper estate planning. Trust funds and inheritances may be mismanaged or depleted by taxes, lawsuits, or poor financial advisors. Some nepo babies assume the money will last forever and fail to plan for long-term sustainability. Others are exploited by opportunistic friends or partners who take advantage of their naivety.

In contrast, those who succeed often do so by acknowledging their privilege, developing their own skills, and surrounding themselves with trustworthy mentors. They treat their inherited platform as a launchpad—not a safety net—and work to build something lasting.

In short, nepo babies go broke not because they lack opportunity, but because opportunity without discipline is a recipe for downfall. Wealth and fame are fleeting without the grit to sustain them. The lesson here isn’t just about celebrity—it’s a universal truth: success inherited must still be earned.

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LEVEL FUNDED HEALTH CARE: A Middle Ground Solution

Posted on October 29, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Level-funded health care is an increasingly popular option for small to mid-sized businesses seeking a balance between cost control and comprehensive employee coverage. It blends features of fully insured and self-funded health plans, offering employers greater flexibility and potential savings while minimizing risk.

In a traditional fully insured plan, employers pay a fixed premium to an insurance carrier, which assumes all financial risk for employee claims. In contrast, self-funded plans allow employers to pay for claims out-of-pocket, which can lead to significant savings—but also exposes them to unpredictable costs. Level-funded plans sit between these two models, offering a structured and predictable approach to self-funding.

With level-funded health care, employers pay a fixed monthly amount that covers three components: estimated claims funding, stop-loss insurance, and administrative fees. The estimated claims portion is based on actuarial data and reflects the expected health care usage of the employee group. Stop-loss insurance protects the employer from catastrophic claims by capping their financial exposure. Administrative fees cover third-party services such as claims processing and customer support.

One of the key advantages of level-funded plans is the potential for cost savings. If actual claims fall below the estimated amount, employers may receive a refund or credit at the end of the year. This incentivizes wellness programs and preventive care, as healthier employees lead to lower claims. Additionally, level-funded plans often provide more transparency into claims data, allowing employers to better understand health trends and make informed decisions about benefits.

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Another benefit is flexibility. Level-funded plans can be customized to suit the needs of a specific workforce, offering a range of coverage options and provider networks. This contrasts with the rigid structure of many fully insured plans. Employers also gain more control over plan design, which can help attract and retain talent in competitive job markets.

However, level-funded health care is not without challenges. It requires careful planning and a solid understanding of risk. Employers must be prepared for the possibility that claims may exceed projections, although stop-loss insurance helps mitigate this. Additionally, level-funded plans may not be suitable for very small groups or those with high-risk populations, as the cost of stop-loss coverage can be prohibitive.

Regulatory considerations also play a role. Level-funded plans are typically governed by federal ERISA laws rather than state insurance regulations, which can affect compliance and reporting requirements. Employers should work closely with benefits consultants or brokers to ensure they understand the legal landscape and choose a plan that aligns with their goals.

In conclusion, level-funded health care offers a compelling alternative for businesses seeking to manage costs while providing quality coverage. By combining predictability with the potential for savings and customization, it empowers employers to take a more active role in their health benefits strategy. As the health care landscape continues to evolve, level-funded plans are likely to remain a valuable option for organizations looking to strike the right balance between affordability and employee well-being.

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A MODERN PRESCRIPTION SHOWDOWN: Amazon Pharmacy VS. GoodRx

Posted on October 28, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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In the evolving landscape of digital health care, Amazon Pharmacy and GoodRx have emerged as two leading platforms offering consumers affordable and convenient access to prescription medications. While both aim to simplify the process of obtaining prescriptions, they differ significantly in their approach, pricing models, and user experience.

Amazon Pharmacy, launched in 2020, is a full-service online pharmacy that allows customers to order medications directly through Amazon. It offers fast, free delivery for Prime members and integrates with most insurance plans. One of its standout features is RxPass, a subscription service available to Prime members for $5 per month, which covers unlimited eligible generic medications. This model is particularly attractive to individuals who take multiple generics regularly, as it can significantly reduce out-of-pocket costs.

In contrast, GoodRx, founded in 2011, operates primarily as a price comparison and discount platform. It does not dispense medications itself but partners with local and mail-order pharmacies to help users find the lowest prices. GoodRx provides coupons that can be used at thousands of pharmacies nationwide, often resulting in substantial savings—especially for those without insurance. It also offers GoodRx Gold, a paid membership that unlocks deeper discounts and telehealth services.

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When comparing the two, pricing transparency is a key differentiator. GoodRx excels in showing users a range of prices across different pharmacies, empowering them to choose the most cost-effective option. Amazon Pharmacy, while competitive, typically offers fixed prices and focuses more on convenience and integration with its broader ecosystem.

Convenience is another area where Amazon Pharmacy shines. With its streamlined ordering process, automatic refills, and integration with Amazon’s delivery network, it appeals to users who prioritize ease and speed. GoodRx, while convenient in its own right, requires users to present coupons at the pharmacy or use mail-order services, which may involve more steps.

Insurance compatibility also varies. Amazon Pharmacy accepts most major insurance plans, making it a viable option for insured individuals. GoodRx, on the other hand, is often used by those without insurance or with high deductibles, as its discounts can sometimes beat insurance copays.

However, both platforms have limitations. Amazon Pharmacy’s RxPass is restricted to generic medications and excludes certain states due to regulatory issues. GoodRx’s discounts may not apply to all medications, and prices can fluctuate depending on location and pharmacy.

In terms of user experience, Amazon offers a seamless, tech-driven interface with customer support and medication management tools. GoodRx provides educational resources, price alerts, and a mobile app that helps users track savings and prescriptions.

Ultimately, the choice between Amazon Pharmacy and GoodRx depends on individual needs. For those seeking a one-stop solution with predictable costs and fast delivery, Amazon Pharmacy may be ideal. For users who want to shop around for the best deal or lack insurance, GoodRx offers unmatched flexibility and savings.

As digital health continues to grow, both platforms are reshaping how Americans access medications—making prescriptions more affordable, transparent, and accessible than ever before.

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Filed under: Ask a Doctor, Drugs and Pharma, Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Health Insurance, Health Law & Policy, Marcinko Associates | Tagged: Amazon Pharmacy, david marcinko, drug discount platform, drug price comparison, drug refills, Drugs, GoodRx, goodRX gold, health, Health Insurance, healthcare, insurance, Managed Care, medicare, prescriptions, price comparisons for drugs, RxPass, teleHealth, telemedicine | Leave a comment »

AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS: Can it Save Healthcare?

Posted on October 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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The global healthcare sector faces mounting challenges: rising costs, inefficiencies, limited access, and bureaucratic entanglements. In response, some economists and policymakers have turned to Austrian Economics for answers. Rooted in the works of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, Austrian Economics emphasizes individual choice, market-driven solutions, and skepticism toward centralized planning. But can this school of thought truly “save” healthcare?

At its core, Austrian Economics champions the idea that decentralized decision-making and free-market mechanisms lead to more efficient and responsive systems. In healthcare, this would mean reducing government control and allowing competition to drive innovation, lower costs, and improve quality. Proponents argue that when patients act as consumers and providers compete for their business, the system becomes more accountable and efficient. For example, direct primary care models—where patients pay physicians directly without insurance intermediaries—reflect Austrian principles and have shown promise in improving care and reducing administrative overhead.

Austrian theorists also critique the price distortions caused by third-party payers like insurance companies and government programs. According to them, when consumers are insulated from the true cost of care, demand becomes artificially inflated, leading to overutilization and waste. By restoring price signals—where patients see and respond to the actual cost of services—Austrian economists believe the market can better allocate resources and curb unnecessary spending.

However, critics argue that healthcare is not a typical market. Patients often lack the information, time, or capacity to make rational choices, especially in emergencies. Moreover, healthcare involves significant externalities and moral considerations that pure market logic may overlook. For instance, should access to life-saving treatment depend solely on one’s ability to pay? Austrian Economics offers little guidance on equity or universal access, which are central concerns in modern healthcare debates.

Austria itself provides an interesting case study. Despite the name, Austrian Economics is not the guiding philosophy behind Austria’s healthcare system. Instead, Austria operates a social insurance model with near-universal coverage, funded through mandatory contributions and managed by a mix of public and private actors. While recent reforms have aimed to streamline administration and reduce fragmentation he system remains largely collectivist—contrary to Austrian ideals.

In conclusion, Austrian Economics offers valuable insights into the inefficiencies of centralized healthcare systems and the potential benefits of market-based reforms. Its emphasis on individual choice, price transparency, and entrepreneurial innovation can inspire meaningful improvements. However, its limitations in addressing equity, access, and the unique nature of healthcare suggest that it cannot “save” the system on its own. A hybrid approach—blending market mechanisms with safeguards for universal access—may offer a more balanced path forward.

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Filed under: Ask a Doctor, economics, Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Marcinko Associates | Tagged: Austrian Economics, can austrian economics save health casre?, david marcinko, economics, finance, Friedrich Hayek, global healthcare, Ludwig Von Mises Institute | Leave a comment »

MONETARY VALUATION: Of the Medical Practice

Posted on October 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

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Valuing a medical practice involves assessing its financial performance, assets, and intangible factors like goodwill and patient loyalty to determine its fair market worth.

Determining the value of a medical practice is a nuanced process that blends financial analysis with strategic insight. Whether you’re preparing to sell, merge, or bring in a partner, understanding how to value your practice ensures informed decision-making and fair negotiations.

There are several recognized methods for valuing a medical practice, each suited to different scenarios. The most common include the income approach, market approach, asset-based approach, and the rule-of-thumb method.

HEALTHCARE VALUATION: Terms and Definitions

The income approach focuses on the practice’s ability to generate future earnings. This method involves analyzing historical financial statements, projecting future cash flows, and discounting them to present value using a risk-adjusted rate. It’s particularly useful when the practice has stable revenue and predictable expenses. Key metrics include net income, physician productivity, and reimbursement rates.

The market approach compares the practice to similar ones that have recently sold. It relies on data from comparable transactions, adjusted for differences in size, specialty, location, and profitability. This method is ideal when reliable market data is available, though such data can be scarce for niche specialties or rural practices.

The asset-based approach calculates the value of tangible and intangible assets. Tangible assets include medical equipment, office furniture, and real estate. Intangible assets—like patient records, brand reputation, and goodwill—are harder to quantify but can significantly impact value. Goodwill, for instance, reflects the practice’s reputation, patient loyalty, and referral networks.

The rule-of-thumb method uses industry benchmarks, such as a multiple of annual revenue or earnings. For example, a general practice might be valued at 60–80% of annual gross revenue. While quick and easy, this method oversimplifies and may not reflect the unique strengths or weaknesses of a specific practice.https:/https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/03/17/medial-practice-valuation-adjustments//medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/03/17/medial-practice-valuation-adjustments/

Beyond these methods, several qualitative factors influence valuation. These include the size and diversity of the patient base, the practice’s specialty, use of technology (like EHR systems or telemedicine), and whether key physicians will remain post-sale. A practice heavily reliant on one provider may be less valuable than one with a strong team and succession plan.

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MEDICAL PRACTICE: Valuation Adjustments

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Timing also matters. Economic conditions, regulatory changes, and shifts in healthcare reimbursement can affect practice value. Tax implications and deal structure—such as asset sale vs. stock sale—should also be considered during negotiations.

Ultimately, valuing a medical practice is both art and science. Engaging a professional appraiser or valuation expert can help ensure accuracy and objectivity. They bring experience, access to market data, and the ability to tailor valuation methods to your specific situation.

In summary, a comprehensive valuation considers financial performance, assets, market trends, and intangible factors. By understanding these elements, practice owners can make strategic decisions that reflect the true worth of their medical enterprise.

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MEDICAL SCHOOLS: What They Do Not Teach About Money!

Posted on October 26, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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WARNING! WARNING! All DOCTORS

What Medical School Didn’t Teach Doctors About Money

Medical school is designed to mold students into competent, compassionate physicians. It teaches anatomy, pathology, pharmacology, and clinical skills with precision and rigor. Yet, despite the depth of medical knowledge imparted, one critical area is often overlooked: financial literacy. For many doctors, the transition from student to professional comes with a steep learning curve—not in medicine, but in money. From managing debt to understanding taxes, investing, and retirement planning, medical school leaves a financial education gap that can have long-term consequences.

The Debt Dilemma

One of the most glaring omissions in medical education is how to manage student loan debt. The average medical student graduates with over $200,000 in debt, yet few are taught how to navigate repayment options, interest accrual, or loan forgiveness programs. Many doctors enter residency with little understanding of income-driven repayment plans or Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), missing opportunities to reduce their financial burden. Without guidance, some make costly mistakes—such as refinancing federal loans prematurely or choosing repayment plans that don’t align with their career trajectory.

Income ≠ Wealth

Medical students often assume that a high salary will automatically lead to financial security. While physicians do earn more than most professionals, income alone doesn’t guarantee wealth. Medical school rarely addresses the importance of budgeting, saving, and investing. As a result, many doctors fall into the “HENRY” trap—High Earner, Not Rich Yet. They spend lavishly, assuming their income will always cover expenses, only to find themselves living paycheck to paycheck. Without a solid financial foundation, even high earners can struggle to build net worth.

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Taxes and Business Skills

Doctors are also unprepared for the complexities of taxes. Whether employed by a hospital or running a private practice, physicians face unique tax challenges. Medical school doesn’t teach how to track deductible expenses, optimize retirement contributions, or navigate self-employment taxes. For those who open their own clinics, the lack of business education is even more pronounced. Understanding profit margins, payroll, insurance billing, and compliance regulations is essential—but rarely covered in medical training.

Investing and Retirement Planning

Another blind spot is investing. Medical students are rarely taught the basics of compound interest, asset allocation, or retirement accounts. Many don’t know the difference between a Roth IRA and a traditional 401(k), or how to evaluate mutual funds and index funds. This lack of knowledge delays retirement planning and can lead to missed opportunities for long-term growth. Some doctors rely on financial advisors without understanding the fees or conflicts of interest involved, putting their wealth at risk.

Insurance and Risk Management

Medical school also fails to educate students on insurance—life, disability, malpractice, and health. Doctors need robust coverage to protect their income and assets, but many don’t know how to evaluate policies or understand terms like “own occupation” or “elimination period.” Inadequate coverage can leave physicians vulnerable to financial disaster in the event of illness, injury, or litigation.

Emotional and Behavioral Finance

Beyond technical knowledge, medical school overlooks the emotional side of money. Physicians often face pressure to maintain a certain lifestyle, especially after years of sacrifice. The desire to “catch up” can lead to impulsive spending, luxury purchases, and financial stress. Without tools to manage money mindset and behavioral habits, doctors may struggle with guilt, anxiety, or burnout related to finances.

The Case for Financial Education

Fortunately, awareness of this gap is growing. Organizations like Medics’ Money and podcasts such as “Docs Outside the Box” are working to fill the void by offering financial education tailored to physicians.

These resources cover everything from budgeting and debt management to investing and entrepreneurship. Some medical schools are beginning to incorporate financial literacy into their curricula, but progress is slow and inconsistent.

Conclusion

Medical school equips doctors to save lives, but it doesn’t prepare them to secure their own financial future. The lack of financial education leaves many physicians vulnerable to debt, poor investment decisions, and lifestyle inflation. To thrive both professionally and personally, doctors must seek out financial knowledge beyond the classroom. Whether through self-study, mentorship, or professional guidance, understanding money is as essential as understanding medicine. After all, financial health is a cornerstone of overall well-being—and every doctor deserves to master both.

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Understanding Polymaths, Savants, and Geniuses

Posted on October 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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What’s a polymath?

The definition of “polymath” is the subject of debate. The term has its roots in Ancient Greek and was first used in the early 17th Century to mean a person with “many learnings”, but there is no easy way to decide how advanced those learnings must be and in how many disciplines. Most researchers argue that to be a true polymath you need some kind of formal acclaim in at least two apparently unrelated domains. And, one of the most detailed examinations of the subject comes from Waqas Ahmed in his book The Polymath, published earlier this year.

Now, despite his many achievements, Ahmed does not identify as a polymath. “It is too esteemed an accolade for me to refer to myself as one,” he said. When examining the lives of historical polymaths, he only considered those who had made significant contributions to at least three fields, such as Leonardo da Vinci (the artist, inventor and anatomist), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (the great writer who also studied botany, physics and mineralogy) and Florence Nightingale (who, besides founding modern nursing, was also an accomplished statistician and theologian).

What is a savant?

Savant syndrome is an exceedingly rare condition in which individuals with a developmental disorder or an intellectual disability possess extraordinary talents, knowledge, or abilities in a specific area. Savant syndrome may be congenital at birth or acquired later in life and is commonly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It may also coexist alongside other conditions, such as brain injuries . Individuals with savant syndrome were historically referred to with the term “idiot savant,” but negative connotations of the term “idiot” resulted in its abandonment and is now solely termed “savant.”

Famous individuals with savant syndrome include Kim Peek, who was able to calculate dates for any event hundreds of years into the past or future and inspired the movie the Rain Man. Stephen Wiltshire was mute and communicated through drawings of detailed city landscapes. Approximately 10% of individuals with autistic disorder have savant abilities. Less than 1% of the non-autistic population have savant syndrome. Therefore, not all savants have ASD, and not all persons with autismare savants.

What is a genius?

There is no scientifically precise definition of genius. When used to refer to the characteristic, genius is associated with talent but several authors systematically distinguish these terms. Walter Isaacson, biographer of many well-known geniuses, explains that although high intelligence may be a prerequisite, the most common trait that actually defines a genius may be the extraordinary ability to apply creativity and imaginative thinking to almost any situation.

The plural form of genius can be either geniuses or genii, pronounced [ jee-nee-ahy ], depending on the intended meaning of the word. Geniuses is much more commonly used. The plural forms of several other singular words that end in -us are also formed in this way, such as virus/viruses, callus/calluses, and status/statuses. Irregular plurals that are formed like genii, such as radius/radii or cactus/cacti, derive directly from their original pluralization in Latin. However, the standard English plural -es is often also acceptable for these terms, as in radiuses and cactuses.

Who is Mensa material?

Mensa members range in age from 2 to 106. They include engineers, homemakers, teachers, actors, athletes, students, and CEOs, and they share only one trait — high intelligence. To qualify for Mensa, they scored in the top 2 percent of the general population on an accepted standardized intelligence test.

Note: These descriptions are presented with some thanks to Chat GPT.

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MEME STOCK: Prices

Posted on October 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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According to the Daily Beast, First Lady Melania Trump was allegedly used as “window dressing” in a multi-million-dollar memecoin scheme that deceived investors and enriched its crypto creators, according to a lawsuit filed in federal court. The suit involves the $Melania coin, which the 55-year-old First Lady promoted to her social media on the eve of President Donald Trump’s inauguration in January, writing, “The Official Melania Meme is live! You can buy $MELANIA now.” Many of Trump’s supporters purchased the coin, pushing it to trade at an all-time high price of $13.73 apiece. $Melania was trading at less than 10 cents per coin by Wednesday—a staggering crash in value. Investors in the coin filed a federal class action lawsuit in April against Benjamin Chow, co-founder of crypto exchange Meteora, and Hayden Davis, co-founder of crypto venture capital firm Kelsier Labs, among others, WIRED reported Tuesday.

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Meme stock prices have shown dramatic volatility, with the Roundhill MEME ETF reflecting sharp swings driven by retail investor sentiment and social media hype.

The phenomenon of meme stocks—equities that gain popularity through online communities rather than traditional financial metrics—has reshaped market dynamics since early 2021. Companies like GameStop and AMC became emblematic of this trend, as retail investors coordinated on platforms like Reddit to drive prices to unprecedented highs. To capture this movement, the Roundhill Meme Stock ETF (ticker: MEME) was launched, bundling popular meme stocks into a single investment vehicle.

The price history of the MEME ETF illustrates the volatility inherent in meme stock investing. In October 2025 alone, the ETF experienced dramatic fluctuations. On October 13, it closed at $10.85, marking a 14.57% gain from the previous day. Just three days later, on October 16, it dropped to $9.97, an 8.95% decline. These swings reflect the influence of social media sentiment, short squeezes, and speculative trading rather than company fundamentals.

Over the past year, the MEME ETF has seen a 74.5% decline, underscoring the risks of investing in stocks driven by hype rather than earnings or growth potential. Despite occasional rallies, the overall trend has been downward, with the ETF trading around $8.93 as of the latest close.

This price history highlights the speculative nature of meme stocks. While they can offer short-term gains, they are highly susceptible to rapid reversals. Investors drawn to meme stocks should be aware of the emotional and social dynamics that drive their prices, and consider whether such volatility aligns with their risk tolerance and investment goals.

In essence, meme stock price history is a story of community-driven market disruption, where traditional valuation models are often sidelined in favor of viral momentum.

The MEME ETF serves as a barometer for this cultural shift, capturing both the excitement and the instability of this new investing frontier.

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", Alternative Investments, Ethics, Funding Basics, Glossary Terms, Investing, Marcinko Associates, Portfolio Management | Tagged: AMC, Ben Chow, daily beast, david marcinko, dmca, GameStop, Hayden Davis, melania trump, meme, MEME ETF, Meteora, Roundhill MEME ETF, Wired | Leave a comment »

Mastering the 20/4/10 Car Buying Rule

Posted on October 23, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

20/4/10 RULE

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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An automobile is one of the biggest purchases after a home; for many physicians and most all of us. But, unlike the typical home, it is usually a depreciating asset – today morning you purchase a car for X-amount of dollars and by the evening it will be worth less. After 5 years it will not be even half-value but still, many folks keep buying cars regularly – buy at 10, sell at 4 & lose 6 (repeat the cycle).

So, here are few financial rules of thumb that you can follow:

The value of a car should not be more than 50% of the annual income of the owner.
Purchase a used car or buy a new & use it for 10 years.
While buying a car with a loan stick to Rule 20/4/10 – Minimum 20% down payment, loan tenure not more than 4 years & EMI should not be higher than 10% of your income.

Note: Equated Monthly Installment [EMI]

Caution: The phrase rule of thumb refers to an approximate method for doing something, based on practical experience rather than theory. This usage of the phrase can be traced back to the 17th century and has been associated with various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a human adult thumb.

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PPMC: Physician Practice Management Corporation

Posted on October 23, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

DEFINED

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A physician practice management corporation (PPMC) is a business entity that provides non-clinical administrative and operational support to medical practices, allowing physicians to focus on patient care while the corporation handles the business side of healthcare.

Physician practice management corporations emerged in response to the increasing complexity of running a medical practice. As healthcare regulations, insurance requirements, and operational costs grew, many physicians found it challenging to manage both clinical responsibilities and business operations. PPMCs offer a solution by taking over the administrative burdens, enabling physicians to concentrate on delivering quality care.

At their core, PPMCs are responsible for a wide range of non-medical services. These include billing and coding, human resources, payroll, marketing, compliance, information technology, and financial management. By centralizing these functions, PPMCs can achieve economies of scale, reduce overhead costs, and improve operational efficiency for the practices they manage. This model is particularly attractive to small and mid-sized practices that may lack the resources to manage these functions independently.

PPMCs typically enter into long-term management agreements with physician groups. In some cases, they may purchase the non-clinical assets of a practice—such as equipment, office space, and administrative staff—while the physicians retain control over clinical decisions and patient care. This arrangement allows for a clear division between medical and business responsibilities, which is essential for maintaining compliance with healthcare regulations like the Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute.

PPMCs: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2019/11/18/on-the-ppmcs-of-yester-year-and-today/

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One of the key advantages of working with a PPMC is access to capital and advanced infrastructure. PPMCs often invest in state-of-the-art electronic health record (EHR) systems, data analytics tools, and revenue cycle management platforms. These technologies can enhance patient care, streamline operations, and improve financial performance. Additionally, PPMCs may offer strategic guidance on practice expansion, mergers and acquisitions, and payer contract negotiations.

However, the relationship between physicians and PPMCs must be carefully managed. While PPMCs bring valuable expertise and resources, there is a risk that business priorities could overshadow clinical autonomy. To mitigate this, successful PPMCs prioritize physician engagement, transparent governance, and aligned incentives. They work collaboratively with physicians to ensure that business strategies support, rather than hinder, the delivery of high-quality care.

The physician practice management industry has evolved significantly over the past few decades. After a wave of failures in the 1990s due to overexpansion and misaligned incentives, modern PPMCs have adopted more sustainable and physician-centric models. Today, they play a crucial role in helping practices adapt to value-based care, population health management, and other emerging trends in healthcare delivery.

In conclusion, a physician practice management corporation serves as a strategic partner to medical practices, offering the business acumen and operational support needed to thrive in a complex healthcare environment. By offloading administrative tasks and providing access to advanced resources, PPMCs empower physicians to focus on what they do best—caring for patients—while ensuring the long-term success and sustainability of their practices.

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INVESTING: Rules of Thumb

Posted on October 22, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Portfolio Allocation & Risk Management

🏦 100 Minus Age Rule: Subtract your age from 100 to estimate the percentage of your portfolio to invest in stocks. The rest goes to bonds or safer assets.

Rule of 110 or 120: A modern twist—subtract your age from 110 or 120 to allow for more stock exposure in a low-interest environment.
Diversify, Don’t Speculate: Spread investments across asset classes to reduce risk.
Don’t Invest What You Can’t Afford to Lose: Especially for speculative assets like crypto or startups.

📈 Growth & Returns

Rule of 72: Divide 72 by your annual return rate to estimate how many years it takes to double your money.
Time in the Market Beats Timing the Market: Staying invested long-term usually outperforms trying to predict short-term moves.
Start Early, Compound Often: The earlier you invest, the more compound interest works in your favor.

🧾 Budgeting & Saving

50/30/20 Rule: Allocate 50% of income to needs, 30% to wants, and 20% to savings/investments.
Emergency Fund Rule: Save 3–6 months of living expenses before investing aggressively.
Pay Yourself First: Automatically invest a portion of your income before spending.

🧠 Behavioral & Strategy Tips

Buy What You Understand: Don’t invest in companies or assets you don’t comprehend.
Avoid Emotional Decisions: Fear and greed are the enemies of smart investing.
Rebalance Annually: Adjust your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.
Don’t Chase Past Performance: What worked last year may not work this year.

🏦 Retirement & Withdrawal

The 4% Rule: Withdraw 4% of your retirement savings annually to make it last ~30 years.
Save 15% of Income for Retirement: A common target for long-term financial security.
Max Out Tax-Advantaged Accounts First: Prioritize 401(k), IRA, or Roth IRA before taxable accounts.

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Understanding the Boomerang Effect in Psychology and Medicine

Posted on October 21, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

DEFINITION

By Staff Reporters

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Classic Definition: The Boomerang[ing] paradox is a feedback loop or cycle where events come back positively or negatively. It is an interconnection between people that looks like an ecosystem.

Modern Circumstance: When our thoughts and words energetically go out into the world, it has the same effect as the boomerang. It will go all the way out and come back around. That part of the creation model is our thinking and speaking. We’re unconscious and co-creating our reality. The Boomerang effect is everywhere: politics, business, relationships, economics, environment, marketing, psychology and healthcare, etc.

PSYCHOLOGY

Paradox Example: Research has found that teaching people and patients about psychological biases can help counteract biased behavior. On the other hand, due to the innate need for preservation of a positive self-image, it is likely that teaching people about biases they hold, may cause a boomerang paradoxical effect in cases where being associated with a specific bias implies negative social connotations

MEDICINE

Paradox Example: Recent examples of a boomerang paradoxical drug effects is with osteoporosis medications such as Actonel, Boniva and Fosamax. These all belong to a class of drugs called bisphosphonates. They are supposed to strengthen bones, but some doctors report that long-term use of these drugs may actually pose a risk of certain unusual fractures.

ECONOMICS

Paradox Example: A characteristic of advanced economies like Australia is continual growth in household income and plunging costs of electric appliances, resulting in rapid growth in peak demand. The power grid in turn requires substantial incremental generating and network capacity, which is utilized momentarily at best. The result is the Boomerang Paradox, in which the nation’s rising wealth has created the pre-conditions for fuel poverty.

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The Medical Executive-Post is a news and information aggregator and social media professional network for medical and financial service professionals. Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed. Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.

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STOCK MARKET INDEX OPTIONS: Puts and Calls

Posted on October 21, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Understanding Stock Market Options: A Strategic Investment Tool

Stock market options are financial instruments that offer investors a versatile way to participate in the equity markets. Unlike traditional stock trading, options provide the right—but not the obligation—to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time frame. This flexibility makes options a powerful tool for hedging, speculation, and income generation.

There are two primary types of options: calls and puts. A call option gives the holder the right to buy a stock at a specific price, known as the strike price, before the option expires. Investors typically purchase call options when they anticipate a rise in the stock’s price. Conversely, a put option grants the right to sell a stock at the strike price, and is used when an investor expects the stock to decline. Each option contract typically represents 100 shares of the underlying stock.

Options are traded on regulated exchanges such as the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and their prices are influenced by several factors. These include the underlying stock’s price, the strike price, time until expiration, volatility, and prevailing interest rates. The premium, or cost of the option, reflects these variables and represents the maximum loss for the buyer.

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One of the most compelling uses of options is hedging. Investors can use options to protect their portfolios against adverse price movements. For example, owning put options on a stock can offset potential losses if the stock’s value drops. This strategy is akin to purchasing insurance and is especially valuable during periods of market uncertainty.

Options also enable speculative strategies with limited capital. Traders can leverage options to bet on price movements without owning the underlying asset. While this can lead to significant gains, it also carries substantial risk, particularly if the market moves against the position. Therefore, understanding the mechanics and risks of options is crucial before engaging in such trades.

Another popular strategy involves writing options, or selling them to collect premiums. Covered call writing, for instance, involves holding a stock and selling call options against it. This generates income but caps potential upside if the stock surges beyond the strike price. Similarly, cash-secured puts allow investors to earn premiums while potentially acquiring stocks at a discount.

Despite their advantages, options are not suitable for all investors. Their complexity and potential for rapid loss require a solid grasp of financial concepts and disciplined risk management. Regulatory bodies and brokerages often require investors to pass suitability assessments before granting access to options trading.

In conclusion, stock market options are dynamic instruments that offer a range of strategic possibilities. Whether used for hedging, speculation, or income, they provide flexibility that traditional stock trading cannot match. However, their effective use demands education, experience, and a clear understanding of market behavior. For informed investors, options can be a valuable addition to a diversified financial toolkit.

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ECONOMICS: Micro V. Macro Differences

Posted on October 20, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Understanding the Differences Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Economics is the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to meet the needs and wants of individuals. It is broadly divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. While both aim to understand economic behavior and decision-making, they differ significantly in scope, focus, and application. Understanding these differences is essential for grasping how economies function at both individual and national levels.

2025 Nobel: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/10/14/nobel-prize-economics-2025/

Microeconomics: The Study of Individual Units

Microeconomics focuses on the behavior of individual economic agents—such as consumers, firms, and households—and how they make decisions regarding resource allocation. It examines how these entities interact in specific markets, how prices are determined, and how supply and demand influence economic outcomes.

Key concepts in microeconomics include:

Demand and Supply: Microeconomics analyzes how the quantity of goods demanded by consumers and the quantity supplied by producers interact to determine market prices.
Elasticity: This measures how responsive demand or supply is to changes in price or income.
Consumer Behavior: Microeconomics studies how individuals make choices based on preferences, budget constraints, and utility maximization.
Production and Costs: It explores how firms decide on the optimal level of output and the costs associated with production.
Market Structures: Microeconomics categorizes markets into perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly, each with distinct characteristics and implications for pricing and output.

Microeconomic analysis is crucial for understanding how specific sectors operate, how businesses strategize, and how consumers respond to changes in prices or income. For example, a company might use microeconomic principles to determine the price point that maximizes profit or to assess the impact of a new competitor entering the market.

Macroeconomics: The Study of the Economy as a Whole

Macroeconomics, on the other hand, deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of an entire economy. It looks at aggregate indicators and phenomena, such as national income, unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. Macroeconomics seeks to understand how the economy functions at a broad level and how government policies can influence economic outcomes.

Key areas of macroeconomics include:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): This measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country and serves as a key indicator of economic health.
Unemployment: Macroeconomics examines the causes and consequences of unemployment and the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing it.
Inflation and Deflation: It studies changes in the general price level and their impact on purchasing power and economic stability.
Fiscal and Monetary Policy: Macroeconomics evaluates how government spending, taxation, and central bank actions influence economic activity.
International Trade and Finance: It explores exchange rates, trade balances, and the impact of globalization on national economies.

Macroeconomic analysis is essential for policymakers, economists, and financial institutions. For instance, central banks use macroeconomic data to set interest rates, while governments design fiscal policies to stimulate growth or curb inflation.

TRILEMMA Economics

Interdependence Between Micro and Macro

Despite their differences, microeconomics and macroeconomics are deeply interconnected. Micro-level decisions collectively shape macroeconomic outcomes. For example, widespread consumer spending boosts aggregate demand, influencing GDP and employment levels. Conversely, macroeconomic conditions—such as inflation or interest rates—affect individual behavior. A rise in interest rates may discourage borrowing and reduce consumer spending, impacting businesses at the micro level.

Economists often use insights from both branches to develop comprehensive models and forecasts. For instance, understanding consumer behavior (micro) helps predict changes in aggregate consumption (macro), which in turn informs policy decisions.

Austrian Economics: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/10/11/keynesian-versus-austrian-economics/

Conclusion

Microeconomics and macroeconomics offer distinct yet complementary perspectives on economic activity. Microeconomics provides a granular view of individual decision-making and market dynamics, while macroeconomics offers a broader understanding of national and global economic trends. Together, they form the foundation of economic theory and practice, guiding businesses, governments, and individuals in making informed decisions.

HEALTH ECONOMICS: Who Should Study and Learn this Dismal Science?

A well-rounded grasp of both branches is essential for anyone seeking to understand how economies function and evolve in an increasingly complex world.

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Unlock Your Career with Micro-Certifications

Posted on October 19, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

Micro-Credentials on the Rise

KNOWLEDGE RICHES IN SPECIALTY NICHES

DR. DAVID EDWARD MARCINKO MBA MEd CMP™

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

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Do you ever wish you could acquire specific information for your career activities without having to complete a university Master’s Degree or finish our entire Certified Medical Planner™ professional designation program? Well, Micro-Certifications from the Institute of Medical Business Advisors, Inc., might be the answer. Read on to learn how our three Micro-Certifications offer new opportunities for professional growth in the medical practice, business management, health economics and financial planning, investing and advisory space for physicians, nurses and healthcare professionals.

Micro-Certification Basics

Stock-Brokers, Financial Advisors, Investment Advisors, Accountants, Consultants, Financial Analyists and Financial Planners need to enhance their knowledge skills to better serve the changing and challenging healthcare professional ecosystem. But, it can be difficult to learn and demonstrate mastery of these new skills to employers, clients, physicians or medical prospects. This makes professional advancement difficult. That’s where Micro-Certification and Micro-Credentialing enters the online educational space. It is the process of earning a Micro-Certification, which is like a mini-degree or mini-credential, in a very specific topical area.

Micro-Certification Requirements

Once you’ve completed all of the requirements for our Micro-Certification, you will be awarded proof that you’ve earned it. This might take the form of a paper or digital certificate, which may be a hard document or electronic image, transcript, file, or other official evidence that you’ve completed the necessary work.

Uses of Micro-Certifications

Micro-Certifications may be used to demonstrate to physicians prospective medical clients that you’ve mastered a certain knowledge set. Because of this, Micro-Certifications are useful for those financial service professionals seeking medical clients, employment or career advancement opportunities.

Examples of iMBA, Inc., Micro-Certifications

Here are the three most popular Micro-Certification course from the Institute of Medical Business Advisors, Inc:

1. Health Insurance and Managed Care: To keep up with the ever-changing field of health care physician advice, you must learn new medical practice business models in order to attract and assist physicians and nurse clients. By bringing together the most up-to-date business and medical prctice models [Medicare, Medicaid, PP-ACA, POSs, EPOs, HMOs, PPOs, IPA’s, PPMCs, Accountable Care Organizations, Concierge Medicine, Value Based Care, Physician Pay-for-Performance Initiatives, Hospitalists, Retail and Whole-Sale Medicine, Health Savings Accounts and Medical Unions, etc], this iMBA Inc., Mini-Certification offers a wealth of essential information that will help you understand the ever-changing practices in the next generation of health insurance and managed medical care.
2. Health Economics and Finance: Medical economics, finance, managerial and cost accounting is an integral component of the health care industrial complex. It is broad-based and covers many other industries: insurance, mathematics and statistics, public and population health, provider recruitment and retention, health policy, forecasting, aging and long-term care, and Venture Capital are all commingled arenas. It is essential knowledge that all financial services professionals seeking to serve in the healthcare advisory niche space should possess.
3. Health Information Technology and Security: There is a myth that all physician focused financial advisors understand Health Information Technology [HIT]. In truth, it is often economically misused or financially misunderstood. Moreover, an emerging national HIT architecture often puts the financial advisor or financial planner in a position of maximum uncertainty and minimum productivity regarding issues like: Electronic Medical Records [EMRs] or Electronic Health Records [EHRs], mobile health, tele-health or tele-medicine, Artificial Intelligence [AI], benefits managers and human resource professionals.

Other Topics include: economics, finance, investing, marketing, advertising, sales, start-ups, business plan creation, financial planning and entrepreneurship, etc.

How to Start Learning and Earning Recognition for Your Knowledge

Now that you’re familiar with Micro-Credentialing, you might consider earning a Micro-Certification with us. We offer 3 official Micro-Certificates by completing a one month online course, with a live instructor consisting of twelve asynchronous lessons/online classes [3/wk X 4/weeks = 12 classes]. The earned official completion certificate can be used to demonstrate mastery of a specific skill set and shared with current or future employers, current clients or medical niche financial advisory prospects.

Mini-Certification Tuition, Books and Related Fees

The tuition for each Mini-Certification live online course is $1,250 with the purchase of one required dictionary handbook. Other additional guides, white-papers, videos, files and e-content are all supplied without charge. Alternative courses may be developed in the future subject to demand and may change without notice.

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Contact: For more information, or to speak with an academic representative, please contact Ann Miller RN MHA CMP™ at Email: MarcinkoAdvisors@msn.com [24/7].

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Understanding 4 Key Financial Psychological Biases

Posted on October 19, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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The following are 4 common financial psychological biases. Some are learned while others are genetically determined (and often socially reinforced). While this essay focuses on the financial and investing implications of these biases, they are prevalent in most areas in life.

STOCK MARKET: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2024/10/13/stock-market-a-zero-sum-bias/

Loss aversion affected many investors during the stock market crash of 2007-08 or the flash crash of May 6, 2010 also known as the crash of 2:45. During the crash, many people decided they couldn’t afford to lose more and sold their investments.

Of course, this caused the investors to sell at market troughs and miss the quick, dramatic recovery.

Overconfident investing happens when we believe we can out-smart other investors via market timing or through quick, frequent trading.

Data convincingly shows that people who trade most often under-perform the market by a significant margin over time.

Mental accounting takes place when we assign different values to money depending on where we got it.

For instance, even though we may have an aggressive saving goal for the year, it is likely easier for us to save money that we worked for than money that was given to us as a gift.

Herd mentality makes it very hard for humans to not take action when everyone around us does.

For example, we may hear stories of people making significant profits buying, fixing up, and flipping homes and have the desire to get in on the action, even though we have no experience in real estate.

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/0826102549

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Understanding Doctorate Degrees: A Clear Guide

Posted on October 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

Is the Doctor – In?

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

INFO-GRAPHIC

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What Is a Doctorate Degree?

Doctorate, or doctoral, is an umbrella term for many degrees — PhD among them — at the height of the academic ladder. Doctorate degrees fall under two categories, and here is where the confusion often lies.

The first category, Research (also referred to as Academic) includes, among others:

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
Doctor of Education (EdD)
Doctor of Theology (ThD)

The second category, Applied (also referred to as Professional) includes, among others:

Doctor of Medicine (MD)
Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM)
Doctor Of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS)
Doctor of Optometry (OD)
Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)
Juris Doctor (JD)

As you can see, applied doctorates are generally paired with very specific careers – medical doctors, podiatrists, dentists, optometrists, psychologists, and law professionals.

When it comes to outlining the differences between a PhD and doctorate, the real question should be, “What is the difference between a PhD and an applied doctorate?” The answer, again, can be found in the program outcomes. The online Doctor of Psychology at UAGC, for example, lists outcomes that are heavily focused on the ability to put theory into practice in a professional setting. For example:

Apply best practices in the field regarding professional values, ethics, attitudes, and behaviors
Exhibit culturally diverse standards in working professionally with individuals, groups, and communities who represent various cultural and personal backgrounds
Utilize a comprehensive psychology knowledge base grounded in theoretical models, evidence-based methods, and research in the discipline
Integrate leadership skills appropriate in the field of psychology
Critically evaluate applied psychology research methods, trends, and concepts

Bottom line: As the PhD is more academic, research-focused, and heavy on theory, an applied doctorate degree is intended to master a subject in both theory and practice.

Can a PhD Be Called a Doctor?

The debate over whether a PhD graduate should be called a doctor has existed for decades, and if you’re a member of this exclusive club, you’ll no doubt hear both sides of the argument during your lifetime. After all, if a PhD is a doctor, can a person with a doctoral degree in music – the Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) – be called a doctor as well?

Those in favor argue that having “Dr.” attached to your name indicates that you are an expert and should be held in higher regard. For some, the debate is at the heart of modern gender disparity. For example, on social media and in some academic circles, there is an argument that female PhD holders should use the “Dr.” title in order to reject the notion that women are less worthy of adding the title to their name once they have earned a doctoral degree.

The American Psychological Association has, for years, challenged the Associated Press (AP) and other news outlets to broaden its use of “Dr.” beyond those that practice medicine – MDs, podiatrists, dentists, etc. – in its reporting. However, the organization was rebuked, as the AP argued that, “It comes down to a basic distinction. Psychologists earn PhDs, and AP style allows the ‘Dr.’ title only for those with medical degrees.”

The AP has, thus far, refused to change their style guide when it comes to the “doctor question.”

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FINANCIAL PLANNERS: Part Time Employment Difficulties

Posted on October 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

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Why It Is Difficult to Be a Part-Time Financial Planner Today

In theory, part-time financial planning offers flexibility and work-life balance, making it an attractive option for professionals seeking reduced hours. However, in practice, the role of a financial planner has evolved into a demanding, full-time commitment. The complexity of financial markets, client expectations, regulatory requirements, and technological advancements make part-time financial planning increasingly difficult to sustain.

One of the primary challenges is client relationship management. Financial planning is deeply personal and trust-based. Clients expect consistent communication, timely updates, and proactive advice. A part-time planner may struggle to maintain the same level of responsiveness as full-time counterparts, especially during volatile market conditions or life-changing events like retirement, divorce, or inheritance. Delayed responses or limited availability can erode client confidence and damage long-term relationships.

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Another obstacle is the rapid pace of financial change. Tax laws, investment products, insurance regulations, and retirement planning strategies are constantly evolving. Staying current requires ongoing education, certifications, and industry engagement. For part-time planners, keeping up with these changes while managing clients and administrative tasks can be overwhelming. Falling behind risks offering outdated or suboptimal advice, which could lead to compliance issues or client dissatisfaction.

Regulatory compliance adds another layer of complexity. Financial planners must adhere to strict standards set by organizations like FINRA, the SEC, and state regulators. These include documentation, disclosures, fiduciary responsibilities, and continuing education. Compliance is non-negotiable and time-consuming, regardless of hours worked. Part-time planners face the same scrutiny and liability as full-time professionals, but with fewer hours to manage the workload.

Technology, while a powerful tool, also presents challenges. Clients increasingly expect digital access to their portfolios, real-time updates, and virtual meetings. Managing these platforms requires technical proficiency and regular maintenance. Part-time planners may find it difficult to keep systems updated, troubleshoot issues, or provide tech support, especially if they lack dedicated staff.

Business development is another hurdle. Building and maintaining a client base requires networking, marketing, and referrals. Part-time planners often have limited time to attend events, follow up with leads, or cultivate relationships. This can hinder growth and make it difficult to compete with full-time advisors who are more visible and accessible.

Finally, there’s the issue of income and scalability. Many financial planners earn through commissions, assets under management (AUM), or fee-based models. Part-time work often means fewer clients and lower revenue, which can make it hard to justify the costs of licensing, insurance, software, and office space. Without scale, profitability becomes a challenge.

In conclusion, while the idea of part-time financial planning may seem appealing, the realities of the profession make it difficult to execute effectively. The demands of client care, compliance, education, and business development require consistent attention and availability. Unless the industry adapts to support flexible models, part-time financial planners will continue to face significant barriers to success.

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SPEAKING: ME-P Editor Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com -OR- http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Essential Glossary of Health Insurance Terms

Posted on October 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Click to access mike-stahl-phd-mba.pdf

ORDER HERE: https://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Health-Insurance-Managed-Care/dp/0826149944/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1275315485&sr=1-4

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Understanding the Tele-Medicine Paradox in Healthcare

Posted on October 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one’s expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true or apparently true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox usually involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time. They result in “persistent contradiction between interdependent elements” leading to a lasting “unity of opposites”.

THE TELE-MEDICINE PARADOX

Classic Definition: Refers specifically to the treatment of various medical conditions without seeing the patient in person. Healthcare providers may use electronic and internet platforms like live video, audio, PCs, tablets, or instant messaging to address a patient’s concerns and diagnose their condition remotely.

Modern Circumstance: This may include giving medical advice, walking them through at-home exercises, or recommending them to a local provider or facility. Even more exciting is the emergence of telemedicine apps which give patients access to care right from their phones or computer screens.

Historical Digital Health and Tele-Medicine?

Paradox Examples: Treating certain conditions remotely can be challenging. Tele-medicine is often used to treat common illnesses, manage chronic conditions, or provide specialist services. If a patient is dealing with an emergent or serious condition, the remote provider suggests they seek in-person medical care.

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Understanding Medical Office Cancellation Fees

Posted on October 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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Can a physician medical provider charge an office cancellation fee?

According to the American Medical Association’s Code of Medical Ethics, physicians can charge fees for “missed appointments or appointments not cancelled in advance in keeping with the published policy of the practice”, and they should “clearly notify patients in advance of fees charge” (Opinion 11.3. 2) [28].

And so, if you miss a doctor’s appointment these days, you could get hit with a “no-show” fee of up to $150 — or more for some specialties.

Is it legal for an insurance company to charge a cancellation fee?

These practices are typically legal. They help businesses ensure they can recoup the lost revenue due to no-shows or last-minute cancellations.

Cancellation fees are permitted, but seldom collected absent unusual circumstances, such as a great deal of work having been provided.

QUESTION: As a doctor [MD, DO, DPM or DDS], do you charge an office cancellation fee? If so, how much is it?

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Stock Markets, Commodities and Crypto-Currency

Posted on October 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters and A.I.

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Stocks: Stock Market Indexes recovered yesterday from their losses, though the Dow remained in the red.
Commodities: Gold is rising above $4,200 to another new all-time high. Meanwhile, oil dropped to nearly a five-month low as trade tensions raised the specter of slowing economic growth.
Crypto: Bitcoin, ethereum, and altcoins of all shapes and sizes remain repressed after a massive selloff last weekend erased billions in crypto positions.

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The Role of Market Makers in Financial Markets

Posted on October 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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A Market Maker exists to “create a market” for specific company securities by being willing to buy and sell those securities at a specified displayed price and quantity to broker-dealer firms that are members of the exchange.

These firms help keep financial markets liquid by making it easier for investors to buy and sell securities–they ensure that there is always someone to buy and sell to at the time of trade.

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How Dark Patterns Manipulate Your Online Choices

Posted on October 15, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

Physicians and All Web Surfers Beware!

By Staff Reporters

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Dark Patterns are tricks used in websites and apps that make you do things that you didn’t mean to, like buying or signing up for something. The purpose of this site is to spread awareness and to shame companies that use them.

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WTF is dark pattern design? | TechCrunch

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PODCAST: https://www.darkpatterns.org/

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What is the S&P 500 Stock Index?

Posted on October 15, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A.I. and Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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The S&P 500, short for the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, is one of the most widely followed stock market indices in the world. It tracks the performance of 500 of the largest publicly traded companies in the United States, offering a broad snapshot of the overall health and direction of the U.S. economy. Created in 1957 by the financial services company Standard & Poor’s, the index has become a benchmark for investors, analysts, and economists alike.

Composition and Criteria The S&P 500 includes companies from a wide range of industries, such as technology, healthcare, finance, energy, and consumer goods. To be included in the index, a company must meet specific criteria: it must be based in the U.S., have a market capitalization of at least $14.5 billion (as of 2025), be highly liquid, and have a public float of at least 50% of its shares. Additionally, the company must have positive earnings in the most recent quarter and over the sum of its most recent four quarters.

Some of the most recognizable names in the S&P 500 include Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Johnson & Johnson, JPMorgan Chase, and ExxonMobil. These companies are selected by a committee that reviews eligibility and ensures the index remains representative of the broader market.

How It Works The S&P 500 is a market-capitalization-weighted index, meaning that companies with larger market values have a greater influence on the index’s performance. For example, a significant movement in Apple’s stock price will affect the index more than a similar movement in a smaller company’s stock. This weighting system helps reflect the real impact of large corporations on the economy.

The index is updated in real time during trading hours and is used by investors to gauge market trends. It also serves as the basis for many investment products, such as mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which aim to replicate its performance.

VIX: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/10/12/vix-the-stock-market-fear-gauge/

Why It Matters The S&P 500 is considered a leading indicator of U.S. equity markets and the economy as a whole. When the index rises, it often signals investor confidence and economic growth. Conversely, a decline may indicate uncertainty or economic slowdown. Because it includes companies from diverse sectors, the S&P 500 provides a more balanced view than narrower indices like the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which only tracks 30 companies.

Investment and Strategy Many investors use the S&P 500 as a benchmark to measure the performance of their portfolios. Passive investment strategies, such as index funds, aim to match the returns of the S&P 500 rather than beat it. This approach has gained popularity due to its low fees and consistent long-term performance.

In summary, the S&P 500 is more than just a number—it’s a powerful tool that reflects the pulse of the American economy. By tracking the performance of 500 major companies, it offers insights into market trends, investor sentiment, and economic health. Whether you’re a seasoned investor or just starting out, understanding the S&P 500 is essential to navigating the world of finance.

VIX Today: 20.81USD▲ +1.78 (+9.35%) today

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NOBEL PRIZE: Economics 2025

Posted on October 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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STOCKHOLM (AP) — Three researchers who probed the process of business innovation won the Nobel memorial prize in economics Monday for explaining how new products and inventions promote economic growth and human welfare, even as they leave older companies in the dust.

Their work was credited with helping economists better understand how ideas and technology succeed by disrupting established ways — a process as old as steam locomotives replacing horse-drawn wagons and as contemporary as e-commerce shuttering shopping malls.

The award was shared by Dutch-born Joel Mokyr, 79, who is at Northwestern University; Philippe Aghion, 69, who works at the Collège de France and the London School of Economics; and Canadian-born Peter Howitt, 79, who is at Brown University.

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Understanding Investment Fees: A Guide for Physicians

Posted on October 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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MEDICAL COLLEAGUES BEWARE!

Investment fees still matter for physicians and all of us, despite dropping dramatically over the past several decades due to computer automation, algorithms and artificial intelligence, etc. And, they can make a big difference to your financial health. So, before buying any investment thru a financial advisor, planner, manager, stock broker, etc., it’s vital to understand these two often confusing costs.

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Fee Only: Paid directly by clients for their services and can’t receive other sources of compensation, such as payments from fund providers. Act as a fiduciary, meaning they are obligated to put their clients’ interests first

Fee Based: Paid by clients but also via other sources, such as commissions from financial products that clients purchase. Brokers and dealers (registered representatives) are simply required to sell products that are “suitable” for their clients. Not a fiduciary.

EDUCATION: Books

SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com

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Understanding Male Personality Types: Alpha to Zeta

Posted on October 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By AI and Staff Reporters

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Alpha Male and Beta Male are terms for men derived from the designations of alpha and beta animals in ethology. They may also be used with other genders, such as women, or additionally use other letters of the Greek alphabet (such as sigma. The popularization of these terms to describe humans has been widely criticized by scientists. Both terms have been frequently used in internet memes.

The term beta is used as a pejorative self-identifier among some members of the manosphere, particularly incels, who do not believe they are assertive and/or traditionally masculine, and feel overlooked by women. It is also used to negatively describe other men who are not deemed to be assertive, particularly with women. In internet culture, the term sigma male is also frequently used, gaining popularity in the late 2010s, but has since been used jokingly, often being used with incel.

Note: Incel is a portmateau of “involuntary celibate”) is a term associated with an online subculture of mostly male and heterosexual people who define themselves as unable to find a romantic or sexual despite desiring one. They often blame, objectify and denigrate women and girls as a result.

PORTMANTEAU: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2019/06/25/what-is-a-portmanteau/

Delta Males are very responsible and keep the world moving. Highly adaptable, deltas are known for their competence and work ethic rather than their leadership and ambition. Delta Males love learning new skills for the sake of improving themselves, not for power or extrinsic successes. Because of this, they often have a very healthy work-life balance. They’re dependable and unpretentious. Common personality traits: hardworking, loyal and responsible. Careers they excel at are accountant, dentist, engineer and firefighter. If you’re a delta male, your work often speaks for itself. People trust you, so consider being more proactive and taking initiative at work; you’ll be rewarded for it and won’t necessarily need to be in the spotlight.

Gammas Males tend to be insecure about status and may overestimate their status. They’re unhappy with their position, so they try to convince themselves that they’re Sigmas. A Gamma Male is described as intelligent, romantic, and empathetic. While he has some female traits, he has difficulty understanding and dating women. But, unlike alphas, gammas avoid conflict at all costs and care deeply about what other people think of them. They lack the leadership skills and confidence to be on top.

Omega Males are skilled introverts who don’t need external validation. Pop culture portrays them as the shyer, more reserved yin to the zeta male’s yang. They’re independent and very comfortable in their own company. They’d rather spend time coming up with (usually brilliant) new ideas and inventions of their own instead of socializing with others. They have uncouth but delightful senses of humor and their theories often change the world for the better. Common personality traits are self-motivated, strategic and quiet. Careers they excel at are chemist, composer, inventor and mathematician. If you’re an omega male, your ideas are likely ingenious.

Sigma Males are rebellious leaders with lots of life experience while delta males are responsible companions who you want by your side. Common personality traits are nurturing and wise. Careers they excel at are entrepreneur, philosopher, professor, or therapist.

Zeta Males are one-of-a-kind progressives. There’s a reason the zeta male is the least talked about personality type in pop culture. They’re rare nonconformists who don’t care what other people think. They know themselves and refuse to change to fit into the rigid social standards of society. Zeta males are fierce creatives who blaze new paths for themselves and others. Zeta Males are nonconformist creatives, gamma males are charismatic nomads, and omega males are sharp intellectuals with boundless ideas. Careers they excel at are actor, artist, musician or writer. Common personality traits are creative, independent and self-aware.

QUESTION: Doctors, Agents, Accountants and Financial Advisors: What is your male personality type?

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CRYPTO-CURRENCY: Crisis Risks

Posted on October 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters and A.I.

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedialPlanner.org

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The Looming Cryptocurrency Crisis: Risks on the Horizon

Cryptocurrency has revolutionized the financial landscape, offering decentralized alternatives to traditional banking and investment systems. However, as digital assets become more integrated into global markets, concerns about a potential future cryptocurrency crisis are mounting. From regulatory uncertainty to systemic vulnerabilities, the risks associated with crypto are increasingly being scrutinized by economists, governments, and investors.

One of the most pressing concerns is regulatory instability. Cryptocurrencies operate in a fragmented legal environment, with different countries adopting varying stances—from full embrace to outright bans. The lack of unified global regulation creates loopholes that can be exploited for money laundering, tax evasion, and fraud. If major economies suddenly impose strict regulations or sanctions, it could trigger a rapid devaluation of crypto assets and erode investor confidence.

Another risk stems from market volatility and speculative behavior. Unlike traditional assets backed by tangible value or government guarantees, cryptocurrencies are often driven by hype, social media trends, and speculative trading. This creates a fragile ecosystem where prices can swing wildly. A sudden crash—similar to the 2022 Terra/Luna collapse—could wipe out billions in investor wealth and destabilize related financial institutions.

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Technological vulnerabilities also pose a threat. While blockchain is considered secure, the platforms built on it are not immune to hacks, bugs, or exploitation. High-profile breaches of exchanges and wallets have already resulted in massive losses. As crypto adoption grows, so does the incentive for cybercriminals to target these systems. A coordinated attack on a major exchange or blockchain network could have cascading effects across the entire crypto economy. Geopolitical tensions may also catalyze a crisis. For instance, recent reports suggest that aggressive trade policies—such as the U.S. imposing 100% tariffs on Chinese imports—can indirectly impact crypto markets by shaking investor sentiment and triggering sell-offs.

The interconnection with traditional finance is another area of concern. As banks and hedge funds increasingly invest in crypto, the line between decentralized finance and conventional markets blurs. This integration means that a crypto collapse could spill over into broader financial systems, potentially triggering a global crisis. The 2023 banking collapses, which were partially linked to crypto exposure, serve as a warning of how intertwined these systems have become.

Geopolitical tensions may also catalyze a crisis. For instance, recent reports suggest that aggressive trade policies—such as the U.S. imposing 100% tariffs on Chinese imports—can indirectly impact crypto markets by shaking investor sentiment and triggering sell-offs. In such scenarios, cryptocurrencies may not serve as the safe haven they were once believed to be.

Lastly, overreliance on stablecoins and algorithmic assets introduces systemic risk. Many investors use stablecoins to hedge volatility, but these assets are only as stable as their underlying reserves and governance. If a major stablecoin fails, it could lead to a liquidity crunch and panic across exchanges and DeFi platforms.

In conclusion, while cryptocurrency offers transformative potential, it also carries significant risks that could culminate in a future crisis. To mitigate these dangers, stakeholders must push for clearer regulations, stronger technological safeguards, and more transparent financial practices. Without proactive measures, the next financial meltdown may not come from Wall Street—but from the blockchain.

NOTE: A crypto mogul has been found dead inside his luxury car in Ukraine after the digital currency market nosedived. Konstantin Galich, 32, also known as Kostya Kudo, has died after one of the worst turmoils shook the cryptocurrency market. The entrepreneur, who became a well-known figure in the crypto industry, was reportedly found with a gunshot wound to his head in his black Lamborghini parked up in Kyiv’s Obolonskyi neighbourhood. His death was later confirmed on his Telegram channel in a post saying ‘Konstantin Kudo tragically passed away. The causes are being investigated. We will keep you posted on any further news.’

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ACUTE CARE MEDICINE: Defined

Posted on October 12, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A.I. and Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

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ACUTE CARE MEDICINE

Classic: Acute care is a branch of secondary health care where a patient receives active but short-term treatment for a severe injury or episode of illness, an urgent medical condition, or during recovery from surgery. In medical terms, care for acute health conditions is the opposite from chronic care, or longer term care.

Modern: Acute care is active, short-term treatment for a severe injury or episode related to illness, an urgent medical condition or recovery from surgery.

HOSPITAL: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2008/12/08/the-acute-care-inpatient-hospital/

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Examples: The following are considered acute care facilities:

Hospital (General Acute Care as well as Psychiatric, Specialized and Rehabilitation Hospitals; and Long Term Acute Care or LTAC)
Ambulatory Care Facility.
Home Health Agency.
End Stage Renal Disease Facility (dialysis center)
Hospice.

EMERGENT CARE: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/05/03/medicine-emergent-care/

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Understanding Stockbrokers: Roles and Responsibilities

Posted on October 12, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

DEFINITION

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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Buying or selling stocks requires access to one of the major exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ). To trade on these exchanges, you must be a member of the exchange or belong to a member firm. Member firms and many individuals who work for them are licensed as brokers or broker-dealers by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).

INSURANCE AGENT: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/04/27/insurance-agents-v-brokers/

And so, a stockbroker executes orders in the market on behalf of clients. A stockbroker may also be known as a registered representative or investment advisor. Most stockbrokers work for a brokerage firm and handle transactions for several individual and institutional customers. Stockbrokers are often paid on commission, although compensation methods vary by employer.

Remember: SBs work for their firm and not the client. Stock brokers are not fiduciaries.

FINANCIAL ADVISOR: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/04/01/financial-advisors-vital-critical-thinking-skills-to-master/

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Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed.

Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.

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VIX: The Stock Market “Fear Gauge”

Posted on October 12, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A.I. and Staff Reporters

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The VIX, or CBOE Volatility Index, is often called the “fear gauge” of the stock market. It measures the market’s expectations for volatility over the next 30 days, based on options prices for the S&P 500.

MORE: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/06/30/vix-fear-index-down/

When the VIX is high, it typically signals investor anxiety or uncertainty; when it’s low, it suggests confidence and stability.

Current VIX Snapshot 10/12/25

Price: $21.66 USD
Change: +5.23 (up 31.83%)
Previous Close: $16.43 USD
Mike Burry: https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/michael-burry-warns-of-a-market-collapse-ahead/ar-AA1Oi09s?ocid=U521DHP&pc=U521&cvid=68eab56ca2074b65b06724e8838f8c7a&ei=19

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Austrian vs Keynesian Economics Explained

Posted on October 11, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

Austrian Economics vs. Keynesian Economics in One Simple Chart

Courtesy of Jeff Deist

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Conclusion

Your thoughts and comments on this ME-P are appreciated. Feel free to review our top-left column, and top-right sidebar materials, links, URLs and related websites, too. Then, subscribe to the ME-P. It is fast, free and secure.

Speaker: If you need a moderator or speaker for an upcoming event, Dr. David E. Marcinko; MBA – Publisher-in-Chief of the Medical Executive-Post – is available for seminar or speaking engagements.

OUR OTHER PRINT BOOKS AND RELATED INFORMATION SOURCES:

HOSPITALS: http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466558731
CLINICS: http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439879900
ADVISORS: www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org
FINANCE: Financial Planning for Physicians and Advisors
INSURANCE: Risk Management and Insurance Strategies for Physicians and Advisors
Dictionary of Health Economics and Finance
Dictionary of Health Information Technology and Security
Dictionary of Health Insurance and Managed Care

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Understanding Paradox vs. Oxymoron

Posted on October 10, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

DEFINITIONS

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Difference between Paradox and Oxymoron

According to Mackenzie Marcinko PhD, many people tend to confuse a paradox with an oxymoron, and it’s not hard to see why. Most oxymoron examples appear to be compressed version of a paradox, in which it is used to add a dramatic effect and to emphasize contrasting thoughts. Although they may seem greatly similar in form, there are slight differences that set them apart.

A paradox consists of a statement with opposing definitions, while an oxymoron combines two contradictory terms to form a new meaning. But because an oxymoron can play out with just two words, it is often used to describe a given object or idea imaginatively.

As for a paradox, the statement itself makes you question whether something is true or false. It appears to contradict the truth, but if given a closer look, the truth is there but is merely implied.

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What is the Dow Jones Industrial Average?

Posted on October 10, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

DEFINED

By A.I. and Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), often referred to simply as “the Dow,” is one of the oldest and most well-known stock market indices in the world. It was created in 1896 by Charles Dow, the co-founder of The Wall Street Journal, and is designed to represent the performance of the broader U.S. stock market, specifically focusing on 30 large, publicly traded companies. These companies are considered leaders in their respective industries and serve as a barometer for the overall health of the U.S. economy.

The Composition of the DJIA

The DJIA includes 30 companies, which are selected by the editors of The Wall Street Journal based on various factors such as market influence, reputation, and the stability of the company. These companies represent a wide array of sectors, including technology, finance, healthcare, consumer goods, and energy. Notably, the companies chosen for the DJIA are not necessarily the largest companies in the U.S. by market capitalization, but rather those that are most indicative of the broader economy. Some of the prominent companies listed in the DJIA include names like Apple, Microsoft, Coca-Cola, and Johnson & Johnson.

However, the list of 30 companies is not static. Over time, companies may be added or removed to reflect changes in the economic landscape. For example, if a company experiences significant decline or no longer represents a leading sector, it might be replaced with another company that better reflects modern economic trends. This periodic reshuffling ensures that the DJIA continues to be a relevant measure of economic activity.

How the DJIA is Calculated

The DJIA is a price-weighted index, which means that the value of the index is determined by the share price of the component companies, rather than their market capitalization. To calculate the DJIA, the sum of the stock prices of all 30 companies is divided by a special divisor. This divisor adjusts for stock splits, dividends, and other corporate actions to maintain the integrity of the index over time. The price-weighted method means that higher-priced stocks have a greater impact on the movement of the index, regardless of the overall size or economic weight of the company.

For instance, if a company with a higher stock price like Apple experiences a significant change in value, it will influence the DJIA more than a company with a lower stock price, even if the latter has a larger market capitalization. This makes the DJIA somewhat different from other indices, like the S&P 500, which is weighted by market cap and gives more weight to larger companies in terms of their economic impact.

Significance of the DJIA

The DJIA is widely regarded as a barometer of the U.S. stock market’s performance. Investors and analysts closely monitor the movements of the Dow to gauge the overall health of the economy. When the DJIA rises, it generally suggests that investors are optimistic about the economic outlook and that large companies are performing well. Conversely, when the DJIA falls, it often signals economic uncertainty or a downturn in market conditions.

Despite being a narrow index, with only 30 companies, the DJIA holds substantial sway in financial markets. It is widely covered in the media and is often cited in discussions about the state of the economy. In fact, the performance of the DJIA is considered a key indicator of investor sentiment and economic confidence.

However, the DJIA has its limitations. Since it only includes 30 companies, it does not necessarily represent the broader market or capture the performance of smaller companies. Other indices, like the S&P 500, which includes 500 companies, offer a more comprehensive view of the market’s performance.

Conclusion

The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a key metric for understanding the state of the U.S. economy and the stock market. Although it has evolved over the years, it continues to provide valuable insights into the performance of large, influential companies. While it is not a perfect reflection of the market as a whole, the DJIA remains one of the most important and widely recognized indices in global finance. Through its historical significance and its role in shaping market sentiment, the Dow has cemented its place as a cornerstone of financial analysis.

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Understanding Behavioral Finance Paradoxes

Posted on October 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

SPONSOR: http://www.MarcinkoAssociates.com

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“THE INVESTOR’S CHIEF problem—even his worst enemy—is likely to be himself.” So wrote Benjamin Graham, the father of modern investment analysis.

With these words, written in 1949, Graham acknowledged the reality that investors are human. Though he had written an 800 page book on techniques to analyze stocks and bonds, Graham understood that investing is as much about human psychology as it is about numerical analysis.

In the decades since Graham’s passing, an entire field has emerged at the intersection of psychology and finance. Known as behavioral finance, its pioneers include Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky and Richard Thaler. Together, they and their peers have identified countless human foibles that interfere with our ability to make good financial decisions. These include hindsight bias, recency bias and overconfidence, among others. On my bookshelf, I have at least as many volumes on behavioral finance as I do on pure financial analysis, so I certainly put stock in these ideas.

At the same time, I think we’re being too hard on ourselves when we lay all of these biases at our feet. We shouldn’t conclude that we’re deficient because we’re so susceptible to biases. Rather, the problem is that finance isn’t a scientific field like math or physics. At best, it’s like chaos theory. Yes, there is some underlying logic, but it’s usually so hard to observe and understand that it might as well be random. The world of personal finance is bedeviled by paradoxes, so no individual—no matter how rational—can always make optimal decisions.

As we plan for our financial future, I think it’s helpful to be cognizant of these paradoxes. While there’s nothing we can do to control or change them, there is great value in being aware of them, so we can approach them with the right tools and the right mindset.

Here are just seven of the paradoxes that can bedevil financial decision-making:

There’s the paradox that all of the greatest fortunes—Carnegie, Rockefeller, Buffett, Gates—have been made by owning just one stock. And yet the best advice for individual investors is to do the opposite: to own broadly diversified index funds.
There’s the paradox that the stock market may appear overvalued and yet it could become even more overvalued before it eventually declines. And when it does decline, it may be to a level that is even higher than where it is today.
There’s the paradox that we make plans based on our understanding of the rules—and yet Congress can change the rules on us at any time, as it did just last year.
There’s the paradox that we base our plans on historical averages—average stock market returns, average interest rates, average inflation rates and so on—and yet we only lead one life, so none of us will experience the average.
There’s the paradox that we continue to be attracted to the prestige of high-cost colleges, even though a rational analysis that looks at return on investment tells us that lower-cost state schools are usually the better bet.
There’s the paradox that early retirement seems so appealing—and has even turned into a movement—and yet the reality of early retirement suggests that we might be better off staying at our desks.
There’s the paradox that retirees’ worst fear is outliving their money and yet few choose the financial product that is purpose-built to solve that problem: the single-premium immediate annuity.

How should you respond to these paradoxes? As you plan for your financial future, embrace the concept of “loosely held views.”

In other words, make financial plans, but continuously update your views, question your assumptions and rethink your priorities.

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Epidemiology Insights: Immunity Types

Posted on October 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

On Basic Epidemiology and Public Health

Courtesy: www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

Active Immunity develops after exposure to a disease-causing infectious microorganism or other foreign substance, such as following infection or vaccination.

Acquired Immunity develops during a person’s lifetime. There are two types of acquired immunity: active immunity and passive immunity.

LINK: https://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Health-Insurance-Managed-Care/dp/0826149944/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1275315485&sr=1-4

Passive Immunity develops after a person receives immune system components, most commonly antibodies, from another person. Passive immunity can occur naturally, such as when an infant receives a mother’s antibodies through the placenta or breast milk, or artificially, such as when a person receives antibodies in the form of an injection (gamma globulin injection). Passive immunity provides immediate protection against an antigen, but does not provide long-lasting protection.

LINK: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/2/acquired-immunity

Assessment: Your comments are appreciated.

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VALUE BASED MEDICAL CARE: A Paradigm Shift in Healthcare

Posted on October 8, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A. I.

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Value-Based Medical Care: A Paradigm Shift in Healthcare

In recent years, the healthcare industry has undergone a transformative shift from volume-driven services to outcome-focused care. This evolution is embodied in the concept of value-based medical care, a model that emphasizes delivering high-quality healthcare while controlling costs and improving patient outcomes. Unlike traditional fee-for-service systems, which reward providers for the quantity of services rendered, value-based care aligns incentives with the value of care provided—measured by patient health outcomes relative to the cost of achieving them.

Core Principles of Value-Based Care

At its heart, value-based medical care is built on several foundational principles:

Patient-Centeredness: Care is tailored to individual needs, preferences, and values, promoting shared decision-making and holistic treatment.
Quality Over Quantity: Providers are rewarded for improving health outcomes, reducing hospital readmissions, and preventing disease rather than performing more procedures.
Integrated Care Delivery: Coordination among healthcare professionals ensures seamless transitions between services, reducing fragmentation and duplication.
Data-Driven Accountability: Performance metrics and health analytics guide clinical decisions and track progress toward better outcomes.
Cost Efficiency: By focusing on prevention and effective management of chronic conditions, value-based care aims to reduce unnecessary spending.

Benefits for Patients and Providers

For patients, value-based care offers a more personalized and proactive approach to health. It encourages preventive screenings, chronic disease management, and wellness programs that lead to longer, healthier lives. Providers benefit from shared savings programs, performance bonuses, and stronger relationships with their patients. Moreover, healthcare systems can allocate resources more effectively, reducing waste and improving overall population health.

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Filed under: Ask a Doctor, Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Health Insurance, Health Law & Policy, Healthcare Finance, Managed Care | Tagged: Accountability in Health Care, ACO, Health Insurance, health value, Managed Care, value based care, VBC | Leave a comment »

Stocks, Commodities, Japan & France

Posted on October 7, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A.I.

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Stocks: The S&P 500 hit its seventh record close in a row today, its longest win streak since May. The NASDAQ was buoyed by big tech, while the DJIA fell.
Commodities: Oil climbed thanks to a decision by OPEC+ to boost crude production at a more modest rate than experts expected. Gold continued its record run, rising above $3,900 for the first time ever, while bitcoin hovered just below a new all-time high.
Japan and France: Japanese stocks rose after the country elected its first female prime minister, and French stocks dropped after its prime minister quit less than a month into the job.

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", Alternative Investments, finance, Glossary Terms, Investing | Tagged: Bitcoin, commodities, crypto, DJIA, DOW, france, japan, NASDAQ, OPEC, S&P, stocks | Leave a comment »

UnitedHealthcare CEO Reveals $6.5 Billion Medical Cost Spike

Posted on October 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Fierce Healthcare [7/29/25]

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UnitedHealthcare CEO Tim Noel offered investors a deeper look at the medical cost spike that’s plaguing the insurance giant’s finances. He said during the company’s earnings call that pricing assumptions set by the company “were well short of actual medical costs” for 2025. UHC’s current outlook, he said, instead reflects an additional $6.5 billion in medical costs, with more than half, or about $3.6 billion, coming from its Medicare plans.

Noel said that in Medicare Advantage specifically, the team is looking to adjust pricing and benefit designs to account for the cost pressures, which they anticipate will stretch into much of 2026.

It has also decided to exit certain markets largely with plans that are more loosely designed, such as PPOs, in a move that will impact 600,000 beneficiaries.

Source: Paige Minemyer, Fierce Healthcare [7/29/25]

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Filed under: "Ask-an-Advisor", Experts Invited, Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Health Insurance | Tagged: david marcinko, Fierce Healthcare, medicare, Medicare Advantage, Medicare Part C, PPO, Tim Noel, UnitedHealthcare | Leave a comment »

Understanding Population Health: Trends and Impacts

Posted on October 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

A Different Perspective on Population Health

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP®

SPONSOR: http://www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org

Definition

Population health has been defined as “the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group”. It is an approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire human population or cohort. http://www.HealthDictionarySeries.org

History

In fact, the nominal “father of population health” is colleague and Dean David B. Nash MD MBA of Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia. And, although I attended Temple University down the street, David still wrote the Foreword to my textbook years later; Financial Management Strategies for Hospitals and Healthcare Organizations [Tools, Techniques, Checklists and Case Studies].

https://www.amazon.com/Financial-Management-Strategies-Healthcare-Organizations/dp/1466558733/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1380743521&sr=8-3&keywords=david+marcinko

Factors

Now age, income, location, race, gender and education are just a few characteristics that differentiate the world’s population. These are called ”disparities” and they have a major impact on people’s lives; especially their healthcare. And, I’ve written about them before. Perform a ME-P “search” for more.

So, it’s only natural that we’re keeping an eye on two major demographic trends: aging baby boomers and maturing Millennials [1982-2002 approximately].

Why it’s important

The impact of large population shifts propagate throughout an economy benefitting certain sectors more than others and influencing a country’s growth prospects; tantalizing investing ideas?

Example:

For example, as baby boomers retire, we’ll likely see higher spending on health care, but less on education and raising children. Likewise, tech-savvy Millennials will likely prioritize consumption on experiences over cars and houses [leading economic indicator].

So, can we profit from these trends?

Assessment

Well maybe – maybe not! Overall economic prospects may not be completely affected by these trends. Spending habits on combined goods and services will shift, rather than rise or decline.

So, be careful. What matters most for your investment success is your demographics and investing according to your personal circumstances and goals [paradox-of-thrift].

Conclusion

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Filed under: Glossary Terms, Health Economics, Investing, Op-Editorials, Touring with Marcinko | Tagged: David B. Nash MD, David Edward Marcinko, economic disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Investing, paradox of thrift, Population Health | Leave a comment »

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