BOARD CERTIFICATION EXAM STUDY GUIDES Lower Extremity Trauma
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Posted on July 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By A.I.
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A decaying body at the University of Tennessee’s Anthropological Research Facility known as the The Body Farm in Knoxville, where up to 80 bodies at a time are studied as they decay in a variety of different scenarios. (Photo by David Howells/Corbis via Getty Images)
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The term “body farm” refers to a type of outdoor research facility in which human remains are left to decompose in a variety of environmental conditions naturally. While some individuals may find the concept of a body farm unsettling, these facilities are very useful for forensic science research.
Body farms facilitate the hard (or sometimes outright impossible) research on the various stages of human decomposition, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of how the process can differ under various conditions. This new-found knowledge can then be utilized to assist forensic investigators in determining the time and cause of death and potentially even more information.
Body farms in the US include: California University of Pennsylvania, Sam Houston State University, Texas State University, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, and Western Carolina University.
Posted on July 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
“lemming effect” or “group-think”
By Staff Reporters
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According to psychologist and colleague Dan Ariely PhD, human beings have evolved – probably both genetically and socially – to be consistent. It is easier and safer to deal with others if they honor their commitments and if they behave in a consistent and predictable manner over time. This allows people to work together and build trust that is needed for repeat dealings and to accomplish complex tasks.
In the jungle, this trust was necessary to for humans to successfully work as a team to catch animals for dinner, or fight common threats. In business and life it is preferable to work with others who exhibit these tendencies. Unfortunately, the downside of these traits is that people make errors in judgment because of the strong desire not to change, or be different (“lemming effect” or “group-think”). So the result is that most people will seek out data that supports a prior stated belief or decision and ignore negative data, by not “thinking outside the box”.
Additionally, future decisions will be unduly influenced by the desire to appear consistent with prior decisions, thus decreasing the ability to be rational and objective. The more people state their beliefs or decisions, the less likely they are to change even in the face of strong evidence that they should do so. This bias results in a strong force in most people causing them to avoid or quickly resolve the cognitive dissonance that occurs when a person who thinks of themselves as being consistent and committed to prior statements and actions encounters evidence that indicates that prior actions may have been a mistake. It is particularly important therefore for advisors to be aware that their communications with clients and the press clouds the advisor’s ability to seek out and process information that may prove current beliefs incorrect.
Since this is obviously irrational, one must actively seek out negative information, and be very careful about what is said and written, being aware that the more you shout it out, the more you pound it in.
Posted on July 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters and AI
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Better make sure it’s Secure?
UnitedHealth Group’s Optum healthcare company got caught with its digital pants down in December, when TechCrunch reported that its internal AI chatbot, which employees asked for advice in determining claims, was publicly accessible.
Posted on July 15, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Drug and medical device companies paid at least $13.2 billion to medical professionals in 2024, according to CMS data released June 30th. There’s been steady growth in these payments over the last few years, which include everything from research payments to free meals to promotional or conference fees. Drug and medical device companies paid out $13.1 billion in 2023, $13.1 in 2022, and $12.6 in 2021. If you’re a medical provider, you’ve probably gotten one of those perks from a drug or medical device company and thought it wouldn’t affect your decision-making.
But research suggests physicians are more likely to prescribe drugs from companies that pay them, with some studies specifically associating this with drugs that are costlier to patients. “Really well-trained people who affirm an oath to do no harm can be influenced, and are,” Neil Jay Sehgal, associate professor of health systems and population health at the University of Washington School of Public Health, told Healthcare Brew.
Bitcoin is booming, and crypto stocks climbed along with it. MicroStrategy rose 3.86%, RobinhoodMarkets added 1.67%. and Coinbase gained 1.80%.
Boeing rose 1.64% on preliminary reports that investigators have found no evidence of malfunction in the plane that crashed in India last month. Engine-maker GEAerospace also gained 2.71%.
Warner Bros Discovery climbed 2.39% thanks to a strong opening weekend for the new Superman movie.
Autodesk popped 5.05% on the news that it is not pursuing an acquisition of rival software maker PTC. PTC fell 1.25%.
Kenvue, the company behind Band Aids and Listerine, gained 2.18% after kicking its CEO to the curb.
PayPal climbed 3.55% despite the news that JPMorgan will start charging the fintech fees for access to customer data.
Stocks Down
Starbucks sank 1.60% on news that employees will have to return to the office four days a week. Shareholders were also unimpressed with the coffee giant’s new secret menu.
Synopsys stumbled 1.74% after getting regulatory approval from Chinese authorities to acquire software designer Ansys for $35 billion. Ansys rose 3.03% on the news.
Waters plunged 13.81% on the news that it will merge with Becton Dickinson’s bioscience and diagnostic solutions business in a $17.5 billion deal.
RivianAutomotive lost 2.15% thanks to a downgrade from Guggenheim analysts, who forecast soft sales for the automaker’s latest models.
According to Leslie Kernisan MD MPH, these are the basic self-care tasks that we initially learn as very young children. They are sometimes referred to as “Basic Activities of Daily Living” (BADLs). They include:
Walking, or otherwise getting around the home or outside. The technical term for this is “ambulating.”
Feeding, as in being able to get food from a plate into one’s mouth.
Dressing and grooming, as in selecting clothes, putting them on, and adequately managing one’s personal appearance.
Toileting, which means getting to and from the toilet, using it appropriately, and cleaning oneself.
Bathing, which means washing one’s face and body in the bath or shower.
Transferring, which means being able to move from one body position to another. This includes being able to move from a bed to a chair, or into a wheelchair. This can also include the ability to stand up from a bed or chair in order to grasp a walker or other assistive device.
If a person is not fully independent with ADLs, then we usually include some information about the amount of assistance they require. ADLs were originally defined in the 1950s by a geriatrician named Sidney Katz, who was trying to define what it might look like for a person to recover to independence after a disabling event such as a stroke or hip fracture. So these measures are sometimes called the “Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living.”
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Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)
These are the self-care tasks we usually learn as teenagers. They require more complex thinking skills, including organizational skills. They include:
Managing finances, such as paying bills and managing financial assets.
Managing transportation, either via driving or by organizing other means of transport.
Shopping and meal preparation. This covers everything required to get a meal on the table. It also covers shopping for clothing and other items required for daily life.
Housecleaning and home maintenance. This means cleaning kitchens after eating, keeping one’s living space reasonably clean and tidy, and keeping up with home maintenance.
Managing communication, such as the telephone and mail.
Managing medications, which covers obtaining medications and taking them as directed.
Because managing IADLs requires a fair amount of cognitive skill, it’s common for IADLs to be affected when an older person is having difficulty with memory or thinking. For those older adults who develop Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia, IADLs will usually be affected before ADLs are.
IADLs were defined about ten years after ADLs, by a psychologist named M.P. Lawton. Dr. Lawton felt there were more skills required to maintain independence than were listed on the original Katz ADL index, and hence created the “Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale.”
The terms “psychologist” and “psychiatrist” are often used interchangeably to describe anyone who provides therapy services, but the two professions and the services they provide differ in terms of content and scope. A major difference between the two types of experts is that psychiatrists can prescribe medication [Rx].
As physicians [MD/DO] psychiatrists are trained to recognize the ways biological processes affect mental functioning.
Psychologists are oriented to how thoughts, feelings, and social factors influence mental functioning.
PSYCHIATRIST
Psychiatrists are medical or osteopathic doctors who are able to prescribe psychotropic medications, which they do in conjunction with providing psychotherapy though medical and pharmacological interventions are often their focus.
PSYCHOLOGIST
Though many psychologists hold doctorate degrees, they are not medical doctors, and most cannot prescribe medications. Rather, they solely provide psycho-therapy, which may involve cognitive and behavioral interventions, psycho-dynamic or psycho-analytic approaches.
NOTEPROTECTED TITLE: The title of “psychologist” can only be used by an individual who has completed the required education, training, and state license requirements. Informal titles, such as “counselor” or “therapist,” are often used as well. Other mental health care professionals, such as licensed social workers, can claim those titles, but not the title of “psychologist.”
Posted on July 11, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
US measles cases have reached a 33-year high. A little more than halfway into 2025, the US has reported 1,288 measles cases, marking the highest yearly total since 1992, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Cereal legend WK Kellogg popped 30.57% after chocolate giant Ferrero agreed to acquire it for north of $3 billion.
Tesla (+4.73%) continued to rebound from its plunge on Monday. Elon Musk said that Tesla’s robotaxi service would expand into the Bay Area “probably in a month or two” and that his AI chatbot Grok is coming to Tesla vehicles by next week.
Estée Lauder gained 6.32% after Bank of America slapped a buy rating on the stock, implying a 27% upside from Wednesday’s closing price.
ProKidney continued its remarkable rally, rising another 19.35%, after the biotech announced positive trial results for its diabetes treatment. It’s gone from a penny stock to a $1.55 billion market cap in the past four days.
Copper companies Freeport-McMoRan (+3.51%) and Southern Copper (+2.34%) gained thanks to Trump’s announcement that copper tariffs would begin on August 1.
Stocks down
Biotech partners Ultragenyx (-25.11%) and Mereo BioPharma Group (-42.52%) plunged after issuing a disappointing update on their trial of a treatment for a rare genetic bone condition.
Vertiv, the maker of liquid cooling equipment,declined 5.96% when Amazon said it was rolling out a new liquid cooling system for its AI servers.
Hydro Flask owner Helen of Troy tumbled 22.71% after reporting a $450 million loss in its fiscal first quarter. CEO Brian Grass said “tariff-related impacts” were its Achilles heel.
Autodesk fell 6.89% after Bloomberg reported on Wednesday it was weighing a takeover of rival engineering software company PTC.
According to Leslie Kernisan MD MPH, these are the basic self-care tasks that we initially learn as very young children. These are the self-care tasks we then learn as teenagers. They require more complex thinking skills, including organizational skills. They include:
Managing finances, such as paying bills and managing financial assets.
Managing transportation, either via driving or by organizing other means of transport.
Shopping and meal preparation. This covers everything required to get a meal on the table. It also covers shopping for clothing and other items required for daily life.
Housecleaning and home maintenance. This means cleaning kitchens after eating, keeping one’s living space reasonably clean and tidy, and keeping up with home maintenance.
Managing communication, such as the telephone and mail.
Managing medications, which covers obtaining medications and taking them as directed.
Because managing IADLs requires a fair amount of cognitive skill, it’s common for IADLs to be affected when an older person is having difficulty with memory or thinking. For those older adults who develop Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia, IADLs will usually be affected before ADLs are.
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IADLs were defined about ten years after ADLs, by a psychologist named M.P. Lawton. Dr. Lawton felt there were more skills required to maintain independence than were listed on the original Katz ADL index, and hence created the “Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale.”
Posted on July 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By A.I.
BREAKING NEWS!
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The Villages Health System, LLC, a health care provider operating in The Villages, Florida, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on July 3rd, 2025, in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida.
“The bankruptcy petition indicates significant financial challenges, with assets estimated between $50 million and $100 million and liabilities between $100 million and $500 million. The United States of America is listed as the largest creditor with a contingent, unliquidated claim of approximately $361 million. The filing indicates that funds will be available for distribution to unsecured creditors,”
According to Leslie Kernisan MD MPH, these are the basic self-care tasks that we initially learn as very young children. They are sometimes referred to as “Basic Activities of Daily Living” (BADLs). They include:
Walking, or otherwise getting around the home or outside. The technical term for this is “ambulating.”
Feeding, as in being able to get food from a plate into one’s mouth.
Dressing and grooming, as in selecting clothes, putting them on, and adequately managing one’s personal appearance.
Toileting, which means getting to and from the toilet, using it appropriately, and cleaning oneself.
Bathing, which means washing one’s face and body in the bath or shower.
Transferring, which means being able to move from one body position to another. This includes being able to move from a bed to a chair, or into a wheelchair. This can also include the ability to stand up from a bed or chair in order to grasp a walker or other assistive device.
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If a person is not fully independent with ADLs, then we usually include some information about the amount of assistance they require. ADLs were originally defined in the 1950s by a geriatrician named Sidney Katz, who was trying to define what it might look like for a person to recover to independence after a disabling event such as a stroke or hip fracture. So these measures are sometimes called the “Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living.”
Posted on July 6, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants LLC
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On June 9th, 2025, Oregon’s governor signed into law the country’s strictest corporate practice of medicine (CPOM) prohibition. Senate Bill (SB) 951 will severely curtail the involvement of private equity firms and other corporations in the state’s medical practices.
This Health Capital Topics reviews the bill and discusses the implications on the healthcare industry. (Read more…)
One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA; OBBB; BBB), or the Big Beautiful Bill, is a budget reconciliation bill in the 119th US Congress.
Hospitals are not happy with the health care provisions of the bill, which would reduce the support they receive from states to care for Medicaid enrollees and leave them with more uncompensated care costs for treating uninsured patients.
“The real-life consequences of these nearly $1 trillion in Medicaid cuts – the largest ever proposed by Congress – will result in irreparable harm to our health care system, reducing access to care for all Americans and severely undermining the ability of hospitals and health systems to care for our most vulnerable patients,” said Rick Pollack, CEO of the American Hospital Association.
The association said it is “deeply disappointed” with the bill, even though it contains a $50 billion fund to help rural hospitals contend with the Medicaid cuts, which hospitals say is not nearly enough to make up for the shortfall.
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol or any other feature that distinguishes one seller’s goods or service from those of other sellers. Brands are used in business, marketing and advertising for recognition and, importantly, to create and store value as brand equity for the object identified, to the benefit of the brand’s clients, patients, customers, its owners and shareholders. Brand names are sometimes distinguished from generic or store brands.
Brand management, also known as Marketing, is responsible for the overall management of a brand. This includes everything from product or service development and marketing to advertising and public relations. All of these aspects work together to create a particular image or reputation for a brand. The goal of brand management is to create a robust and positive reputation for a brand that will result in increased sales and market share.This process helps companies create a unique identity for their products or services in the marketplace. A successful brand management strategy can build client, patient and customer loyalty .
Branding is essential for financial advisors, doctors and businesses because it involves creating a unique identity for a company’s products, offerings and services. It can also help build customer, client and patient loyalty and emotionally connect with the practitioner. Branding can be complex, but it is essential to understand the basics before starting a brand strategy.
Thus, doctors, podiatrists, dentists, CPAs, insurance agents, financial advisors and their practices need to understand the different aspects of branding and brand management to create a strong brand identity.
Assets under advisement refer to assets on which your firm provides advice or consultation but for which your firm does either does not have discretionary authority or does not arrange or effectuate the transaction. Such services would include financial planning or other consulting services where the assets are used for the informational purpose of gaining a full perspective of the client’s financial situation, but you are not actually placing the trade.
Assets under advisement could also be those which you monitor for a client on a non-discretionary basis, where you may make recommendations but where the client is the party responsible for arranging or effecting the purchase or sale. A common example of this AUM scenario is when an advisor reviews a participant’s 401(k) allocations. If the adviser does not have the authority or ability to effect changes in the portfolio, these assets are likely considered assets under advisement rather than regulatory assets under management.
Assets under advisement are permitted to be disclosed on Form ADV Part 2A as a separate asset figure from the assets under management. There is no requirement to disclose the assets under advisement figure, but some advisors opt to include the figure to give prospective clients a more complete picture of the firm’s responsibilities. If you choose to report your assets under advisement, be sure to make a clear distinction between this figure and your regulatory assets under management.
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D. E. Marcinko & Associates Core Operating Values
9. We act with honesty, integrity and are always straightforward. 8. We strive to be innovative, creative, iconoclastic, and flexible. 7. We admit and learn from mistakes and don’t repeat them. 6. We work hard always as competitors are trying to catch up. 5. We treat others with dignity and respect. 4. We are the onus of consulting advice for the fiduciary well being of others. 3. We fight complacency as former success is in the past. 2. The best management styles are timeless, not timely. 1. Our clients are colleagues and always come first.
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit an RFP for speaking engagements: CONTACT: Ann Miller RN MHA at MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
Posted on June 29, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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According to BetterHealth.com, billions of people worldwide use social media platforms today. While social media can be a helpful tool for connection in the digital age, it also has the power to contribute to loneliness and isolation. This is the essence of the social media paradox.
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What is the social media paradox?
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a paradox as “a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true.” The social media paradox is a term coined to point out how, despite “social” being in the very name of it, social media has the potential to make people feel disconnected and lonely.
As a Public Health Post article published by Boston University puts it, “The more time people spend actively engaging on social media—whether through posting, commenting, or messaging—the lonelier they may feel,” calling it “a double-edged sword.” This simple statement summarizes the core of the social media paradox.
So how could something “social” be so closely tied to isolation?
The effects of social media are complex. On the one hand, it has brought many positives to the lives of many people. It can help individuals stay connected, learn about themselves, and receive important information.
On the other hand, excessive social media use in particular also has the potential to separate and contribute to negative mental health outcomes.
Posted on June 27, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
NEWS UPDATE!
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On June 10th, Bobby Mukkamala was inaugurated as the 180th president of the American Medical Association (AMA).
An otolaryngologist from Flint, Michigan, Mukkamal chairs the organization’s substance use and pain care task force, won the AMA Foundation’s Excellence in Medicine Leadership Award last June, and served on the AMA board of trustees in 2017 and 2021.
It is going to be very difficult to show students the beauty of Wolfram Alpha and still find ways to prevent them from turning to the dark side of its power. This website is great for showing multiple representations of certain data, and it is lightning quick in producing answers compared to your hand on a tedious problem. While these two pros are at the forefront and really all that one needs to hear to become interested in exploring the site, the tide can easily and quickly turn from being a task servant to a task I’ll-do-it-all-for-you-every-time-and-you-do-nothing. One student in our 5040 class suggested that we might show this to our students at the end of the year when we are reviewing for final exams. The only problem with this is that they will not forget about this website the following year. With these things in mind, the best policy…
Posted on June 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
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By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MED CMP™
SPONSOR: wwwCertifiedMedicalPlanner.org
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Crisis Management is the precautions and identification of threats to an organization and its stakeholders, and the methods used by the organization to deal with these threats.
For example, recall in 1982, that Tylenol™ commanded 35 percent of the over-the-counter analgesic market in America and it represented nearly 17 percent of Johnson & Johnson’s profits. But, when seven people died from consuming the tainted drug, a national panic ensued. Moreover, Americans started to question the safety of all over-the-counter medications.
Fortunately, J&J commenced the proto-typical good crisis response in the following way:
J&J acted quickly, with complete candidness about what happened and within hours of learning of the deaths, J&J installed toll-free numbers for consumers, sent alerts to healthcare providers nationwide, and stopped advertising the product. J&J recalled 31 million bottles of Tylenol™ capsules and offered replacement products free of charge. J&J did not wait for evidence to see whether the contamination might be more widespread.
J&J’s leadership was in the lead and seemed in full control throughout the crisis. The chairman was admired for his leadership to pull Tylenol™ capsules off the market and his forthrightness in dealing with the media. The Tylenol™ crisis led the news every night on every station for six weeks.
J&J placed consumers first. J&J spent more than $100 million for the recall and re-launch of Tylenol™. The stock had been trading near a 52-week high just before the tragedy, dropped for a time, but recovered to its highs only two months later.
J&J accepted responsibility. The disaster could have been described in many different ways: as an assault on the company, as a problem somewhere in the process of getting Tylenol™ from J&J factories to retail stores, or as the acts of a crazed criminal.
J&J sought to ensure that measures were taken to prevent a recurrence of the problem. J&J introduced tamper-proof packaging that would make it much more difficult for a similar incident to occur in the future.
J&J presented itself prepared to handle the short-term damage in the name of consumer safety. Within a year of the disaster, J&J’s share of the analgesic market, which had fallen to 7 percent from 37 percent following the poisoning, had climbed back to 30 percent.
This wildly successful response in now the stuff of graduate and business school case models for excellence in teaching!
SPEAKING: Dr. Marcinko will be speaking and lecturing, signing and opining, teaching and preaching, storming and performing at many locations throughout the USA this year! His tour of witty and serious pontifications may be scheduled on a planned or ad-hoc basis; for public or private meetings and gatherings; formally, informally, or over lunch or dinner. All medical societies, financial advisory firms or Broker-Dealers are encouraged to submit a RFP for speaking engagements: MarcinkoAdvisors@outlook.com
A forensic pathologist is a medical doctor who studies diseases and performs autopsies, while a coroner investigates and determines the cause of sudden or unexplained deaths, often without a medical degree.
An autopsy (also referred to as post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death or the exam may be performed to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes. The term necropsy is generally used for non-human animals.
Autopsies are usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist. Only a small portion of deaths require an autopsy to be performed, under certain circumstances. In most cases, a medical examiner or coroner can determine the cause of death.
A coroner is elected or appointed to a local government office, while a forensic pathologist is a medical doctor trained to perform autopsies and other procedures to determine the cause of death.
A forensic pathologist is able to perform medical operations while coroners may specialize in the legal paperwork and law enforcement side of a death.
The title of “medical examiner” is usually the job title of a forensic pathologist who works for a government.
In many jurisdictions, a coroner does not need to possess a medical degree.
The Medical Executive-Post is a news and information aggregator and social media professional network for medical and financial service professionals. Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed. Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.
A thought experiment is a mental exercise where you imagine a situation or scenario to explore an idea, test a theory, or examine a problem. It does not involve physical experiments or data. Instead, it uses reasoning, imagination, and logic to draw conclusions or raise important questions.
Sometimes referred to as the Inverted Spectrum Problem or the Knowledge Argument, this thought experiment is meant to stimulate discussions against a purely physical view of the universe, namely the suggestion that the universe, including mental processes, is entirely physical. This thought experiment tries to show that there are indeed non-physical properties — and attainable knowledge — that can only be learned through conscious experience.
Mary is a brilliant scientist who is, for whatever reason, forced to investigate the world from a black and white room via a black and white television monitor. She specializes in the neuro-physiology of vision and acquires, let us suppose, all the physical information there is to obtain about what goes on when we see ripe tomatoes, or the sky, and use terms like ‘red’, ‘blue’, and so on. She discovers, for example, just which wavelength combinations from the sky stimulate the retina, and exactly how this produces via the central nervous system the contraction of the vocal cords and expulsion of air from the lungs that results in the uttering of the sentence ‘The sky is blue’…What will happen when Mary is released from her black and white room or is given a color television monitor? Will she learn anything or not?
Put another way, Mary knows everything there is to know about color except for one crucial thing: She’s never actually experienced color consciously. Her first experience of color was something that she couldn’t possibly have anticipated; there’s a world of difference between academically knowing something versus having actual experience of that thing.
Posted on May 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
DEFINITION
By Staff Reporters
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Meta-analysis is a quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess previous research studies to derive conclusions about that body of research. Outcomes from a meta-analysis may include a more precise estimate of the effect of treatment or risk factor for disease, or other outcomes, than any individual study contributing to the pooled analysis. The examination of variability or heterogeneity in study results is also a critical outcome.
The benefits of meta-analysis include a consolidated and quantitative review of a large, and often complex, sometimes apparently conflicting, body of literature. The specification of the outcome and hypotheses that are tested is critical to the conduct of meta-analyses, as is a sensitive literature search. A failure to identify the majority of existing studies can lead to erroneous conclusions; however, there are methods of examining data to identify the potential for studies to be missing; for example, by the use of funnel plots.
Rigorously conducted meta-analyses are useful tools in evidence-based medicine. The need to integrate findings from many studies ensures that meta-analytic research is desirable and the large body of research now generated makes the conduct of this research feasible.
When New York-based Zocdoc was founded back in 2007, the idea was to help patients get off the phone, founder and CEO Oliver Kharraz told Healthcare Brew. The company created a website that helps patients find clinicians who fit their needs in their area and are under their insurance, and books appointments online.
But on May 1st, Zocdoc launched a new product to get people back on the phone: an artificial intelligence (AI) voice agent called Zo. Zo helps people book doctor appointments 24/7—but instead of speaking with a person, patients speak with an AI voice that is trained to meet their needs.
“Until recently, we didn’t do the phone because the experience on the phone was just so miserable,” Kharraz said. “Now you can actually have a consistent experience, where the AI can pick up after the first ring an unlimited number of times concurrently [and] have a natural conversation with you.”
When you visit health clinic or hospital for a medical appointment, you’ll be seen by a doctor, healthcare provider and/or medical prescriber. But what do these words really mean?
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Doctors / Physicians
Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM), Doctor of Osteopathy (DO, or Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS/DMD). Doctors, also known as physicians, have extensive prescription privileges across various specialties. They can diagnose medical conditions, prescribe medication, and oversee the overall management of patient care. Doctors include general practitioners, specialists such as cardiologists or dermatologists, and surgeons. Their prescription authority encompasses a wide range of medications to address acute and chronic health conditions, ranging from antibiotics to specialized treatments for complex diseases.
A medical provider is a general term that encompasses a wide range of education levels, skill-sets, and specializations. A provider could be a Physician Assistant (PA), Nurse Practitioner (NP), Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM), Dentist (DDSDMD) or Doctor of Osteopathy (DO).
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Medical Drug Prescribers
Generally, psychologists and therapists do not have prescription privileges. They focus on psychotherapy and counseling rather than medication management. However, some jurisdictions may grant limited prescription rights to psychologists who undergo additional training and certification. Like psychologists, therapists typically do not have prescription privileges. They focus on providing counseling and psychotherapy to address mental health issues and emotional concerns.
Psychiatrists are medical doctors (MD/DO) who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders. They have full prescription privileges and can prescribe a wide range of medications to manage psychiatric conditions.
In most cases, physical therapistsdo not have the authority to prescribe medication. They primarily focus on rehabilitation and physical interventions to improve mobility and function.
Nurse practitioners are advanced practice nurses with the authority to diagnose, treat, and prescribe medication independently in many states and countries. They undergo extensive education and training, which allows them to provide a wide range of healthcare services, including medication management.
Similar to nurse practitioners, psychiatric nurse practitioners have the authority to prescribe medication for mental health conditions. They specialize in psychiatric and mental health care, offering comprehensive treatment that may include medication management.
Chiropractors primarily focus on diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders through manual adjustments and therapies. They do not have surgical or prescription privileges in most jurisdictions.
Optometrists are trained to diagnose and treat vision problems, including prescribing corrective lenses and medications for certain eye conditions such as infections or inflammation.
Registered nursestypically do not have prescription privileges. They work under the direction of physicians and nurse practitioners, assisting with patient care but not prescribing medication themselves.
Dentists have limited prescription privileges related to dental care, such as antibiotics or pain medications for dental procedures. However, they do not have the authority to prescribe general medications outside of their scope of practice.
Nutritionists typically do not have prescription privileges. They specialize in providing dietary advice and counseling to promote health and well-being through nutrition but do not prescribe medication.
Depending on their scope of practice and legal regulations in their jurisdiction, nurse midwives may have limited prescription privileges for certain medications related to prenatal care, childbirth, and postpartum care.
Posted on May 19, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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GENDER
Gender is a subclass within a grammatical class (such as noun, pronoun, adjective, or verb) of a language that is partly arbitrary but also partly based on distinguishable characteristics (such as shape, social rank, manner of existence, or sex) and that determines agreement with and selection of other words or grammatical forms.
Gender paradox: Women conform more closely than men to socio-linguistics norms that are overtly prescribed, but conform less than men when they are not.
Gender-equality paradox: Countries which promote gender equality tend to have less gender balance in some fields.
The Medical Executive-Post is a news and information aggregator and social media professional network for medical and financial service professionals. Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed. Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.
Posted on May 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Health Insurance Co-Payments Upfront or Lose Your Appointment
Definition: A co-payment is a fixed amount you pay each time you get a particular type of healthcare service, and co-pays will generally be quite a bit smaller than deductibles. However, deductibles and co–pays are both fixed amounts, as opposed to coinsurance, which is a percentage of the claim.
On some health plans, certain services are covered with a co-pay before you’ve met the deductible, while other health insurance plans have co-pays only after you’ve met your deductible. And, the pre-deductible versus post-deductible co-pay rules often vary based on the type of medical service you’re receiving.
Starting in June 2025, Cleveland Clinic patients who can’t pay their co-pay on the spot will have non-emergency appointments rescheduled or cancelled. This new policy could make it harder for low-income people who prefer to be billed to see a clinic doctor, and create delays that could lead to medical emergencies down the road.
For example, a delay in care can mean six to eight more weeks of a tumor growing or a blood clot developing or an infection brewing.
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the mind and cognition. According to linguistics Professor Mackenzie H. Marcinko PhD, it combines various aspects from neuroscience, computer science, psychology, philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, and other fields, into a comprehensive study on the nature of intelligence.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics. Specific branches of linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, historical-comparative linguistics and applied linguistics.
Now, language and linguistics are closely related fields of study but they have distinct focuses.
Language refers to the system of communication used by humans, encompassing spoken, written, and signed forms. It is a means of expressing thoughts, ideas, and emotions.
On the other hand, linguistics is the scientific study of language itself. It examines the structure, sounds, meaning, and evolution of languages, as well as how they are acquired and used by individuals and communities.
While language is a broader concept that encompasses various forms of communication, linguistics delves into the intricate details and mechanics of language, aiming to understand its underlying principles and patterns.
Mental Health Awareness Month was established in 1949 to increase awareness of the importance of mental health and wellness in Americans’ lives and to celebrate recovery from mental illness.
For more than 20 years, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has recognized Mental Health Awareness Month (MHAM) every May to increase awareness about the vital role mental health plays in our overall health and well-being and provide resources and information to support individuals and communities who may need mental health support.
Posted on May 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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History of Spinal Cord Injury Awareness Day
The first mention of spinal cord injuries was in the ancient Egyptian Edwin Smith’s papyrus from 2,500 B.C. The ancient Egyptian physicians described the injury as “untreatable.”
The first treatment for spinal cord injuries occurred in ancient India, where Hindu doctors used traction techniques to straighten the spine. The Greeks also employed the same technique as the Hindus. For example, Hippocrates — born in the 5th century B.C. — developed traction devices that helped straighten patients’ spines. It wasn’t until the second century A.D. that Galen, a Greek physician, discovered the relation between spinal cord injuries and loss of autonomic function and sensation.
Paul of Aegina, born in 625 A.D., became the first physician to pioneer surgical techniques for spinal cord injuries. He employed laminectomy to relieve pressure on the spine and recommended using a windlass to reduce the dislocation. The notion and treatment remained the same until the latter half of the 20th century; physicians continued to believe that spinal cord injuries were incurable. Although during the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci and Andreas Vesalius, made contributions to S.C.I. through their accurate depiction of the human spine and nerves.
In 1981, the Canadians Albert Aguayo and Sam David ended the millennia-long belief that S.C.I. is incurable. Through experiments on rats, they showed that axons could regenerate in the central nervous system in the right environment. The introduction of imaging, surgery, medical care, and rehabilitation medicine in the mid-20th century helped improve the care for spinal cord injuries and increased the life expectancy of those living with the condition.
Posted on May 13, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Classic Definition: In our hemisphere, there is the mystery of the Cuban health care paradox.
Modern Circumstance: This small island country whose economy produces about $6,000 in goods and services per person annually, a mere fraction of U.S. economic activity, lacks access to many commonly used drugs. Specialty medical care is scarce, and obesity rates are high and growing.
Paradox Example: Yet Cuba paradoxically boasts a life expectancy that surpasses the U.S. by six months. So, could this finding be explained by their diet, too, one that is rich in fresh produce, but low in saturated fats?
Question: Or, might it be related to their accessibility to primary care services and high compliance rates of childhood vaccination?
COMMENTS APPRECIATED
The Medical Executive-Post is a news and information aggregator and social media professional network for medical and financial service professionals. Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed. Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.
Posted on May 12, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters and ChatGPT
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President Trump to bring down prescription costs
In a Sunday post to Truth Social, President Trump signed an executive order at 9 am today to institute a most-favored-nation policy with pharmaceutical companies that he predicted could lower drug prices by 30% to 80%.
“The United States will pay the same price as the Nation that pays the lowest price anywhere in the World,”
While Americans pay more for pharmaceuticals than any other country, Bloomberg reported that the American market fuels innovation and drives growth in the industry. Drug makers have pushed back on previous efforts to revamp the system in the US, saying it would make revenue evaporate and hinder the development of potentially lifesaving drugs.
Every year on May 10th, the world comes together to observe World Lupus Day.
Lupus is a disease that occurs when your body’s immune system attacks your own tissues and organs (autoimmune disease). Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many different body systems — including your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs. Lupus can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms often mimic those of other ailments. The most distinctive sign of lupus — a facial rash that resembles the wings of a butterfly unfolding across both cheeks — occurs in many but not all cases of lupus. Some people are born with a tendency toward developing lupus, which may be triggered by infections, certain drugs or even sunlight. While there’s no cure for lupus, treatments can help control symptoms.
In 2025, this important day continues its mission of raising awareness about lupus, supporting those affected, and promoting further research into this complex autoimmune condition.
Financial Advisor, Planner and Insurance Agent Information
By Staff Reporters
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Ostrich Bias is a behavioral phenomenon describing the tendency of individuals to avoid or ignore information that they perceive as negative or threatening. This term is derived from the popular but inaccurate belief that ostriches bury their heads in the sand when faced with danger, even though they do not exhibit such behavior.
Evidence: There is neuro-scientific evidence of the ostrich effect. Sharot et al. (2012) investigated the differences in positive and negative information when updating existing beliefs. Consistent with the ostrich effect, participants presented with negative information were more likely to avoid updating their beliefs; wills, estate plans, investment portfolios, and insurance policies, etc..
Moreover, they found that the part of the brain responsible for this cognitive bias was the left IFG – inferior frontal gyrus – by disrupting this part of the brain with TMS – transcranial magnetic stimulation – participants were more likely to accept the negative information provided.
EXAMPLE: The Ostrich Bias can cause someone to avoid looking at their bills, because they’re worried about seeing how far behind they are on home mortgage payments, credit cards, education or auto loans, etc.
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Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed.
Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.
President Trump tapped best-selling author and wellness influencer Dr. Casey Means, whom he described as having “impeccable ‘MAHA’ credentials,” to be Surgeon General
His first nominee, Fox News contributor Dr. Janette Nesheiwat withdrew over questions about her medical training.
Posted on May 5, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
DEFINITION
By Staff Reporters
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Classic: Despite a wide variety of empirical methods and data sources, the demand for health care is consistently found to be price inelastic
Modern: If you are sick, you will not be very price sensitive. There are exceptions to this rule (e.g., elective surgery such as plastic surgery, purchases of eyeglasses) but most studies find that patients are fairly insensitive to changes in health care prices.
Examples: For instance, the RAND Health Insurance Experiment found that the price elasticity of medical expenditures is -0.2.
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The Medical Executive-Post is a news and information aggregator and social media professional network for medical and financial service professionals. Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed. Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.
An emergency medicine physician is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of acute and life-threatening medical conditions that require immediate intervention. These physicians work in hospital emergency departments, urgent care centers, and other acute care settings, where they provide rapid assessment, stabilization, and treatment to patients of all ages with a wide range of medical emergencies.
Emergency medicine physicians are trained to handle diverse medical emergencies, including trauma, cardiac emergencies, respiratory distress, severe infections, neurological emergencies, and obstetric emergencies, among others. They play a vital role in the front line management of medical emergencies, ensuring that patients receive prompt and appropriate care to improve outcomes and save lives.
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Classic: Emergent Room or Emergency Department care is the provision of immediate medical service offering outpatient care for the treatment of acute and chronic illness and injury. It requires a broad and comprehensive fund of knowledge to provide such care. Excellence in care for patients with complex and or unusual conditions is founded on the close communication and collaboration between the urgent care medicine physician, the specialists and the primary physicians.
Modern: Urgent care does not replace your primary care physician. An urgent care center is a convenient option when someone’s regular physician is on vacation or unable to offer a timely appointment. Or, when illness strikes outside of regular office hours, urgent care offers an alternative to waiting for hours in a hospital Emergency Room.
Examples: Chest pain, bleeding that cannot be stopped and loss of consciousness; etc.
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SOME ER DOCTORS WORK FOR FREE
The new president of emergency medicine for the Alberta Medical Association says Emergency Room physicians already coping with long hours, staff shortages and jammed waiting rooms are also being obligated, in some cases, to work for free. Dr. Warren Thirsk says the government has yet to follow through on a promise to reimburse emergency room doctors for so-called “good faith” payments.
“There’s been lots of excuses, but the bottom line is no one has actually received a penny for those suspended good-faith payments,” Thirsk said in an interview. “On average, every emergency physician in this province is out thousands of dollars for free work.” Good-faith payments reimburse ER doctors when they see patients who don’t have identification and can’t prove an Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan billing number.
Thirsk said the United Conservative government stopped those payments when it ripped up the master agreement with the AMA in early 2020. He said it promised to bring back those payments when the two sides agreed to a new deal in September 2022. But to date that hasn’t happened, he said.
“I’m legally and morally bound to look after you [if] you’re unidentified [as a patient],” said Thirsk, an emergency room doctor at Edmonton’s Royal Alexandra Hospital.
“I’m going to look after you because it’s the right thing to do no matter what the problem is.”
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The Medical Executive-Post is a news and information aggregator and social media professional network for medical and financial service professionals. Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed. Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.
Posted on May 2, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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The National Nurses in Business Association (NNBA) is the premier nursing organization for nurse entrepreneurs, and a springboard for nurses transitioning from employees to entrepreneurs and business owners. The NNBA is an invaluable resource for existing nurse business owners seeking to expand, and maximize their business success.
Members’ resumes include thousands of nurse owned businesses, local, national and international awards, and millions of dollars in revenue. The experience, knowledge and impact of the NNBA community is amazing, as well as the support provided to fellow nurse entrepreneurs and aspiring entrepreneurs.
As the forerunner of the nurse entrepreneur movement, the NNBA provides valuable business information customized for nurses on how to start, plan, expand and grow your nurse owned business. They provide expert guidance, marketing and promotional opportunities, and continuing education in professional growth and career development.
Posted on April 25, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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A thought experiment is an imaginary scenario that is meant to elucidate or test an argument or theory. It is often an experiment that would be hard, impossible, or unethical to actually perform. It can also be an abstract hypothetical that is meant to test our intuitions about morality or other fundamental philosophical questions. The German term Gedankenexperiment was utilized by physicist Ernst Mach
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Mary is a brilliant scientist who is, for whatever reason, forced to investigate the world from a black and white room via a black and white television monitor. She specializes in the neuro-physiology of vision and acquires, let us suppose, all the physical information there is to obtain about what goes on when we see ripe tomatoes, or the sky, and use terms like ‘red’, ‘blue’, and so on.
Question: What will happen when Mary is released from her black and white room or is given a color television monitor? Will she learn anything or not?
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The Medical Executive-Post is a news and information aggregator and social media professional network for medical and financial service professionals. Feel free to submit education content to the site as well as links, text posts, images, opinions and videos which are then voted up or down by other members. Comments and dialog are especially welcomed. Daily posts are organized by subject. ME-P administrators moderate the activity. Moderation may also conducted by community-specific moderators who are unpaid volunteers.
Decoy Bias Effect is a dubious phenomenon in decision-making where the introduction of a third, less attractive option (the “decoy”) influences individuals to change their preference between two other options.
The decoy bias effect describes how, when we are choosing between two alternatives, the addition of a third, less attractive option (the decoy) can influence our perception of the original two choices. Decoys are “asymmetrically dominated:” they are completely inferior to one option (the target) but only partially inferior to the other (the competitor). For this reason, the decoy effect is sometimes called the “asymmetric dominance effect.”
EXAMPLE: This bias is commonly used in financial planning sales; as well as marketing and mutual fund, ETF, REIT, stock broker, insurance agent and financial advisor pricing strategies to manipulate investor choices.
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