BOARD CERTIFICATION EXAM STUDY GUIDES Lower Extremity Trauma
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Private equity consists of investments made directly into private companies that are not quoted on a public exchange. The majority of private equity consists of institutional investors and accredited investors who can commit large sums of money for long periods of time.
Private equity investments often demand long holding periods to allow for a turnaround of a distressed company or a liquidity event such as an initial public offering or sale to a public company.
Posted on December 7, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
How insurance agents will be compensated for helping seniors?
By Staff Reporters
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Health insurance agents offering support to seniors signing up for healthcare coverage will be compensated differently starting in 2025. For example:
The government will pay $100 more per enrollment to agents who sign seniors up for Medicare Advantage Plans or Medicare Part D for the first time — a significant increase from the proposed $31 pay increase for agents.
And, Medicare is ending sales incentives for agents who currently receive bonuses, including volume-based bonuses, for signing people up for Medicare Advantage Plans, Medigap Supplement Plans or Part D. Medicare is also putting a stop to agents and brokers collecting “administrative fees” above the fixed compensation cap the government has put in place.
The hope is that providing agents with fair initial compensation will no longer incentivize them to steer seniors towards plans that may not be a good fit.
Municipal Securities (munis): Debt securities typically issued by or on behalf of U.S. state and local governments, their agencies or authorities to raise money for a variety of public purposes, including financing for state and local governments as well as financing for specific projects and public facilities. In addition to their specific set of issuers, the defining characteristic of munis is their tax status. The interest income earned on most munis is exempt from federal income taxes. Interest payments are also generally exempt from state taxes if the bond owner resides within the state that issued the security. The same rule applies to local taxes.
Another interesting characteristic of munis: Individuals, rather than institutions, make up the largest investor base. In part because of these characteristics, munis tend to have certain performance attributes, including higher after-tax returns than other fixed income securities of comparable maturity and credit quality and low volatility relative to other fixed-income sectors.
The two main types of munis are general obligation bonds (GOs) and revenue bonds. GOs are munis secured by the full faith and credit of the issuer and usually supported by the issuer’s taxing power. Revenue bonds are secured by the charges tied to the use of the facilities financed by the bonds.
Municipal Yield Curve: The yield curve that illustrates the yields of a certain type of municipal security at its various maturities.
Municipal Yield Ratio: A yield ratio most often used to determine the relative value of municipal securities compared with U.S. Treasury securities. The ratio consists of the yield of a municipal security of a certain maturity divided by the yield of a U.S. Treasury security of the same maturity.
Posted on December 6, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants, LLC
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On November 1, 2024, CMS released its Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) and Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC) Payment System Final Rule for calendar year 2025. The rule finalizes payment updates, revises current programs, and establishes new standards to address the ongoing maternal health crisis.
This Health Capital Topics article discusses the key OPPS changes and updates included in the Final Rule. (Read more…)
Posted on December 6, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Health insurance companies are under scrutiny for proposed changes to anesthesia billing policies, raising concerns about patient safety and fair compensation for medical professionals. Anthem, a major health insurer, recently announced a controversial policy limiting payments for anesthesia services in Connecticut, Missouri, and New York. The policy would only cover part of the documented anesthesia time during a patient’s surgery, a decision strongly opposed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA).
Breaking News: Anthem health insurance company is backing off of a controversial plan to limit coverage of anesthesia in at least one state, according to Connecticut’s comptroller.
December 6: November nonfarm payrolls, University of Michigan preliminary December Consumer Sentiment.
December 9: October final wholesale inventories, November consumer inflation expectations, and expected earnings from Toll Brothers (TOL) and MongoDB (MDB).
December 10: Third quarter productivity and unit labor costs and expected earnings from AutoZone (AZO).
December 11: November Consumer Price Index and expected earnings from Adobe (ADBE).
December 12: November Producer Price Index and expected earnings from Broadcom (AVGO), Ciena (CIEN), and Costco (COST).
The SPX fell 11.38 points (–0.19%) to 6,075.11; the Dow Jones Industrial Average®($DJI) lost 248.33 points (–0.55%) to 44,765.71; and the NASDAQ Composite®($COMP) declined 34.85 points (–0.18%) to 19,700.26.
The 10-year Treasury note yield was unchanged at 4.18%.
The CBOE Volatility Index®(VIX)inched up to 13.46.
Posted on December 5, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
LTC
By Anonymous Insurance Agent
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Some retired people live on a fixed income and many of them live right on the edge of their financial capability. At some time in their life, they may have to make a choice regarding many purchases. In this case, we will illustrate “choice” using a couple’s purchase of Long-Term-Care Insurance [LTCI].
Of course, economics is the study of choice; wants, needs and scarcity, etc. In our case, if they decide to make the purchase they commit to a lifetime of premium payments. The financial tradeoff is this; if they make the commitment to purchase LTCI, they must give up something else.
Example: In order to maintain a monthly premium of $100 ($1,200per year), an elderly patient, retired layman or couple must essentially relegate about $30,000 of financial assets to generate the $100 necessary to make an average premium payment (assumes a 7% rate of return with 4% withdrawal rate) or [4% X $30,000 = $1,200 year]. Thus, if the monthly premium cost is $500 per month, the elder must give up the use of $150,000 of retirement asset just to generate enough cash flow to pay for the LTC insurance.
The married elder couple has to make the decision among lifestyle (dinners, vacations, gifts to children, prescription drugs, medical care or food and shelter) versus paying an insurance premium to provide for nursing home coverage for a need, which may be very real, but will not occur until sometime in the ambiguous future.
And so, when faced with such a tough economics, neither of which delivers peace of mind or a respectable solution; many will simply decide that, in either case, they may already end up impoverished.
Thus, many will often opt for the better lifestyle now … while they can enjoy it … together.
Posted on December 5, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
Beneficial Ownership Information
By Staff Reporters
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Small business owners face severe penalties if they don’t report to the federal government by year’s end. And, thousands of businesses may not realize they are subject to a new reporting process mandated under the Corporate Transparency Act, which went into effect in January 2024. Even lawyers, doctors, financial advisors and accountants are affected; along with “mom and pop”business owners.
For most eligible businesses, the filing deadline is Jan. 1, 2025, according to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. “Those who fail to file by this deadline — or fail to update this information if needed — could face up to two years imprisonment and fines up to $10,000, in addition to civil penalties of up to $591 per day,” the U.S. Chamber of Commerce website reads.
The law was created “to combat illicit activity including tax fraud, money laundering and financing for terrorism by capturing more ownership information for specific U.S. businesses operating in or accessing the country’s market,” the chamber website explained.
Posted on December 5, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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2024 LATE YEAR UPDATE
Who sends Form 1099-K?
Payment card companies, payment apps and online marketplaces are required to fill out Form 1099-K and send it to the IRS each year. They must also send a copy to you by January 31st. 2025
1. If you take direct payment by credit or bank card for selling goods or providing services
If your customers or clients pay you directly by credit, debit or gift card, you’ll get a Form 1099-K from your payment processor or payment settlement entity, no matter how many payments you got or how much they were for.
2. If you used a payment app or online marketplace and received a Form 1099-K
A payment app or online marketplace is required to send you a Form 1099-K if the payments you received for goods or services total over $5,000. However, they can send you a Form 1099-K with lower amounts. Whether or not you receive a Form 1099-K, you must still report any income on your tax return.
This includes payments for any:
Goods you sell, including personal items such as clothing or furniture
Services you provide
Property you rent
The payments can be made through any:
Payment app
Online community marketplace
Craft or maker marketplace
Auction site
Car sharing or ride-hailing platform
Ticket exchange or resale site
Crowdfunding platform
Freelance marketplace
If you accept payments on different platforms, you could get more than one Form 1099-K.
Posted on December 4, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Health Capital Consultants, LLC
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On November 1, 2024, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released its finalized Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS) for calendar year (CY) 2025, aiming “to strengthen primary care, expand access to preventive services, and further access to whole-person care.” While the finalized fee schedule cuts payments to physicians, Congress is considering legislation to override the cut.
This Health Capital Topics article discusses the provisions contained in the MPFS final rule, as well as the proposed “doc fix” legislation. (Read more…)
Posted on December 4, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
AT&T climbed 4.58% thanks to a few big announcements during its investor day, including returning over $40 billion to shareholders via dividends and stock buybacks over the next three years.
Palantir popped 6.88% after the US government gave the cybersecurity darling the green light to let its cloud offerings handle classified data. It also helped that Barrons expects the company will be added to the Nasdaq 100 in 2025.
Speaking of Palantir, BigBear.ai soared 28.64% after the server company was touted as the next Palantir by the Economic Times.
Data center company Credo Technology Group skyrocketed 47.89% thanks to an impressive earnings report and a glowing fiscal forecast.
Tesla sank 1.59% after a Delaware judge once again blocked Elon Musk’s $56 billion pay package. The case will go back to court yet again, and may eventually reach the Supreme Court.
The children aren’t alright: Children’s Place crashed 24.15% after the children’s clothing retailer announced its turnaround isn’t going so well.
South Korean stocks took a beating after the country’s president declared martial law. The country’s largest online retailer, Coupang, sank 3.74%, steel manufacturer Posco Holdings dropped 4.32%, and Samsung tumbled 3.71%.
The S&P 500® index (SPX) rose 2.73 points (0.05%) to 6,049.88; the Dow Jones Industrial Average®($DJI) fell 76.47 points (–0.17%) to 44,705.53; and the NASDAQ Composite®($COMP) added 76.96 points (0.40%) to 19,480.91.
The 10-year Treasury note yield added three basis points to 4.22% after falling below 4.17% at one point.
The CBOE Volatility Index®(VIX)held steady at 13.39.
Real Bond Yield: For most bonds and other fixed-income securities, real yield is simply the yield you see listed online or in newspapers minus the premium added to help counteract the effects of inflation. Most “nominal” fixed-income yields include an “inflation premium” that is typically priced into the yields to help offset the effects of inflation.
Real yields, such as those for TIPS, don’t have the inflation premium. As a result, TIPS yields and other real yields are typically lower than most nominal yields
Negative Bond Yield: In a normal bond market environment, bond yields are positive, and bond issuers (including governments) make interest payments to investors who lend them money.
In an abnormal, or negative-yield environment, investors essentially pay the bond issuer to hold their money.
Posted on December 3, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Cyber Week Defined
As first reported in the Forbes “Entrepreneurs” column on December 3rd, 2013: “Cyber Monday, the online counterpart to Black Friday, has been gaining unprecedented popularity – to the point where Cyber Sales are continuing on throughout the week.”
In fact, Peter Greenberg, Travel Editor for CBS News, further advises: “If you want a real deal on Black Friday, stay away from the mall. Black Friday and Cyber Monday are all part of Cyber Sales Week …
And so, Cyber Monday isn’t over yet for this year 2024: It’s morphed into Cyber Week, the actual final iteration of sales during the Black Friday-Cyber Monday discount season of 2024. A substantial number of retailers are maintaining their Black Friday-level discounts through today and some through tomorrow and the entire week.
Yes-Cyber Week is a real thing, so got for it. Buy it! Charge it!
Posted on December 1, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
AUSTRIAN SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
By Staff Reporters
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A Paradox is a logicalself-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one’s expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true or apparently true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox usually involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time. They result in “persistent contradiction between interdependent elements” leading to a lasting “unity of opposites”.
Here are five economic paradoxes from the Austrian School of Economics.
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Prosperity: Why do generations that significantly improve the economic climate seem to generally rear a successor generation that consumes rather than produces?
Thrift: If everyone saves more money during times of recession, then aggregate demand will fall and will in turn lower total savings in the population.
Toil: If everyone tries to work during times of recession, lower wages will reduce prices, leading to more deflationary expectations, leading to further thrift, reducing demand and thereby reducing employment.
Value: [also known as Diamond-Water Paradox]: Water is more useful than diamonds, yet is a lot cheaper.
Productivity: [also known as Solow Computer Paradox]: Worker productivity may go down, despite technological improvements.
Note: The Austrian School of Economics promotes an economic and social thinking that is not trapped in unrealistic, mostly mathematical models. It does not see the economy as an object of state political regulation and central, almost engineering-like control. Rather, its analysis focuses on autonomous entrepreneurial action and the free interaction of individuals in the marketplace, which eludes both the logic of differential equations, and centrally planned political control.
Posted on December 1, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
ACCOUNTABLE CARE ORGANIZATIONS
By Health Capital Consultants, LLC
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On October 29, 2024, CMS announced Performance Year (PY) 2023 results for accountable care organizations (ACOs) participating its Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP). Notably, MSSP ACOs garnered the largest net savings in MSSP’s history – more than $2.1 billion.
This Health Capital Topics article discusses MSSP performance in 2023 and how this may inform value-based care going forward. (Read more…)
Posted on November 30, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Champion small businesses nationwide and #ShopSmall on Saturday, November 30th, 2024.
Now more than ever, small businesses need our support. Please join SBA and organizations across the country as they celebrate small business contributions to their communities by shopping at a small business on November 30th, Small Business Saturday.
Small Business Saturday was founded by American Express in 2010 and officially cosponsored by SBA since 2011. It is an important part of small businesses’ busiest shopping season.
In 2023, the reported projected spending in the U.S. from those who shopped at small businesses on Small Business Saturday was around $17 billion
Since 2010, the total reported U.S. spending at small businesses during the annual Small Business Saturday is an estimated $201 billion
Join the highly successful team of SBA, Women Impacting Public Policy (WIPP), and American Express in kicking off the 2024 holiday season. Support our nation’s more than 34 million independent businesses this Small Business Saturday and all holiday season long.
Posted on November 29, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
Is it Good for Retailers … but Bad for Doctors and Consumers?
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If Black Friday 2024 is anything like 2023, retailers may not be swimming in cash while shoppers bathe in savings. Black Friday deals drew 212 million shoppers to stores in fabulous 2010 and collectively spent $39 billion on products and services.
And, the average amount spent by a Black Friday shopper in 2010 was a whopping $365.34.
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Assessment
We predict Black Friday 2024 sales surpass 2023 with a slight increase over 20222 because of fewer shopping days; and the COVID pandemic explosion..
QUESTION: But, is Black Friday good for the [healthcare] economics sector post [thu] the pandemic? Do patients go shopping rather than to the doctor? What about inflation?
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Conclusion
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Posted on November 29, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Black Friday, one of the biggest shopping days of the year, is a half day for the stock market. Both stock exchanges close at 1:00 p.m. ET, with eligible options trading until 1:15 p.m. Normal trading hours resume on the Monday after Thanksgiving, also known as Cyber Monday, when many online retailers host majorsales.
DEFINITION: Reverse logistics—or the supply-chain processes of returns—is a little-known but rapidly growing sector of the economy that’s booming alongside the rise in online shopping that started during the pandemic.
Now, as retailers crack down on returns to avoid hearing another “it was broken when I got it” excuse, some companies are counting on you to send your holiday gifts back. A “reverse logistics” industry has sprung up in recent years to take advantage of the more than $300 billion in returns Americans make every holiday season.
Venture capital firms pumped nearly $200 million into reverse logistics startups last year—over 2.5x as much as in 2021, according to Bloomberg.
Loop Returns, which sells software to companies looking to streamline the return process on the customer side, raised $115 million at the end of 2022.
Established companies see potential in reverse logistics as well. Last year, Uber launched a feature enabling drivers to pick up your packages and bring them to a returns center. Meanwhile, UPS, whose returns business has grown 25% since 2020, recently acquired the startup Happy Returns.
Posted on November 29, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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The Li Keqiang Index was created by The Economist and measure’s China’s economy using three indicators: railway cargo volume, electricity consumption and bank loans.
According to Wikipedia and a leaked US State Department Memorandum, Li Keqiang (then the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Liaoning) told a US ambassador in 2007 that the GDP figures in Liaoning were unreliable and that he himself used the three other indicators: [1] railway cargo volume, [2] electricity consumption and [3] bank loans
The “Keqiang index” is also used by Haitong Securities released in 2013, suggesting decelerating China’s economic growth since the beginning of 2013
The index is seen as an alternative to official gross domestic product numbers released by the Chinese government.
Posted on November 29, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Viataliy Katsenelson CFA
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I’m embarking on something I’ve never done before—I’ve enlisted AI to inform, educate, and maybe even entertain you. I took several essays I wrote and asked my bestie AI to transform them into a radio show-style conversation between two hosts. (The AI tool I used is Notebook LM, a product created by Google.) I didn’t write the scripts myself.
Here were my instructions to the AI: “Here’s my essay. I’m taking a break from writing. Educate, inform and entertain my readers.” That’s it. If what you hear doesn’t surprise you—or even shock you to your socks—I don’t know what will. The future is here.
These essays are just as relevant today as when I first wrote them this summer. You can read the original of the first essay here. Be sure to leave your comments about the conversation you’re about to hear, and feel free to share it with friends, enemies, or even random strangers.
In this episode, my AI friends will discuss stock market math, sideways markets, the role of P/E in market cycles, impact of interest rates on P/E, economic analysis, Magnificent Seven stocks, NVIDIA, and a lot more.
Posted on November 28, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
CLOSINGS TODAY ON THANKSGIVING2024
By Staff Reporters
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United States stock markets will be closed on Thursday, November 28th and will close early on Friday, November 29th in observance of the Thanksgiving Holiday.
The NASDAQ and NYSE will both be closed on Thanksgiving and will open on November 29th, but close early at 1 p.m. ET. The U.S. bond market will also be closed on Thursday and are scheduled to close at 2 p.m. ET on Friday, according to the The Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA)..
After closing for the Thanksgiving holiday, and closing early on Black Friday, it will be business as usual on Wall Street until late December. The next scheduled stock market closure is on Wednesday, December 25th in observance of Christmas. Markets are also scheduled to close early on Christmas Eve
Posted on November 27, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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The S&P 500 and NASDAQ stayed in the green all day, with the S&P 500 hitting yet another new all-time high, while the Dow clawed its way out of negative territory to reach a new high as well.
The minutes from the last Federal Reserve meeting revealed that central bankers feel rate cuts are still warranted, though they’ll need to be gradual. Treasuryyields rose on the news.
Bitcoin continues to fall further away from the promised land of $100,000 as traders begin logging off ahead of the holiday—though bulls believe this is just a pullback to gather momentum ahead of the final push.
Posted on November 27, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
In breaking news, the Biden administration is attempting to cover anti-obesity drugs for weight loss under Medicare and Medicaid. A recent study finds 137 million people are eligible for semaglutide drugs nationwide.
Another insurer can claim victory against CMS after UnitedHealthcare prevailed in its star ratings lawsuit on Friday. The feds will now have to recalculate the scores.
And ... Emory Healthcare is looking to expand value-based care for more than 350,000 patients through a population health partnership with tech company Guidehealth.
Amgen’s new drug did help patients lose up to 20% of their weight in a given year, but that wasn’t enough to impress shareholders, who kicked shares down 4.76%.
Kohl’s plummeted 17.01% after the retailer met revenue expectations but missed on earnings last quarter. It definitely doesn’t help that the CEO announced his retirement last night.
Abercrombie & Fitch’s turnaround is well underway, and the company beat earnings forecasts last quarter and projected strong holiday sales. But it still fell short of shareholder expectations, and the stock sank 5.10% today.
Best Buy rounded out retailer earnings today, dropping 4.89% after missing revenue expectations last quarter and cutting its full-year guidance.
Zoom Communications changed its name, but that wasn’t enough to save the company from a 6.31% decline today thanks to its tepid fiscal outlook.
The S&P 500® index (SPX)rose 34.26 points (0.57%) to 6,021.63; the Dow Jones Industrial Average®($DJI) added 123.74 points (0.28%) to 44,860.31; and the NASDAQ Composite®($COMP) gained 119.46 points (0.63%) to 19,174.30.
The 10-year Treasury note yield climbed four basis points to 4.3% after Trump’s tariff comments, but shorter-term yields fell after the Fed minutes, keeping the yield curve slightly out of inversion.
The CBOE Volatility Index®(VIX)dropped to 14.19, near a two-week low.
Posted on November 26, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Switch Tracking is the art of changing the focus of an argument or conversation to another topic. It’s like sleight of hand for your words. When the discussion gets uncomfortable, switching tracks can divert attention and defuse tension. Politicians are masters of this, skillfully shifting topics to avoid tough questions.
According to psychologist and colleague Dan Ariely PhD, while it can be a useful tactic, be aware when it’s being used on you. Stay focused on the main issue, and don’t let switch tracking derail your conversation.
Spread duration is a risk measure, expressed in years, that estimates the price sensitivity of a fixed income investment to a 100 basis point change in credit spreads relative to similar-maturity Treasuries.
Spread sectors (aka “spread products,” “spread securities”) in fixed income parlance, are typically non-Treasury securities that usually trade in the fixed income markets at higher yields than same-maturity U.S. Treasury securities. The yield difference between Treasuries and non-Treasuries is called the “spread”), hence the name “spread sectors” for non-Treasuries.
These sectors–such as corporate-issued securities and mortgage-backed securities (MBS–typically trade at higher yields (spreads) than Treasuries because they usually have relatively lower credit quality and more credit / default risk and / or they have more prepayment risk.
Spread widening, tightening are changes in spreads that reflect changes in relative value, with “spread widening” usually indicating relative price depreciation and “spread tightening” indicating relative price appreciation.
In fixed income parlance, spreads are simply measured differences or gaps that exists between two interest rates or yields that are being compared with each other. Spreads typically exist and are measured between fixed income securities of the same credit quality, but different maturities, or of the same maturity, but different credit quality.
Changes in spreads typically reflect changes in relative value, with “spread widening” usually indicating relative price depreciation of the securities whose yields are increasing most, and “spread tightening” indicating relative price appreciation of the securities whose yields are declining most (or remaining relatively fixed while other yields are rising to meet them). Value-oriented investors typically seek to buy when spreads are relatively wide and sell after spreads tighten.
Posted on November 26, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
The Commonwealth Fund’s 2024 biennial health insurance survey, released November 21, found that though 79% of US adults had continuous health insurance for 12 months, 23% were under insured, meaning they have health insurance and still can’t afford care. About 56% of those surveyed had adequate insurance coverage all year.
Flying taxi company VerticalAerospace popped 45.51% after announcing an additional $50 million in funding from one of its biggest shareholders.
STOCKS DOWN
Defense contractor stocks got a double whammy today: Hopes of a ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah, combined with Elon Musk’s declaration on X that buying manned military aircraft is wasteful. LockheedMartin fell 3.76%, NorthropGrumman dropped 2.39%, and Raytheon Technologies parent company RTX Corp. fell 1.74%.
Speaking of Musk, Tesla sank 3.96% after California announced it may exclude the automaker from incentives that encourage drivers to buy EVs in the state.
Pipeline operator Oneok lost 4.72% on the news that it will acquire the remaining portion of EnLink Midstream that it doesn’t already own.
After rallying last week thanks to its inclusion in the S&P 500, Texas Pacific Land sank 6.71% today as investors took profits.
The SPX rose 18.03 points (0.30%) to 5,987.37; the $DJI added 440.06 points (0.99%) to 44,736.57; and the NASDAQ Composite®($COMP) gained 51.18 points (0.27%) to 19,054.84.
The 10-year Treasury note yield fell 15 basis points to 4.27%.
The CBOE Volatility Index® (VIX)dropped to 14.74, the lowest since November 14.
Posted on November 25, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION
By Staff Reporters
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According to colleague Dan Ariely PhD,Illusory Correlation is the perception of a relationship between variables when none exists. It’s like thinking that carrying an umbrella causes it to rain. Our brains are pattern-seeking machines, often connecting dots that aren’t actually connected. This bias can lead to superstitions and incorrect beliefs.
The illusory correlation occurs when someone believes that there is a relationship between two people, events, or behaviors, even though there is no logical way to connect them. The illusory correlation fools us into believing stereotypes, superstitions, old wives’ tales, and other silly ideas. Sometimes, the perceived connection between two events is harmless. It’s silly to think that a certain number always brings you luck. But forming these connections is completely normal. To avoid illusory correlations, rely on data and evidence rather than anecdotal observations.
So always remember: correlation does not imply causation, no matter how convincing it seems.
Posted on November 25, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Amazon invests $4 billion more in Anthropic. The deal marks the second time in a year that Amazon has earmarked $4 billion for Anthropic as it seeks to keep pace with its main rival, OpenAI, which raised $6.6 billion in October.
Morningstar Inc. has announced a change to the methodology for its Morningstar Medalist Rating system that it says provides a more precise assessment of investment alpha. The change, which will take effect on October 29th, will alter the medalist ratings of about 20% of the 200,000 funds Morningstar has rated, with most of those changes downgrades. For example, Morningstar expects around 40% of funds currently assigned Bronze ratings globally will be assigned Neutral ratings after the change.
Sensation, emotion and cognition work by Contrast Effect [cognitive bias].
Now, such perception is not only on an absolute scale, it also functions relative to prior stimuli. This is why room temperature water feels hot when experienced after being exposed to the cold. It is also why the cessation of negative emotions “feels” so good.
Cognitive bias functioning also works on this principle. So one’s ability to analyze information and draw conclusions is very much related to the context with in which the analysis takes place, and to what information was originally available. This is why it is so important to manage one’s own expectations as well as those of a financial advisor’s or stock broker’s clients.
For example, a client is much more likely to be satisfied with a 10% portfolio return if they were expecting 7% than if they were hoping for 15%.
Basis Points are used in financial literature to express values that are carried out to two decimal places (hundredths of a percentage point), particularly ratios, such as yields, fees, and returns. Basis points describe values that are typically on the right side of the decimal point–one basis point equals one one-hundredth of a percentage point (0.01%). So 25 basis points equals 0.25%, and 50 basis points equals 0.50%.
Only when basis points equal or exceed 100 does the value move to the left of the decimal point–100 basis points equals 1.00%, 500 basis points equals 5.00%, etc.
Bid/Ask Spread (also known as bid/offer spread) is the difference between the National Best Bid and the National Best Offer, which represents the implied cost to trade a security.
As compensation for the risk taken, the market maker (or dealer) earns the bid/offer spread in exchange for facilitating the trade. Wider spreads generally indicate higher costs associated with trading the underlying assets in the ETF, hedging costs, inventory management costs, and general market risk.
Posted on November 23, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Tobacco bonds are a form of municipal debt securities and securitized debt whose payment obligations are tied to a master medical lawsuit settlement agreement between 46 states and several major U.S. tobacco companies.
In exchange for the states settling their lawsuits against the tobacco industry for recovery of tobacco-related health care costs and exempting the tobacco companies from private tort liability regarding harm caused by tobacco use, the companies agreed to curtail or cease certain tobacco marketing practices and to pay, in perpetuity, various annual payments to the states to compensate for the medical costs of tobacco-related illnesses.
These tobacco industry payments have been securitized into municipal bonds. One underlying risk, among others, is that if certain conditions are met, the tobacco companies may reduce or suspend part of their payments.
Posted on November 23, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Inflation has hit record levels this year as demand for goods and services far outpaced supply, and many companies are still trying to bounce back from the shutdowns of early 2020. Health systems, which have razor-thin operating margins even in the best of times, aren’t an exception.
“In the past, we’ve always said that healthcare was kind of recession-proof because demand for healthcare keeps going, regardless of what’s happening in the economy,” said Tina Wheeler, leader of consulting firm Deloitte’s US healthcare practice.
But in the last year, inflation hovered around 8% for much of the year, while medical-care prices increased by only 4.8%, according to Wheeler. Since medical costs are negotiated between hospitals and payers years in advance, hospitals can’t just raise their prices now to keep up with the pace of inflation, said Gerard Brogan Jr., senior vice president and chief revenue officer at Northwell Health.
Inflation could cause an additional $370 billion more in healthcare spending than the expected baseline increase by 2027, according to McKinsey.
The national health expenditure could grow at a rate of 7.1% over the next five years, compared to the expected economic growth rate of 4.7%, according to McKinsey.
By the end of 2021, total hospital expenses per adjusted discharge were up 20.1% compared to 2019, according to the trade group American Hospital Association.
Rising interest rates also hurt hospitals since their main access to capital is through issuing tax-exempt bonds, Wheeler said. The rising cost of capital limits hospitals’ ability to fund projects, like opening a new oncology center to treat patients, for example. Keep reading here
The www.MedicalBusinessAdvisors.com is focused solely on appraising medical practices, surgery centers [ASCs], medicine, podiatry, optometry and allied healthcare businesses.
Working with our affiliated partners, like the ME-P and others, we are also available for behemoth multi-specialty medical practices, major clinics, hospitals, related healthcare organizations and networks, and PHOs, etc.
We are backed by the expertise of dedicated appraisers and valuation analysts who are trained by the foremost organizations in our industry www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org
Practice owners, attorneys and accountants retain us for projects including, but not limited to the following:.
There are a Myriad of Reasons for Obtaining a Medical Practice Valuation and Appraisal Engagement
Outright selling-buying
Partnership and Associate buy-in / buy-out
Mergers and Acquisitions
Organic growth tracking
Hospital integrations
Private and public reporting
Financing and Venture Capital
Estate and tax planning
Our Capability
We have the ability to provide extensive analysis of value components in healthcare practices and provide appraisals based on business, economic, and market conditions. This involves detailed examination of financials and clinical data in the context of numerous factors including medical specialty, physician supply and demand, payer mix, regulatory environment, regional dynamics, and risk premium.
Assessment
Our methods and approaches adhere to accepted standards of healthcare practice appraisal and utilize direct market data to reach justifiable conclusions. These are documented in a comprehensive report which is tailored to meet the need of the specific engagement.
SAMPLE ENGAGEMENTS: See partial engagement list below.
Conclusion
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Prepayment risk is typically used in reference to mortgage-backed securities. It refers to the risk that mortgage refinancing activity might increase when market interest rates decline, which is generally not favorable for MBS investors.
For example, when homeowners refinance their mortgages, MBS investors are “prepaid,” shortening the life of their investments and forcing investors to reinvest the proceeds under lower interest rate conditions than what were most likely prevailing at the time of the original MBS investment.
Price adjustments for prepayment risk are one factor that helps explain why MBS, despite their generally high credit quality, have higher yields than comparable-maturity Treasury securities.
Posted on November 22, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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A “Tipping point” has slightly varied meanings depending upon the field of study, but is frequently defined as a series of small changes in an evolutionary process that ultimately lead to a significant change or point beyond which new circumstances and conditions obtain.
For example, the point at which emerging economies go from being a long-time source of deflation to a source of inflation can be said to be an inflationary tipping point.
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The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference is the debut book by Malcolm Gladwell, first published by Litttle, Brown in 2000. Gladwell defines a tipping point as “the moment of critical mass, the threshold, the boiling point.” The book seeks to explain and describe the “mysterious” sociological changes that mark everyday life. As Gladwell stated: “Ideas and products and messages and behaviors spread like viruses do.”
Examples of such changes in his book include the rise in popularity and sales of Hush Puppies shoes in the mid-1990s and the steep drop in New York City‘s crime rate after 1990.
Posted on November 22, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
The DOJ asked a judge to force Google to sell its Chrome browser, following his ruling that Google maintained an illegal monopoly in search. Ford said it is cutting 4,000 jobs in Europe, about 14% of its workforce on the continent, citing weak demand for EVs and competition from Chinese cars.
Data analytics firm Snowflake soared 32.71% after posting impressive earnings, including a 28% increase in revenue last quarter.
BJ’s Wholesale Club has had an okay year, but its latest earnings report gave shareholders plenty to cheer. The big news: BJ’s is increasing its membership fee for the first time in seven years. Shares rose 8.24%.
Despite the fact that the world’s largest farming equipment manufacturer sees a big slowdown ahead, Deere beat earnings estimates last quarter, which was enough to help shares climb 8.12%.
STOCKS DOWN
It took a second, but it’s finally registering that Alphabet may be forced by the Department of Justice to divest its popular Chrome browser. Shares fell 4.74% as investors digest this stark reality.
Speaking of search engines, Baidu sank 5.90% after the Chinese tech stock missed analyst estimates on both earnings and revenue last quarter.
Speaking of Chinese companies, PDD Holdings, parent company of online retailer Temu, reported higher earnings and revenue last quarter—but it still fell short of analyst forecasts. Shares dropped 10.64%.
Speaking of struggling retailers, Beyond Inc., the company that owns Bed, Bath & Beyond and Overstock.com, was supposed to invest $40 million into struggling retailer The Container Store. Unfortunately for both, the deal fell through. Shares of Beyond sank 2.87%, while The Container Store dropped 9.79%.
The SPX buoyed 31.60 points (0.53%) to 5,948.71; the Dow Jones Industrial Average® ($DJI) rose 461.88 points (1.06%) to 43,870.35; and the NASDAQ Composite®($COMP) stayed relatively flat, up 6.28 points (0.03%) to 18,972.42.
The 10-year Treasury note yield added two basis points to 4.42%, staying rangebound.
The CBOE Volatility Index® (VIX) slipped to 16.87, still above last week’s levels.
Posted on November 21, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Active investment management strategies are the opposite of passive investment strategies. Active portfolio managers regularly take investment positions that clearly differ from those of the portfolio’s performance benchmark, with the objective of outperforming the benchmark over time.
In addition to the upside potential of outperforming the benchmark, there’s also the downside possibility of under performing the benchmark. In an efficient market, there should be roughly the same magnitude of out performers and under performers for any given benchmark. But, markets are not always efficient.
Active non-transparent investment management strategies are Exchange Traded Funds that are actively managed by a portfolio manager or team of managers without daily disclosure of portfolio holdings. Active transparent strategies are daily disclosures of portfolio holdings as an attribute of traditional index-based Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). Active transparent exchange traded funds are actively managed by a portfolio manager or team of managers. As with index-based ETFs, their portfolio holdings are disclosed daily.
NOTE: Absolute return as an investment vehicle seeks to make positive returns by employing investment management techniques that differ from traditional mutual funds. Absolute return investment techniques include using short selling, futures, options, derivatives, arbitrage, leverage and unconventional assets.
Posted on November 21, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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The Grossman-Stiglitz Paradox was introduced by Sanford J. Grossman and Joseph Stiglitz in a joint publication in American Economic Review in 1980 that argues perfectly informationally efficient markets are an impossibility since, if prices perfectly reflected available information, there is no profit to gathering information, in which case there would be little reason to trade and markets would eventually collapse.
IOW: According to colleague Eugene Schmuckler PhD MBA CTS, the Grossman-Stiglitz paradox is the inability to recoup the cost of obtaining market information and thus implies that efficient markets cannot exist.
Posted on November 21, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Williams-Sonoma soared 27.50% to a record high after the home goods store beat top and bottom line earnings expectations. Its operating profit margin jumped to 17.8% from 17% last year, and the company said its board greenlit a $1 billion stock buyback plan.
Wix jumped 14.31% on a solid beat for its third quarter. Profit for the software firm reached $0.46 per share, compared to the $0.12 per share it reported last year.
Lemonade rose 16.04% after Morgan Stanley upgraded the insurance company from “underweight” to “equal-weight.” At its investor day, Lemonade unveiled a plan to juice its premiums from $1 billion to $10 billion over the next several years.
STOCKS DOWN
Ford said it was cutting 4,000 jobs in Europe, about 14% of its workforce on the continent, citing weak demand for EVs and competition from Chinese cars. Shares fell 2.90%.
Qualcomm dropped 6.34% after its first Investor Day in three years disappointed. On Tuesday, the chipmaker revealed its big plans to expand from its bread-and-butter smartphone business into making chips for cars and PCs.
Elf sank 2.23% after short seller Carson Block, the founder of Muddy Waters Research, accused the beauty company of inflating revenue.
The S&P 500® index (SPX) stayed mostly flat, up 0.13 points (0.0%) to 5,917.11; the Dow Jones Industrial Average® ($DJI) rose 139.53 points (0.32%) to 43,408.47; and the NASDAQ Composite®($COMP) fell 21.32 points (0.11%) to 18,966.14.
The 10-year Treasury note yield added four basis points to 4.41%.
The CBOE Volatility Index® (VIX) climbed to 17.26, near recent highs.
Stocks sank yesterday on news that Russian President Vladimir Putin lowered the threshold for using nuclear weapons, retaliation against the US for allowing Ukraine to use American-made long-range missiles. The NASDAQ and S&P 500 managed to recover, but the DJIA stayed all day in the red.
Treasury yields dropped as bonds rose.
Gold popped as traders sought safety, as the commodity benefited from the US dollar pulling back from a recent one-year high.
Bitcoin continued to climb slowly but surely, reaching another new all-time high.
Classic Definition: A comprehensive review of a physician, clinic, facility, medical provider or hospital’s charges to ensure Medicare billing compliance through complete and accurate HCPCS/CPT and UB-92 revenue code assignments for all items including supplies and pharmaceuticals. The charge master captures the costs of each procedure, service, supply, prescription drug, and diagnostic test provided at the hospital, as well as any fees associated with services, such as equipment fees and room charges
Modern Circumstance: A charge master quizlet (charge description master [CDM]) document that contains a computer-generated list of procedures, services, and supplies with charges for each. Charge master rates are essentially the health care market equivalent of Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) in the car buying market. Poor charge master maintenance can lead to overpayments or underpayments. It can also lead to claim rejections from insurance companies, poor patient experience, or compliance violations.
Paradox Examples:
Superbills: An encounter form that is the financial record source document used by healthcare providers and other personnel to record treated diagnoses and services rendered to the patient during the current encounter. It is also called a superbill.
Payment rates: Almost no one actually pays the publicized charge master rates. The vast majority of health care consumers are represented by a payer of some kind, such as a commercial health insurance company, Medicaid, or Medicare. Commercial insurers negotiate the actual prices they pay during the process of contracting with providers. Medicare and Medicaid establish their own payment levels independent of hospitals’ charge master lists – Medicare through the federal government and Medicaid through state governments.
Cash pay: The sad irony of the charge master is that the uninsured are the most likely to be billed charge master rates because they are not represented by a third-party payer.
Problematic features: Other items also impede the ability of payers to have a comprehensive and accurate understanding of hospitals’ financial positions. For example, nonprofit hospitals are required to report charity care, bad debt expenses, community benefit initiatives, and uncompensated care. When these expenses are reported at the charge master level, expenses can be paradoxically overstated, potentially making a hospital’s financial position look worse than it actually is.
A trader can gain by throwing away some of his/her initial endowment.
SAMPLE: There is an economy with two commodities (x and y) and two traders (e.g. Alice and Bob).
In one situation, the initial endowments are (20,0) and (0,10), i.e, Alice has twenty units of commodity x and Bob has ten units of commodity y. Then, the market opens for trade. In equilibrium, Alice’s bundle is (4,2), i.e, she has four units of x and two units of y.
In the second situation, Alice decides to discard half of her initial endowment – she throws away 10 units of commodity x. Then, the market opens for trade. In equilibrium, Alice’s bundle is (5,5) – she has more of every commodity than in the first situation.
The “throw away paradox” was first described by Robert J. Aumann and B. Peleg as a note on a similar paradox by David Gale.
Volatility indexes are forward-looking measures of the market’s expectations of volatility (or how much a stock index’s price moves). The CBOE manages and publishes three of the most widely used volatility indexes based on three major stock indexes:
The VIX Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the S&P 500 Index.
The VXN Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the NASDAQ-100 Index.
The VXD Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index.
A Stop order, also known as a “stop-loss order,” a stop order is an order placed with a bank or brokerage firm to either buy or sell a security after it reaches a specified price. Once the price is reached, the stop order becomes a market order, meaning there is no guarantee that an order will be completely filled at the specified stop price.
A Stop-limit order is order placed with a bank or brokerage firm to buy or sell a fixed amount of an investment after it reaches a specified or better price, combining the features of a stop order and a limit order.
A stop-limit order requires investors to set two price points: the first initiates the stop (the order to buy or sell) and the second sets the limit, or price beyond which the investor would not like to buy or sell. The investor also sets a time frame for which the order is valid before being cancelled. If the investor’s price cannot be met during the specified time frame, the order will be cancelled.
Posted on November 19, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Stocks ended the day mixed, with the Dow sinking into the red while the S&P 500 and NASDAQ kicked off the week on a positive note thanks to gains from tech stocks.
Oil popped on a double-whammy of news: Long-range, US-made ballistic missiles launched from Ukraine into Russia might disrupt oil supply, while the shutdown of Norway’s Johan Sverdrup oil field due to a power outage will definitelydisrupt oil supply.
Crypto continued its hot streak today: Bitcoin popped back above $90,000, giving other cryptocurrencies a boost.
Bitcoin’s boom has certainly helped MicroStrategy, which announced today that it purchased 51,780 bitcoins for approximately $4.6 billion in cash, or roughly $88,627 per bitcoin, in the last week alone.
The new Trump Trade continues: The president-elect’s selection of Liberty Energy CEO Chris Wright to lead the Department of Energy gave Liberty a 4.85% boost today. Wright is also on the board of nuclear company Oklo, which popped 14.83%.
Netflix disappointed viewers with its glitchy showing of Jake Paul vs. Mike Tyson, but shareholders forgave the company after it announced record viewership of the fight. Shares climbed 2.80%.
CVS Health gained 5.41% on news that it struck a deal with activist investor Glenview Capital Management to add four new seats to its board.
Robinhood jumped 8.29% to a new all-time high thanks to an upgrade from Needham analysts giving the investing app a “buy” rating due to its crypto offerings under a pro-crypto Trump presidency.
Warner Bros. Discovery rose 2.71% on a Wall Street Journal report that it has settled its legal dispute with the NBA, guaranteeing broadcast rights for the next decade.
STOCKS DOWN
Nvidia isn’t often in this section of the newsletter, but the semiconductor leader sank 1.29% today on a report from The Information that its new Blackwell chips are prone to overheating.
Palantir popped after moving over to the Nasdaq last week, but the red-hot software stock dropped 6.86% as investors collected profits.
Redfin may help you buy a house, but the online real estate brokerage is a “sell,” according to Goldman Sachs. The Wall Street firm cited low home sales, low affordability, and low chances of success in a competitive market. Shares fell 4.42%.
Uber dropped 5.35% to a new 52-week low on the threat of Tesla’s robotaxis ruling the road thanks to a Trump administration that seems keen on cutting self-driving regulations.
The SPX was up 23.00 points (0.4%) to 5893.62; the Dow Jones Industrial Average® ($DJI) fell 55.39 points (0.1%) to 43,389.6; and the NASDAQ Composite®($COMP) was up 111.69 points (0.6%) to 18,791.81.
The 10-year Treasury note yield fell one basis point to 4.41%.
Posted on November 18, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Vitaliy Katsenelson CFA
For a while in the value investing community the number of positions you held was akin to bragging on your manhood– the fewer positions you owned the more macho an investor you were.
I remember meeting two investors at a value conference. At the time they had both had “walk on water” streaks of returns. One had a seven-stock portfolio, the other held three stocks. Sadly, the financial crisis humbled both – the three-stock guy suffered irreparable losses and went out of business (losing most of his clients’ money). The other, after living through a few incredibly difficult years and an investor exodus, is running a more diversified portfolio today.
Under-diversification is dangerous, because a few mistakes or a visit from Bad Luck may prove to be fatal to the portfolio.
On the other extreme, you have a mutual fund industry where it is common to see portfolios with hundreds of stocks (I am generalizing). There are many reasons for that. Mutual funds have an army of analysts who need to be kept busy; their voices need to be heard; and thus their stock picks need to find their way into the portfolio (there are a lot of internal politics in this portfolio).
These portfolios are run against benchmarks; thus their construction starts to resemble Noah’s Ark, bringing on board a few animals (stocks) from each industry. Also, the size of the fund may limit its ability to buy large positions in small companies.
There are several problems with this approach. First, and this is the important one, it breeds indifference: If a 0.5% position doubles or gets halved, it will have little impact on the portfolio. The second problem is that it is difficult to maintain research on all these positions. Yes, a mutual fund will have an army of analysts following each industry, but the portfolio manager is the one making the final buy and sell decisions. Third, the 75th idea is probably not as good as the 30th, especially in an overvalued market where good ideas are scarce.
Then you have index funds. On the surface they are over-diversified, but they don’t suffer from the over-diversification headaches of managed funds. In fact, index funds are both over-diversified and under-diversified. Let’s take the S&P 500 – the most popular of the bunch. It owns the 500 largest companies in the US. You’d think it was a diversified portfolio, right? Well, kind of. The top eight companies account for more than 25% of the index. Also, the construction of the index favors stocks that are usually more expensive or that have recently appreciated (it is market-cap-weighted); thus you are “diversified” across a lot of overvalued stocks.
If you own hundreds of securities that are exposed to the same idiosyncratic risk, then are you really diversified?
Our portfolio construction process is built from a first-principles perspective. If a Martian visited Earth and decided to try his hand at value investing, knowing nothing about common (usually academic) conventions, how would he construct a portfolio?
We want to have a portfolio where we own not too many stocks, so that every decision we make matters – we have both skin and soul in the game in each decision. But we don’t want to own so few that a small number of stocks slipping on a banana will send us into financial ruin.
In our portfolio construction, we are trying to maximize both our IQ and our EQ (emotional quotient). Too few stocks will decapitate our EQ – we won’t be able to sleep well at night, as the relatively large impact of a low-probability risk could have a devastating impact on the portfolio. I wrote about the importance of good sleep before (link here). It’s something we take seriously at IMA.
Holding too many stocks will result in both a low EQ and low IQ. It is very difficult to follow and understand the drivers of the business of hundreds of stocks, therefore a low IQ about individual positions will eventually lead to lower portfolio EQ. When things turn bad, a constant in investing, you won’t intimately know your portfolio – you’ll be surrounded by a lot of (tiny-position) strangers.
Portfolio construction is a very intimate process. It is unique to one’s EQ and IQ. Our typical portfolios have 20–30 stocks. Our “focused” portfolios have 12–15 stocks (they are designed for clients where we represent only a small part of their total wealth). There is nothing magical about these numbers – they are just the Goldilocks levels for us, for our team and our clients. They allow room for bad luck, but at the same time every decision we make matters.
Now let’s discuss position sizing. We determine position sizing through a well-defined quantitative process. The goals of this process are to achieve the following: Shift the portfolio towards higher-quality companies with higher returns. Take emotion out of the portfolio construction process. And finally, insure healthy diversification.
Our research process is very qualitative: We read annual reports, talk to competitors and ex-employees, build financial models, and debate stocks among ourselves and our research network. In our valuation analysis we try to kill the business – come up with worst-case fair value (where a company slips on multiple bananas) and reasonable fair value.
We also assign a quality rating to each company in the portfolio. Quality is absolute for us – we don’t allow low-quality companies in, no matter how attractive the valuation is (though that doesn’t mean we don’t occasionally misjudge a company’s quality).
The same company, at different stock prices, will merit a higher or lower position size. In other words, if company A is worth (fair value) $100, at $60 it will be a 3% position and at $40 it will be a 5% position. Company B, of a lower quality than A but also worth $100, will be a 2% position at $60 and a 4% position at $40 (I just made up these numbers for illustration purposes).
In other words, if there are two companies that have similar expected returns, but one is of higher quality than the other, our system will automatically allocate a larger percentage of the portfolio to the higher-quality company. If you repeat this exercise on a large number of stocks, you cannot but help to shift your portfolio to higher-quality, higher-return stocks. It’s a system of meritocracy where we marry quality and return.
Let’s talk about diversification. We don’t go out of our way to diversify the portfolio. At least, not in a traditional sense. We are not going to allocate 7% to mining stocks because that is the allocation in the index or they are negatively correlated to soft drink companies. (We don’t own either and are not sure if the above statement is even true, but you get the point.)
We try to assemble a portfolio of high-quality companies that are attractively priced, whose businesses march to different drummers and are not impacted by the same risks. Just as bank robbers rob banks because that is where the money is, value investors gravitate towards sectors where the value is. To keep our excitement (our emotions) in check, and to make sure we are not overexposed to a single industry, we set hard limits of industry exposure. These limits range from 10%–20%. We also set limits of country exposure, ranging from 7%–30% (ex-US).
In portfolio construction, our goal is not to limit the volatility of the portfolio but to reduce true risk – the permanent loss of capital. We are constantly thinking about the types of risks we are taking. Do we have too much exposure to a weaker or stronger dollar? To higher or lower interest rates? Do we have too much exposure to federal government spending? I know, risk is a four-letter word that has lost its meaning. But not to us. Low interest rates may have time-shifted risk into the future, but they haven’t cured it.
Posted on November 17, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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George Boole, an English mathematician from the 19th century, developed an algebraic method that he first described in his 1847 book, The Mathematical Analysis of Logic and expounded upon in his An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854).
Boolean algebra is fundamental to modern computing, and all major programming languages include it. It also figures heavily in statistical methods and set theory.
Today’s database searches are largely based on Boolean logic, which allows us to specify parameters in detail — for example, combining terms to include while excluding others. A Boolean search, in the context of a search engine, is a type of search where you can use special words or symbols to limit, widen, or define your search.
This is possible through Boolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT, plus symbols like + (add) and – (subtract).
When you include an operator in a Boolean search, you’re either introducing flexibility to get a wider range of results, or you’re defining limitations to reduce the number of unrelated results.
Posted on November 17, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Dedicated short bias strategies short stocks expected to depreciate as a result of company-specific catalysts or falling markets. These strategies maintain a net short exposure to the equity market, seeking to reduce equity portfolio volatility and offer the potential to earn returns in falling equity markets. Of course, they may be challenged in periods of rising equity markets.
From Shorting to a Short Bias
Prior to the long-term bull market for U.S. equities that took place in the 1980s and 1990s, many hedge funds used a dedicated short strategy, rather than a dedicated short bias strategy.
The dedicated short strategy was one that exclusively took short positions. The dedicated short funds were virtually destroyed during the bull market, so the dedicated short bias fund emerged and took a more balanced approach. The long holdings are enough to keep losses manageable, although funds can still run into problems with leverage and capital flight if losses continue for too long.
Posted on November 16, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Variety Insensitivity is the tendency to under appreciate the value of variety in choices.
According to Dan Ariely PhD, it’s like always ordering the same dish at your favorite restaurant and forgetting how exciting new flavors can be. Our brains love routine, but this can lead to boredom and missed opportunities. Embracing variety can enhance experiences and satisfaction.
So, next time you’re stuck in a rut, shake things up and try something different. Your brain will thank you for the new stimulation.
Social Proof is a subtle but powerful reality that having others agree with a decision one makes, gives that person more conviction in the decision, and having others disagree decreases one’s confidence in that decision.
This bias is even more exaggerated when the other parties providing the validating/questioning opinions are perceived to be experts in a relevant field, or are authority figures, like doctors, attorneys, financial advisors, teachers and/or people on television. In many ways, the short term moves in the stock market are the ultimate expression of social proof – the price of a stock one owns going up is proof that a lot of other people agree with the decision to buy, and a dropping stock price means a stock should be sold.
According to colleague Dan Ariely PhD, when these stressors become extreme, it is of paramount importance that all participants in the financial planning and investing process have a clear understanding of what the long-term goals are, and what processes are in place to monitor the progress towards these goals.
Without these mechanisms it is very hard to resist the enormous pressure to follow the crowd; think social media and related influences.
Convertible securities are those that can be converted at the investor’s choice into other investments, normally into shares of the issuer’s underlying common stock. Convertibles are typically issued as bonds or preferred stock.
Convertible bonds, which provide an ongoing stream of income, can be converted into a preset number of shares of the company’s common stock and have a maturity date. Unlike common stock, which pays a variable dividend depending on a corporation’s earnings, convertible preferred stock pays a fixed quarterly dividend. It can be converted into common stock at any time, but often are perpetual.
Corporate securities (corporate bonds and notes) are debt instruments issued by corporations, as distinct from those issued by governments, government agencies, or municipalities.
Corporate securities typically have the following features: 1) they are taxable, 2) they tend to have more credit (default) risk than government or municipal securities, so they tend to have higher yields than comparable-maturity securities in those sectors; and 3) they are traded on major exchanges, with prices published in newspapers.