Obtaining Income in a Low Interest-Rate Economic Ecosystem
By Jeffery S. Coons; PhD, CFP®
Managing Principal-Manning & Napier Advisors, Inc
The general trend of declining interest rates experienced over the last decade and a-half, part of a long-term trend Manning & Napier Advisors, Inc. had focused on since the early 1980’s, created new challenges for managing investment portfolios with regular and significant cash withdrawals. And, this report will provide an analysis of the investment implications of withdrawals in light of the secular shift in the economic and market conditions; for all physician, healthcare executives, and financial advisors The analysis aims to guide decisions as to the appropriate level of withdrawals from an account in this environment.
Restricted Ability to Generate Income
Declining interest rates restrict the ability to generate income from high quality investments, so a greater proportion of a given withdrawal requirement must come from the potential price appreciation of the securities.
Of course, the inherently volatile nature of the financial markets makes price appreciation the less predictable of the sources of total return available to fund withdrawal needs. The natural questions that arise from this observation include:
· What withdrawal rate inhibits the ability to pursue long-term capital growth as a primary investment objective?
· What withdrawal rate may create a significant risk of a sustained deterioration of capital?
· What is a reasonable range of withdrawal rates given the relatively low interest rate environment that we face?
Interest Rates and Dividend Yields
The answer to the first question can be derived by looking at interest rates and dividend yields of the recent past. For example, with a dividend yield of 1.0%-2.0% on stocks (e.g., the current yield on the S&P 500 Index as of December 1999 is 1.2%) and yields on intermediate-term and long-term fixed income securities between 6.0% and 6.5% (e.g., as of December 1999, a one-year Treasury Bill has a yield of 6.0% and a thirty-year Treasury bond has a yield of 6.5%), growth-oriented portfolios should have generally produced a level of income adequate to allow 2.5%-3.5% withdrawals on an annual basis.
Thus, rates of withdrawal of less than 3.5% generally should not inhibit the pursuit of long-term capital growth as a primary investment objective.
High End Results
To establish the high end of the achievable withdrawals under a management approach pursuing long-term capital growth, consider some additional historical evidence.
For example, assume that withdrawals are taken from each of three portfolios (i.e., 100% stocks, 80% stocks/20% bonds, and 50% stocks/50% bonds using data from Ibbotson Associates, Inc.) starting at the beginning of 1973. How many years did it take to regain the original capital of the portfolio?
As can be seen in the table below, it took between 4-8 years for these portfolios to recover from the 1973-74 bear market with a 5.0% withdrawal rate. If withdrawals are at a 7.5% rate per year, over ten years elapsed before the original capital was restored. Finally, with a 10.0% withdrawal rate, it took between 13-15 years to restore the capital.
While the 1973-74 bear market was severe, it is not the worst bear market that can be used to illustrate the risk of significant withdrawals taken when the portfolio’s market value is depressed. The clear conclusion is that withdrawals of greater than 5.0% are a potential impediment to pursuing long-term capital growth, given the long periods required to restore capital for the various growth-oriented asset mixes offered in this analysis.
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When Was Original (12/72) Capital Restored?
|
|
|
5.0% W/D
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7.5% W/D
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10.0% W/D
|
|
100%
Stock
|
9/80
(7.75 years)
|
6/83
(10.5 years)
|
6/86
(14.5 years)
|
|
80% Stock/ 20% Bond
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9/80
(7.75 years)
|
3/83
(10.25 years)
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6/86
(14.5 years)
|
|
50% Stock/ 50% Bond
|
12/76
(4.0 years)
|
3/83
(10.25 years)
|
3/87
(15.25 years)
|
Understanding Market Value
Another key issue to remember is that the withdrawal rates above are a percentage of current market value, so the dollar value of the cash withdrawn from the account is assumed to decline in a bear market.
However, most of us think of our withdrawal needs in terms of dollars instead of percentages (e.g., $50,000 from a $1,000,000 account, which translates to 5%). If we attempt to maintain the dollar value of withdrawals in bear market periods, the percentage of current market value being withdrawn actually increases, and the impact on the portfolio far exceeds the example provided above.
To demonstrate, consider maintaining withdrawals of $50,000, $75,000 and $100,000 on an account with a $1,000,000 market value as of 12/72 (see table below). In the case of a $50,000 annual withdrawal, approximately 8-10 years elapse before the original $1,000,000 market value is restored. If the withdrawals are $75,000 per year, 13 years elapse for the 50/50 asset mix and almost 19 years pass for the 80/20 asset mix before the $1,000,000 is restored. For the 100% stock portfolio, nearly 25 years elapse before the original $1,000,000 is restored.
Finally, for $100,000 withdrawals off of a $1,000,000 market value in 1972, all capital in the account is depleted within 10-15 years given these withdrawals. Thus, the risk of significant cash withdrawals having a detrimental impact on the ability to preserve and grow capital is much more pronounced when withdrawals remain high in dollar terms.
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When Was Original Capital ($1,000,000 in 12/72) Restored?
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|
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$50,000 W/D
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$75,000 W/D
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$100,000 W/D
|
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100% Stock
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3/83
(10.25 years)
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9/97
(24.75 years)
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Capital Depleted
9/83
|
|
80% Stock/ 20% Bond
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12/80
(8.0 years)
|
9/91
(18.75 years)
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Capital Depleted
3/85
|
|
50% Stock/ 50% Bond
|
9/80
(7.75 years)
|
3/86
(13.25 years)
|
Capital Depleted
9/87
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Pursuing Long-Term Capital Growth
So far, the major point we have established is that a withdrawal rate of 2.5%-3.5% may be achievable without hampering the pursuit of long-term capital growth, but withdrawals of 5% or greater may have a significant impact on the ability to manage for growth.
Therefore, accounts expected to experience withdrawals of 4%-5% (or greater) should be managed with a goal of satisfying these withdrawal needs on a regular basis first, with the pursuit of capital growth taking secondary importance.
However, the analysis provided above also implies that there is a rate of withdrawals that forces us to focus on capital preservation, because depletion of capital is a likely outcome. For withdrawals in the range of 10.0%, the example above shows that the risk of depletion of capital is significant at these high annual levels, especially if the withdrawals are on a dollar basis and not adjusted by the decline of current market value in a bear market.
In fact, with long-term U.S. government bond yields at approximately 6.0%-6.5%, annual withdrawals greater than 7.5% are likely to be too high to allow a manager to effectively pursue long-term capital growth without a high degree of risk to the capital of the account. That is, since attempts to provide returns above the current Treasury yields imply risk of volatility, and volatility can lead to the examples provided above, withdrawals at 7.5% or more and maintained on a dollar basis imply a high likelihood that original capital will be depleted over a 15-20 year period. In general, the current level of yields in the market imply that management of a portfolio requiring over 7.5% per year in withdrawals faces a strong possibility of depleting capital under any scenario, and so portfolio management should focus on dampening market volatility so as to extend the life of the capital for as long as possible as it is drawn down.
Determining Appropriate Level of Withdrawals
The final question (i.e., the appropriate level of withdrawals) is driven by both the physician client’s need for the assets and the parameters outlined above:
1. Withdrawals less than 3.5% of current market value should not inhibit the pursuit of long-term capital growth as a primary objective.
2. Withdrawal rates between 3.6% and 7.4% require a primary focus on satisfying withdrawal needs over the market cycle, possibly with a secondary goal of long-term capital growth to protect future withdrawal needs.
3. Withdrawal rates greater than 7.5% are likely to result in a depletion of capital, so the goal should be to manage the draw down of capital by dampening year-to-year volatility of the portfolio.
While we all would like to achieve capital growth, the ability to pursue growth-oriented strategies depends on the flexibility to moderate withdrawals, if required by market conditions, and on the overall reliance on these assets.
As an example, an endowment or personal corpus can control its withdrawals to some extent, but there is a level beyond which the belt cannot be tightened without harming the services being funded.
Another example comes from someone living primarily on an IRA account, especially after becoming accustomed to the high (and falling) interest rate/high asset return environment of the last fifteen years. Aggressively pursuing capital growth in the face of large withdrawals may result in exposure to significant risk of depletion of the IRA assets when other sources of income are unavailable. If, on the other hand, the IRA was a small part of the wealth available in retirement, then there is some flexibility to work towards long-term capital growth.
Finally, a defined benefit retirement plan may have an outside source of funding to help restore capital (i.e., contributions from the employer), but defined contribution and Taft-Hartley plans have much less of a safety net. As a result, the risk taken to pursue growth in the face of significant withdrawals must take into account the nature of the assets and the problems associated with a deterioration of capital in the account.
Assessment
Portfolio withdrawals can have a significant impact on the ability of a wealth manager, or physician investor, to preserve capital and pursue long-term capital growth. However, while lessening the level of withdrawals will help provide flexibility for the manager to pursue these goals, the need for the assets may require that withdrawals are maintained at a certain level. Once withdrawals are minimized, the manager should focus on investment goals that correspond with this minimum level.
If withdrawals are below 3% of current market value, pursuit of long-term capital growth can be a primary objective. Withdrawals between 4% and 7.5% of market value on an annual basis require a focus on working towards satisfying these annual needs. Long-term capital growth, in this case, should be a secondary goal.
Finally, if withdrawals are above a 7.5% annual rate, then the investment management approach should focus on preserving capital and dampening market volatility so as to work towards allowing the assets to last as long as possible as they are drawn down.
Conclusion
As demonstrated above, income withdrawals can have a significant impact on the ability of a wealth manager, or physician investor, to preserve capital and pursue long-term capital growth. Does the current low interest-rate environment, and present financial ecosystem, mimic the above historic scenario and can it suggest strategies to be pursued today? Please opine and comment.
Related Information Sources:
Practice Management: http://www.springerpub.com/prod.aspx?prod_id=23759
Physician Financial Planning: http://www.jbpub.com/catalog/0763745790
Medical Risk Management: http://www.jbpub.com/catalog/9780763733421
Physician Advisors: www.CertifiedMedicalPlanner.org
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Filed under: Financial Planning, Investing, Portfolio Management, Risk Management | Tagged: interest rates, portfolio withdrawals | 2 Comments »
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