BOARD CERTIFICATION EXAM STUDY GUIDES Lower Extremity Trauma
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Posted on September 4, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
A.I. by Artificial Intelligence
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems capable of performing complex tasks that historically only humans could do, such as reasoning, making decisions, or solving problems. Today, the term “AI” describes a wide range of technologies that power many of the services and goods we use every day – from apps that recommend TV shows to chatbots that provide customer support in real time. And yet, there is a hierarchy among related concepts such as machine learning and deep learning.
So, to summarize the hierarchy:
AI is the goal: machines that can think and act intelligently.
Machine learning is a method within AI that lets machines learn from data.
Deep learning is a specialized form of machine learning that uses multi-layered neural networks to analyze data in a way that mimics the human brain.
It’s a feature, not a bug
And, there’s no shortage of companies leveraging AI today to remain profitable, to the delight of Salesforce investors: among others:
Wells Fargo’s CEO has touted trimming its workforce for 20 straight quarters. Its stock is up 228% over the past five years.
Bank of America CEO Brian Moynihan wasn’t hiding it during a recent earnings call when he said the company has let go of 88,000 employees over the past 15 years. BofA stock is up 95% since 2020.
Amazon, with its share value up 28% over the past year, recently told staff that AI implementation would lead to layoffs.
Microsoft has cut 15,000 jobs in the past two months as the company pivots to AI—and its stock is also up since the beginning of July.
Posted on April 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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Investors were apparently tired of all the volatility yesterday, leading to a relatively calm day where indexes ever-so-slightly slipped. But it was a big day for Netflix after the Wall Street Journal reported that the streaming giant has plans to double its revenue and reach a $1 trillion valuation by 2030.
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🟢 What’s up
Hewlett Packard Enterprise popped 5.11% after Elliott Investment Management took a $1.5 billion stake in the tech company.
Rocket Lab rocketed (sorry) 10.14% higher after the space stock inked deals with both the US Air Force and the UK Ministry of Defense.
Netflix rose 4.83% on a report from the Wall Street Journal that the streaming giant plans to hit a $1 trillion market capitalization and double its revenue by 2030. The company announces earnings on Thursday.
Bank of America and Citigroup both posted strong Q1 earnings that beat analyst forecasts (more on that below). BofA climbed 3.60%, while Citi rose 1.76%.
Albertsons tumbled 7.49% after the grocer’s full-year guidance came in below expectations.
Allegro Microsystems sank 9.68% on the news that ON Semiconductor has withdrawn its offer to acquire the chipmaker.
Applied Digital plummeted 35.94% after the digital infrastructure company missed analyst revenue estimates, despite sales climbing 22% last quarter.
#recessionindicator: Coty sank 8.57% after the beauty retailer was double downgraded by Bank of America analysts, citing a slowdown in makeup spending.
Posted on February 17, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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U.S. Stock Markets will be closed for Presidents Day. But crypto trading takes no days off.
The Presidents Day holiday was originally intended to celebrate the birthday of the first President George Washington on February 22nd, according to the Library of Congress. The holiday is still formally designated as Washington’s Birthday by the Office of Personnel Management. Washington’s birthday was an informal holiday during the country’s early existence and President Rutherford B. Hayes formalized the holiday in 1879, according to History.com. The holiday’s proximity to the birthday of President Abraham Lincoln on February 12th caused the general public to link the two and later expand the celebration to all presidents.
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Berkshire Hathaway, the investment conglomerate led by Warren Buffett, reduced its holdings in two US banks. Bank of America (BoA) and Citigroup shares were sold in the final quarter of 2024. The move, disclosed in a regulatory filing last Friday, comes as Buffett continues to trim Berkshire’s stock portfolio, favoring safer investments such as US Treasury bills.
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Wall Street just dumped nearly every dollar of the $12.5 billion in loans that helped Elon Musk buy Twitter—now called X—in 2022. A group of seven major banks, led by Morgan Stanley, offloaded $4.74 billion of the debt last Friday, selling more than their planned $3 billion as investors flooded in with $12 billion in orders, according to a report from the Financial Times.
The ICE 3-Month USD LIBOR interest rate is the average interest rate at which a selection of banks in London are prepared to lend to one another in American dollars with a maturity of 3 months.
The Bank of America US High Yield Constrained Index is a market value-weighted index of all domestic high-yield bonds and Yankee high-yield bonds (issued by a foreign entity and denominated in U.S. dollars), including deferred interest bonds and payment-in-kind securities.
The ICE BofA BB-B US High Yield Constrained Index is composed of U.S. dollar-denominated corporate debt publicly issued in the U.S. market rated BB through B, based on an average of Moody’s, S&P and Fitch ratings, with issuer exposure capped at 2%.
ICE BofA U.S. Convertible Index tracks the performance of publicly issued, exchange-listed US dollar denominated convertible securities of US companies with at least $50 million face amount outstanding and at least one month remaining to the final conversion date. Index constituents are market capitalization-weighted and rebalanced monthly.
ICE BofA ML MOVE Index is a widely used measure of bond market volatility, similar to the VIX Index for stocks. The MOVE Index (also known as the Merrill Lynch Option Volatility Estimate) is a yield-curve-weighted index that tracks the market’s expectation of volatility in the U.S. bond market based on 1-month Treasury options.
ICE Exchange-Listed Preferred & Hybrid Securities Index tracks the performance of exchange-listed US dollar denominated hybrid debt, preferred stock and convertible preferred stock publicly issued by corporations in the US domestic market. Preferred stock and notes must have a minimum amount outstanding of $100 million; convertible preferred stock must have at least $50 million face amount outstanding. Index constituents are market capitalization-weighted subject to certain constraints. The index is re-balanced monthly.
Posted on January 13, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Healthcare insurance plans could undergo major changes under the incoming Trump administration thanks to a new bill being introduced this week seeking to reform health savings accounts. Rep. Chip Roy (R-TX) introduced the Healthcare Freedom Act on Thursday seeking to reform the healthcare system by expanding health savings accounts to broaden coverage for U.S. taxpayers and “give Americans the quality of care they deserve.”
Barron’s estimates that Bank of America’s paper losses on a portfolio of $568 billion of bonds, mostly U.S. agency mortgage securities, could widen to $111 billion or more, compared with $86 billion at the end of September.
US stocks plunged Friday as investors digested a better-than-expected jobs report that soured expectations of future rate cuts from the Federal Reserve. The Dow dropped by 697 points, closing at 41,938, while the S&P 500 fell by 1.5% and the tech-heavy NASDAQ index was lower by 1.6%. The three indices all finished the week in the red as Friday’s selloff erased the week’s previous gains.
The selloff comes as the economy added 256,000 jobs in December, far outpacing expectations of around 153,000 jobs. While strong job growth signals a healthy economy, it raises the question of how soon the central bank needs to cut interest rates again. Traders now expect just a 2.7% chance the Fed will cut rates at its policy meeting later this month, according to the CME FedWatch Tool.
Posted on June 8, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Bank of America analysts recently looked back at the last 100 years of stock market data, searching for asset bubbles and what indicated their approach. The nine historical bubbles they found all had one thing in common ahead of their bursting: rising volatility. But, right now the Volatility Index, or VIX, is nowhere near the highs seen before the dot-com bubble burst, which should soothe investor concerns.
Jazz Pharmaceuticals rose 5.39% today thanks to RBC Capital reiterating its outperform rating of the stock, highlighting the potential of the company’s forthcoming essential tremor treatment.
CarGurus popped 4.05% after receiving a shiny new outperform rating from JMP Securities, which likes the company’s online marketplace business model.
Las Vegas Sands rose 3.11% today on no particular news, as did Cedar Fair, which rose 3.27%. Both are beneficiaries of the vacation season, and likely enjoyed a boost today due to nothing more than the fact that it was a sunny summer Friday.
What’s down
GameStop shares plummeted 39.36% after the company announced poor earnings earlier than investors had anticipated.
Barnes & Noble Education fell 46.29% in reaction to a new equity and refinancing deal, as well as the appointment of five new directors to its board.
Docusign fell 4.67% despite beating earnings estimates this quarter—it was just a smaller beat than investors would have liked, coupled with lackluster guidance.
Semtech dropped 17.90% on the abrupt news that its CEO was departing the company due to a disagreement with its board.
Vail Resorts fell 10.40% after announcing poor earnings and low guidance late yesterday thanks to a warmer-than-usual ski season.
The S&P 500 index declined 5.97 points (0.1%) to 5,346.99, up 1.3% for the week; the Dow Jones Industrial Average® ($DJI) lost 87.18 points (0.2%) to 38,798.99, up 0.3% for the week; the NASDAQ Composite® ($COMP) shed 39.99 points (0.2%) to 17,133.13, up 2.4% for the week.
The 10-year Treasury note yield (TNX) jumped about 15 basis points to 4.432%.
The CBOE Volatility Index® (VIX) fell 0.36 to 12.22.
Interest-rate-sensitive sectors including banking, real estate, and utilities were among this week’s poorest performers amid expectations the Fed is unlikely to lower rates from historically high levels. The Dow Jones Utility Average ($DJU) dropped 2.8% this week. Retailers also posted a down week. Semiconductors still clocked a firm week despite declines the past two days. The PHLX Semiconductor Index (SOX) advanced 3.2% for the week.
Posted on June 3, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
Stat: 4.6%. That’s how much the average income tax refund increased YoY, from $2,878 in April 2023 to $3,011 as of April 5th. (Axios)
Quote: “Wall Street has never been known for high character and high values. Is there a willingness to support Trump if it looks like he’s on the right track? Yes. I’m not proud of that, and I’m not part of that either.”—Dan Lufkin, co-founder of investment bank Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette (Bloomberg)
Read: Bank of America’s CEO sees an overall cautiousness on display in the current spending choices of consumers and businesses. (CNBC)
The May jobs report will drop on Friday: Little change is expected from April, when the unemployment rate ticked up to 3.9% and fewer jobs were added than expected (175,000). This jobs report will be one of the final pieces of economic data to drop before the Fed meets on June 11th and 12th. The central bank is unlikely to announce an interest rate cut.
Software is no longer eating the world. For the first time, chip stocks now account for the heaviest weighting in the S&P 500, taking the top spot away from software companies last week. Salesforce and other enterprise software giants are getting crushed as companies prioritize generative AI investments (chips and servers) over SaaS products.
Posted on April 20, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST–TODAY’SNEWSLETTERBRIEFING
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Essays, Opinions and Curated News in Health Economics, Investing, Business, Management and Financial Planning for Physician Entrepreneurs and their Savvy Advisors and Consultants
“Serving Almost One Million Doctors, Financial Advisors and Medical Management Consultants Daily“
A Partner of the Institute of Medical Business Advisors , Inc.
A group of 15 financial officers representing 13 states issued a warning to Bank of America over its alleged practices of “politicized de-banking” targeting conservatives. In a letter to Bank of America CEO Brian Moynihan, the officials said the bank’s practices threaten its own financial health and reputation with customers while simultaneously harming the U.S. economy and Americans’ civil liberties. They pointed to examples of Bank of America shuttering the accounts belonging to Christian groups and leaders and joining a net-zero climate alliance in addition to its poor viewpoint diversity rating.
Texas and Missouri will soon have about two dozen Walmart health centers, the retail giant announced this month, adding to its 50-site roster. The company plans to open eight clinics in the Houston metro area, 10 sites in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, and four facilities in Kansas City by the end of 2024, Modern Healthcare reported.
Hospitals reported the strongest quarter of mergers and acquisitions since 2020, according to consulting firm Kaufman Hall. Four of the 20 announced transactions in the first quarter of 2024 were “megamergers” and brought in $12 billion in revenue in that time period, per the firm’s analysis. The era of consolidation is here.
The S&P 500 index fell 43.89 points (0.9%) to 4,967.23, down 3% for the week; the Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 211.02 points (0.6%) to 37,986.40, little changed for the week; the NASDAQ Composite lost 319.49 points (2.1%) to 15,282.01, down 5.5% for the week.
The 10-year Treasury note yield (TNX) dropped more than 2 basis points to 4.623%, still up about 10 basis points for the week.
The CBOE Volatility Index® (VIX) rose 0.71 to 18.71.
Nvidia (NVDA) plunged 10% to lead the chip sector lower, sending the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index (SOX) down 4.1% to a two-and-a-half-month low. Communication Services shares were also among the weakest sectors, fueled by Netflix weakness. There were several pockets of strength, however. Banking shares posted firm gains Friday behind stronger-than-expected quarterly results from some regional lenders. Utilities also advanced.
The S&P 500 has fallen 5.5% from a record close March 28, more than halfway to the 10% threshold that’s traditionally viewed as a correction. The NASDAQ Composite is down 7.1% from a record close on April 11th.
Bank of America just acknowledged that the personal information of 57,028 of its customers has been compromised. This breach, attributed to a failure at Infosys McCamish Systems (IMS), a provider of insurance business process solutions engaged by the bank, poses a substantial risk of identity theft to the affected individuals.
The data breach notification, filed in Maine, reveals that sensitive information related to Bank of America’s deferred compensation plans was inadvertently accessed. IMS, in a notification letter to customers, disclosed that the compromised data encompasses a range of critical personal details. The accessed information includes customers’ names, addresses, business email addresses, dates of birth, Social Security numbers, and other account specifics. Such data is typically all required for an identity thief to execute fraudulent activities under another person’s name.
IMS’s admission that it might never be able to precisely identify what information was accessed underscores the severity and potential long-term consequences of the breach. This uncertainty adds an additional layer of anxiety for customers, highlighting the challenges in mitigating the aftermath of such security failures.
Finally, Walmart and Home Depot will be the star of the show this week they report their earnings for the holiday quarter. Nvidia will also try to keep its historic hot streak going when it reports on Wednesday—expectations are through the roof.
Posted on January 12, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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JPMorgan Chase’s profit fell in the fourth quarter as the lender set aside nearly $3 billion to help refill a government deposit insurance fund. JPMorgan and several major banks are required to pay a bulk of the $16 billion to replenish the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s deposit insurance fund (DIF), which was drained after Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank failed last year.
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Bank of America’s fourth-quarter profit shrank as the lender took $3.7 billion in combined charges to refill a government deposit insurance fund and phase out a loan index. Its net interest income (NII) – the difference between what banks earn from loans and pay to depositors – fell 5% to $13.9 billion as the company spent more to keep customer deposits and demand for loans stayed subdued amid high interest rates.
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Wells Fargo press release (NYSE:WFC): Q4 Non-GAAP EPS of $1.29 beats by $0.20. Revenue of $20.48B (+2.2% Y/Y) beats by $100M. Shares -1% PM. Fourth quarter 2023 results included: ◦ $(1.9) billion, or ($0.40) per share, of expense from an FDIC special assessment ◦ $(969) million, or ($0.20) per share, of severance expense for planned actions ◦ $621 million or $0.17 per share, of discrete tax benefits related to the resolution of prior period tax matters ◦ Provision for credit losses in fourth quarter 2023 included an increase in the allowance for credit losses driven by credit card and commercial real estate loans, partially offset by a lower allowance for auto loans. The change in allowance for credit losses also included higher net loan charge-offs for commercial real estate office and credit card loans
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Citigroup (C) is in the middle of a complicated restructuring. It made it clear Wednesday that its fourth quarter earnings report Friday will be complicated, too.
The giant New York-based bank said in a regulatory document it will take more than $3 billion in one-time reserves and expenses as part of those fourth quarter results. They include everything from a $1.3 billion reserve build for currency exposure in Argentina and Russia to $780 million in charges related to severance costs and other aspects of a wide-ranging restructuring of the bank led by CEO Jane Fraser.
Posted on November 4, 2023 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
“FALL BACK WEEKEND”
By Staff Reporters
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The biggest U.S. hospital lobbying group just sued the Biden administration over new guidance barring hospitals and other medical providers from using trackers to monitor users on their websites. The American Hospital Association (AHA), along with the Texas Hospital Association and two nonprofit Texas health systems, filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in federal court in Fort Worth, Texas. The lawsuit accuses the agency of overstepping its authority when it issued the guidance in December, 2022.
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Bank of America customers have been warned of delays to deposits following an unspecified issue that is affecting “multiple financial institutions”. The company reassured customers on Friday that their accounts remained “secure” and that no action was needed. A statement appearing on customer phone applications read: “Some deposits from 11/3 may be temporarily delayed due to an issue impacting multiple financial institutions.
Wells Fargo and Chase just reported similar situations.
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Here is where the major benchmarks ended:
The S&P 500 Index was up 40.56 points (0.9%) at 4,358.34; the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJI) was up 222.24 points (0.7%) at 34,061.32, up 5.1% for the week; the NASDAQ Composite (COMP) was up 184.09 points (1.4%) at 13,478.28, up 6.6% for the week.
The 10-year Treasury note yield was down about 9 basis points at 4.577%.
CBOE’s Volatility Index (VIX) was down 0.75 at 14.91.
Banks and other financial companies led Friday’s gainers, on hopes easing Treasury yields will relieve some pressure on lenders’ balance sheets. The KBW Regional Banking Index (KRX) surged 3.3% to end at a seven-week high, while Goldman Sachs Group (GS) shares jumped 4.4% to lead Dow gainers.
Retailer shares were also strong, as were small-caps in general, as the Russell 2000 Index (RUT) posted a gain of 7.6% for the week.
Posted on April 19, 2023 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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First quarter earnings from big lending institutions painted something of a mixed picture, with Bank of America posting healthy returns as Goldman Sachs on Tuesday saw headwinds from its loan portfolio.
The following is a round-up of yesterday’s market activity:
The S&P 500 Index was up 3.55 points (0.1%) at 4154.87; the Dow Jones industrial average was down 10.55 at 33,976.63; the NASDAQ Composite was down 4.31 at 12,153.41.
The 10-year Treasury yield was down about 2 basis points at 3.574%.
CBOEs Volatility Index was down 0.12 at 16.83.
Small-cap stocks, which tend to suffer more from recession concerns than their large-cap peers, were among the weakest performers with the Russell 2000 falling about 0.4%. Communications services and utilities were laggards among S&P 500 sectors, while industrials and consumer staples were stronger.
Volatility as measured by the VIX continued to drop to the lowest levels since late 2021.
Posted on December 17, 2022 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
MORGAN STANLEY
BANK OF AMERICA
By Staff Reporters
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[The Scream is a composition created by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch in 1893]
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What [another] a week? U.S. equities declined, posting a second-straight weekly loss, as recession worries have ratcheted higher in the wake of a host of global central bank actions earlier this week. The Fed’s mid-week 50 basis point rate increase was followed by similar actions from the European Central Bank, the Bank of England, and Swiss National Bank. The moves came amid an evident slowdown in global economic growth, with data released today showing most manufacturing and services PMIs domestically and across the globe continue to see a contraction in activity, adding fuel to the recessionary fears.
RECESSION?
With U.S. stocks down more than 20% so far this year, investors are looking for some good news – and it may be coming from a prominent Wall Street analyst who says the current bear market could come to an end sometime around St. Patrick’s Day, 2023.
In an interview with Bloomberg Television, Mike Wilson, the Equity Strategist and Chief Investment Officer for Morgan Stanley predicted that the bear market in U.S. stocks could come to a conclusion early in 2023. Investors are taking note because Wilson, who’s typically skeptical about the market, is listed as No. 1 on Institutional Investor’s recent ranking of portfolio strategists.
WHEN?
“We think ultimately the bear market will be over probably sometime in the first quarter,” Wilson said on the broadcast.
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Mutual Fund managers have taken their cash positions to the highest level in 21 years, according to the long-running monthly survey of portfolio managers. Relative to the history of the survey, investors are 2.6 standard deviations overweight cash and 3 standard deviations underweight equities.
A net 72% expect a weaker economy in the next 12 months, and 91% say earnings are unlikely to rise 10% of more in the next year. A growing percentage are expecting a policy pivot: 28% expect lower short-term rates in the next 12 months, up from 14% in September.
The survey “screams macro capitulation, investor capitulation, and crucially start of policy capitulation,” said Bank of America strategists led by Michael Hartnett. The S&P 500 has dropped 23% this year, and S&P’s U.S. government bond index has declined by 12%.
Posted on October 23, 2022 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
By Staff Reporters
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For months, traders, academics, and other analysts have fretted that the $23.7 trillion Treasury market might be the source of the next financial crisis. Then last week, U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen acknowledged concerns about a potential breakdown in the trading of government debt and expressed worry about “a loss of adequate liquidity in the market.” Now, strategists at BofA Securities have identified a list of reasons why U.S. government bonds are exposed to the risk of “large scale forced selling or an external surprise” at a time when the bond market is in need of a reliable group of big buyers.
“We believe the UST market is fragile and potentially one shock away from functioning challenges” arising from either “large scale forced selling or an external surprise,” said BofA strategists Mark Cabana, Ralph Axel and Adarsh Sinha. “A UST breakdown is not our base case, but it is a building tail risk.”
Posted on October 18, 2022 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
THE ECONOMY & RECESSION
By Staff Reporters
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U.S. equities rose noticeably in the first trading session of the week following the new U.K. finance minister’s announcement that the government would abandon nearly all its tax cut plans. The moves came amid hopes of some stabilization in the global bond and currency markets which have seen increased volatility in the wake of the initial proposal.
Treasury yields traded mixed, while the U.S. dollar fell amid strength in both the British pound and the euro.
Crude oil prices nudged lower, and gold traded slightly higher.
Bank of America shares rose as the company eclipsed quarterly expectations on a jump in net interest income, while Q3 earnings season is set to kick into a higher gear this week.
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Economy: This party may be busted by the cops. A US recession is a 100% certainty within the next 12 months, according to Bloomberg’s economic model.
Posted on January 12, 2022 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™
BY STAFF REPORTERS
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StockMarkets: Stocks ticked higher as investors zeroed in on Senate testimony from Fed Chair Jerome Powell, who is up for a second term. Powell said the Fed would do what’s necessary to get inflation back to normal levels.
Banks: Bank of America decided to make life a little less difficult for account holders without piles of cash. The bank—America’s second largest—announced on Tuesday that it would reduce overdraft fees by around 70%, from $35 to $10. BofA is also scrapping a $12 non-sufficient funds fee (for bouncing a check or making an automated overdraft) and will eliminate transfer fees for its overdraft protection service.The decision comes on the recently shined heels of similar moves by other large banks.
Capital One announced last month that it was eliminating overdraft fees altogether.
In August, JPMorgan increased its charge-incurring overdraft amount to $50 (it was previously $5).
PNC Bank introduced a 24-hour grace period on overdraft penalties.