CRYPTO-CURRENCY: Historical Review

Posted on October 24, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd

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President Donald Trump signed a pardon on Wednesday for convicted crypto executive Changpeng Zhao, who founded the Binance crypto exchange, White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said in a statement. “President Trump exercised his constitutional authority by issuing a pardon for Mr. Zhao, who was prosecuted by the Biden Administration in their war on cryptocurrency,” Leavitt said. “In their desire to punish the cryptocurrency industry, the Biden Administration pursued Mr. Zhao despite no allegations of fraud or identifiable victims.”

Zhao was sentenced to four months in prison after reaching a deal with the Justice Dept. to plead guilty to charges of enabling money laundering at Binance, which he ran at the time. The U.S. also ordered Binance to pay more than $4 billion in fines and forfeiture, while Zhao agreed to pay $50 million in fines. A spokesperson for Binance did not immediately respond to a request for comment yesterday.

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The History of Cryptocurrency: From Concept to Revolution

Cryptocurrency has transformed the global financial landscape, offering a decentralized alternative to traditional banking systems. Its history is rooted in decades of technological innovation, philosophical ideals, and economic experimentation.

🌐 Early Foundations

The concept of digital currency predates Bitcoin by several decades. In 1982, cryptographer David Chaum published a groundbreaking paper on secure digital transactions, laying the foundation for future developments in electronic money. Chaum later founded DigiCash in the 1990s, which introduced the idea of anonymous digital payments using cryptographic protocols. Although DigiCash eventually failed, it was a crucial stepping stone in the evolution of cryptocurrency.

The Birth of Bitcoin

The true revolution began in 2008 when an anonymous figure—or group—known as Satoshi Nakamoto released the Bitcoin whitepaper titled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.” This document proposed a decentralized digital currency that used blockchain technology to record transactions transparently and securely without the need for a central authority.

On January 3, 2009, Nakamoto mined the first block of the Bitcoin blockchain, known as the Genesis Block. The first real-world Bitcoin transaction occurred in May 2010, when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz paid 10,000 BTC for two pizzas—an event now celebrated annually as Bitcoin Pizza Day.

Blockchain and Beyond

Bitcoin’s success inspired the development of other cryptocurrencies and blockchain platforms. Ethereum, launched in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin, introduced smart contracts—self-executing agreements coded directly into the blockchain. This innovation expanded the use of cryptocurrency beyond simple transactions to decentralized applications (dApps), finance (DeFi), and even digital art (NFTs).

Other notable cryptocurrencies include Litecoin, Ripple (XRP), and Cardano, each offering unique features such as faster transaction speeds, improved scalability, or enhanced privacy.

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⚖️ Challenges and Controversies

Despite its promise, cryptocurrency has faced significant hurdles. Regulatory uncertainty, security breaches, and market volatility have raised concerns among governments and investors. High-profile hacks, such as the Mt. Gox exchange collapse in 2014, highlighted the risks associated with digital assets.

Governments around the world have responded differently—some embracing crypto innovation, others imposing strict regulations or outright bans. The rise of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) reflects an effort to merge the benefits of crypto with the stability of fiat systems.

🚀 The Future of Crypto

Today, cryptocurrency is more than a niche technology—it’s a global phenomenon. Major companies accept Bitcoin, institutional investors hold crypto assets, and blockchain is being integrated into industries from healthcare to supply chain management.

As the technology matures, the focus is shifting toward scalability, sustainability, and interoperability. Whether it becomes a mainstream financial tool or remains a disruptive alternative, cryptocurrency has undeniably reshaped how we think about money, trust, and digital ownership.

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Stock Markets, Commodities and Crypto-Currency

Posted on October 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters and A.I.

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  • Stocks: Stock Market Indexes recovered yesterday from their losses, though the Dow remained in the red.
  • Commodities: Gold is rising above $4,200 to another new all-time high. Meanwhile, oil dropped to nearly a five-month low as trade tensions raised the specter of slowing economic growth.
  • Crypto: Bitcoin, ethereum, and altcoins of all shapes and sizes remain repressed after a massive selloff last weekend erased billions in crypto positions.

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DAILY UPDATE: Stock Markets Down Slightly

Posted on May 21, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST – TODAY’S NEWSLETTER BRIEFING

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  • The S&P 500 snapped a 6-day winning streak as the rally following the US & China tariff ceasefire faded and investors looked elsewhere for buying signals.
  • Federal Reserve speeches abound this week, with several central bankers warning of an economy under duress.
  • Both gold and bitcoin consolidated their recent gains, offering investors alternatives to suddenly not-so-safe bonds and a sagging US dollar.

CITE: https://tinyurl.com/2h47urt5

What’s up

  • Tesla climbed 0.51% after CEO Elon Musk committed to spending the next five years running the EV manufacturer.
  • Moderna popped 6.06% after the FDA announced new limits on Covid-19 vaccine approvals that were more lenient than expected.
  • Warby Parker soared 15.57% on news of a partnership with Google to create smart glasses.
  • Pony AI rose 5.74% after the Chinese auto maker posted impressive earnings and cited high demand for autonomous taxi rides.
  • Amer Sports surged 19.05% after the athletic equipment maker posted a strong beat-and-raise earnings announcement.
  • D-Wave Quantum soared 25.93% after the quantum computing company unveiled its newest computing system.
  • Levi Strauss & Co. rose 1.42% on the news that the jeans company is selling Dockers to Authentic Brands Group for $311 million.

What’s down

  • Home Depot fell just 0.61% after the home renovation retailer missed earnings estimates, beat revenue forecasts, kept its fiscal guidance intact, and said it won’t raise prices.
  • Airbnb tumbled 3.27% after Spain ordered the company to take down over 65,000 listings.
  • Uber sagged 0.66% despite an upgrade from JPMorgan analysts and the news that it’s partnering with Waymo to offer robotaxis in Atlanta.
  • Viking Holdings sank 4.99% despite earnings and sales beating estimates, but investors didn’t like hearing that the the cruise line operator transported fewer passengers last quarter than expected.
  • AES lost 4.05% after the solar stock was downgraded by Jefferies analysts, who are worried about lower demand for renewable energy.

CITE: https://tinyurl.com/tj8smmes

Visualize: How private equity tangled banks in a web of debt, from the Financial Times.

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DAILY UPDATE: Bitcoin and Stock Markets Soar

Posted on April 23, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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Bitcoin climbed above $90,000 for the first time since March as investors search for alternatives anywhere they can find them.

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource

Stocks came off of their highs yesterday afternoon trading after US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent reportedly said in a private speech for JPMorgan Chase that talks between the United States and China had yet to formally start and that negotiations will likely be a “slog.”

CITE: https://tinyurl.com/2h47urt5

Still, US stocks soared on Tuesday following a bruising day on Wall Street, as investors built hope for deescalation on several fronts of President Trump’s trade battles.

Still, markets delivered solid gains with Dow Jones Industrial Average (^DJI) adding over 1,000 points as the benchmark S&P 500 (^GSPC) and tech-heavy NASDAQ (^IXIC) each rose around 2.5% and 2.7%, respectively.

CITE: https://tinyurl.com/tj8smmes

Prior to Bessent’s reported comments, stocks hit earlier session highs as Bloomberg reported the treasury secretary told a closed-door investor summit Tuesday that “the tariff standoff with China is unsustainable and that he expects the situation to de-escalate.”

🟢 What’s up

  • Amazon rose 3.5% a day after Wells Fargo analysts revealed that the tech giant has paused some of its data center leases, the latest sign of an AI trade slowdown.
  • The DOJ has called for a breakup of Alphabet’s business. Investors don’t seem to mind: Shares of the search giant rose 2.57%.
  • Boeing gained 2% after announcing it will sell portions of its digital aviation solutions business to Thoma Bravo for $10.55 billion.
  • Ford is up 1.90% a day after reports emerged that it has stopped shipping cars to China.
  • 3M gained 8.12% after the industrial manufacturing giant beat Wall Street’s expectations in the first quarter.
  • Coreweave rose 8.74% after several Wall Street analysts initiated coverage of the newly public cloud computing company. While the pros lean toward bullish, the stock’s reception has been largely mixed.
  • Equifax soared 13.84% following strong results for the credit rating company, as well as its announcement of a $3 billion buyback program.
  • BP managed to gain 2.81% after regulatory filings revealed that Elliott Investment Management has accrued a 5% stake in the oil giant.
  • Verizon eked out a 0.61% gain after it beat Wall Street forecasts for the first quarter but lost more postpaid net phone subscribers than expected.

What’s down

  • Halliburton disappointed shareholders with a decline in both revenue and profits last quarter, sending the oil service company’s shares 5.57% lower.
  • Defense contractors tumbled after reporting mixed earnings. RTX lost 9.81%, and Northrop Grumman sank 12.66%.
  • Medpace Holdings crumbled 2.32% after the clinical research company revealed a 19% decline in net new business awards last quarter.

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DAILY UPDATE: Hims & Hers, MSFT-AI, Neuralink, FDIC and New Market Highs

Posted on May 22, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

MEDICAL EXECUTIVE-POST – TODAY’S NEWSLETTER BRIEFING

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Microsoft unveiled new PCs with AI-powered features.

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource

Hims & Hers stock soared as much as 38% on the news that it’ll provide GLP-1 injections with the same active ingredient as Ozempic or Wegovy for just $199/month—an 85% discount compared to Wegovy’s ~$1,350 monthly price tag (without insurance).

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FDIC Chair Martin Gruenberg will resign after an investigation found widespread sexual harassment at the agency. But he won’t step down until a successor is named.

CITE: https://tinyurl.com/2h47urt5

The FDA granted Elon Musk’s neurotech company Neuralink, approval to place its brain chip into a second human test subject using a new method designed to correct issues that arose after its inaugural insertion in January, per the Wall Street Journal.

And, Optum Rx is shaking up its pharmacy model. The business says it will make drug costs more predictable and transparent for clients.

CITE: https://tinyurl.com/tj8smmes

  • All three indexes ended the day higher after Fed Governor Christopher Waller stopped by CNBC and mentioned he doesn’t think raising interest rates is in the cards, even if the Fed is waiting for more data before making cuts. The NASDAQ continued to hit new all-time highs today as investors place their bets before Nvidia’s earnings announcement tomorrow afternoon, and the S&P 500 hit yet another record.
  • Copper continued to rise as the market comes to terms with the metal’s importance, while oil fell on the news that the Biden administration will release 1 million barrels of gasoline this summer from the Northeast reserve. Meanwhile, ethereum continued to climb on the news that a new ETF may be joining the fray.

Here’s where the major benchmarks ended:

  • The S&P 500 index rose 13.28 points (0.3%) to 5,321.41; the Dow Jones Industrial Average® ($DJI) gained 66.22 points (0.2%) to 39,872.99; the NASDAQ Composite advanced 37.75 points (0.2%) to 16,832.62.
  • The 10-year Treasury note yield (TNX) lost more than 2 basis points to 4.414%.
  • The CBOE Volatility Index® (VIX) fell 0.29 to 11.86.

Banking and consumer staples were among the market’s strongest performers Tuesday, while utility shares extended a sharp upswing over the past month. The Dow Jones Utility Average® ($DJU) added 0.5% and closed at a 12-month high. Transportation companies were among the weakest performers.

In other markets, Gold (/GC) futures slipped from Monday’s record high above $2,454 per ounce, while Silver (/SI) futures ended near a 12-year high around $32.21. Gold futures are still up 17% this year due to several factors, including reports of China’s central bank buying actual gold as well as escalating conflict in the Middle East. Gold is viewed by some as a safe-haven asset during periods of heightened geopolitical tension.

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CRYPTO-CURRENCY: Worth Since 2020?

Posted on January 18, 2023 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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Winners Since March 2020:

Here’s how much $100 in each of the following cryptocurrencies and stocks back at the bottom of the U.S. market in March 2020 would be worth today:

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/0826102549

  • Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC): $405.67
  • Ethereum (CRYPTO: ETH): $1,268.90
  • Dogecoin (CRYPTO: DOGE): $4,731.19

DHIT: https://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Health-Information-Technology-Security-ebook/dp/B005F84GF2/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2SQPPJMMUV55D&keywords=david+marcinko&qid=1674073311&sprefix=david+marcinko%2Caps%2C115&sr=8-3

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The Crypto-future through Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple XRP and IOTA

Posted on January 9, 2022 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

Peering into the Crypto-Future 

By Phil Baumann RN

In order to gain a clearer view of the impacts of the incoming future of technologies and their economic, behavioral, cultural, political and other impacts, categorization can perform useful veil-lifting.

I’ll let the reader do the deep-dive research into the technologies underlying each of these currencies, but here is a peeled-away breakdown of their respective categories:

Whether these specific “coins” succeed the slaughtering rapidity of techno-culture shocks remains to be seen.

Yes, they are traded assets that can make you rich or poor. That’s certainly interesting. What matters much more than their capital markets is that each has attempted to confront crucial problems that can liberate the ramifying “potential energies” of other technologies that can plug in to them.

Their premises spur economy-generating economies.

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Don’t feel bad if you missed the Bitcoin gold-rush. That’s in the past. Sometimes understanding the world confers its own wealth (insert Latin aphorism here). If you run the currency of knowledge through the circuitry of imagination you gain the power of foresight.

Assessment:

That’s my two cents: take them and spread the wealth.

Disclosure: I hold Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple XRP and IOTA (MIOTA). But this post is not about finance per se nor is it about promoting these currencies as investments. Rather this post is about envisioning the four kinds of markets that the respective technologies underlying each of these four cryptocoins can help grow and power. These aren’t simply currencies and stores of monetary value – they are technologies.

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Crypto-Currency “GAS” FEES: Ethereum Network

Posted on January 9, 2022 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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By Staff Reporters

According to Wikipedia, a cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a collection of binary data which is designed to work as a medium of exchange. Individual coin ownership records are stored in a ledger, which is a computerized database using strong cryptography to secure transaction records, to control the creation of additional coins, and to verify the transfer of coin ownership. Cryptocurrencies are generally fiat currencies, as they are not backed by or convertible into a commodity. Some crypto schemes use validators to maintain the cryptocurrency. In a proof-of-stake model, owners put up their tokens as collateral. In return, they get authority over the token in proportion to the amount they stake. Generally, these token stakers get additional ownership in the token over time via network fees, newly minted tokens or other such reward mechanisms.

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Product Details

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/0826102549

Cryptocurrency does not exist in physical form (like paper money) and is typically not issued by a central authority. Cryptocurrencies typically use decentralized control as opposed to a central bank digital currency (CBDC). When a cryptocurrency is minted or created prior to issuance or issued by a single issuer, it is generally considered centralized. When implemented with decentralized control, each cryptocurrency works through distributed ledger technology, typically a blockchain, that serves as a public financial transaction database.

A cryptocurrency is a tradable digital asset or digital form of money, built on blockchain technology that only exists online. Cryptocurrencies use encryption to authenticate and protect transactions, hence their name. There are currently over a thousand different cryptocurrencies in the world, and many see them as the key to a fairer future economy.

Bitcoin, first released as open-source software in 2009, is the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Since the release of bitcoin, many other cryptocurrencies have been created.

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Enter GAS

Gas refers to the unit that measures the amount of computational effort required to execute specific operations on the cryptocurrency Ethereum network. Since each Ethereum transaction requires computational resources to execute, each transaction requires a fee. Gas refers to the fee required to conduct a transaction on Ethereum successfully.

READ: https://www.morningbrew.com/daily/stories/ethereum-gas-fees?utm_campaign=etb&utm_medium=newsletter&utm_source=morning_brew&mid=349b552221c994e2540a304649746d7c

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/082610254

Gas fees are paid in Ethereum’s native currency, ether (ETH). Gas prices are denoted in gwei, which itself is a denomination of ETH – each gwei is equal to 0.000000001 ETH (10-9 ETH).

NFT: https://www.morningbrew.com/emerging-tech/stories/2021/02/22/nft-market-tripled-last-year-gaining-even-momentum-2021?email=marcinkoadvisors@msn.com&mid=349b552221c994e2540a304649746d7c&uid=jotgRJS1MLYGk2SSdfbR4b5r

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For example: Instead of saying that your gas costs 0.000000001 ether, you can say your gas costs 1 gwei. The word ‘gwei’ itself means ‘giga-wei’, and it is equal to 1,000,000,000 wei. Wei itself (named after Wei Dai, creator of b-money) is the smallest unit of ETH

MORE: https://swyftx.com/learn/what-are-ethereum-gas-fees/

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What Exactly is a Financial DAO?

Posted on September 23, 2021 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

A decentralized autonomous organization

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What is DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations

A decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), sometimes called a decentralized autonomous corporation (DAC), is an organization represented by rules encoded as a computer program that is transparent, controlled by the organization members and not influenced by a central government. A DAO’s financial transaction record and program rules are maintained on a blockchain. The precise legal status of this type of business organization is unclear.

A well-known example, intended for venture capital funding, was The DAO, which launched with $150 million in crowdfunding in June 2016, and was nearly immediately hacked and drained of US$50 million in cryptocurrency. The hack was reversed in the following weeks, and the money restored, via a hard fork of the Ethereum blockchain: the Ethereum miners and clients switched to the new fork.

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/0826102549

MORE: https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/topstocks/what-is-a-dao/ar-AAOIpjw?li=BBnb7Kz

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Bitcoin – “Millennials Fake Gold”

Posted on December 7, 2017 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

Bitcoin – The  Digital Generation’s Gold Surrogate

By Vitaliy Katsenelson CFA

I’ve been asked about Bitcoin a lot lately. I’ haven’t written anything about it because I find myself in an uncomfortable place in agreeing with the mainstream media: It’s a bubble.

Bitcoin started out as what I’d call “millennial gold” – the young (digital) generation looked at it as their gold substitute.

http://contrarianedge.com/2017/12/01/bitcoin-millennials-fake-gold/

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