Understanding Hedge Funds: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted on October 5, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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QUESTION: What is a Hedge Fund?

A hedge fund is a limited partnership of private investors whose money is pooled and managed by professional fund managers. These managers use a wide range of strategies, including leverage (borrowed money) and the trading of nontraditional assets, to earn above-average investment returns. A hedge fund investment is often considered a risky, alternative investment choice and usually requires a high minimum investment or net worth. Hedge funds typically target wealthy investors.

MANAGERS: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/05/23/hedge-fund-hiring-separate-managers/

The hedge fund manager I am considering also runs an offshore fund under a “master feeder” arrangement.

A PHYSICIAN’S QUESTION: What does this mean? In which fund should I invest?

The master feeder arrangement is a two-tiered investment structure whereby investors invest in the feeder fund. The feeder fund in turn invests in the master fund. The master fund is therefore the one that is actually investing in securities. There may be multiple feeder funds under one master fund. Feeder funds under the same master can differ drastically in terms of fees charged, minimums required, types of investors, and many other features – but the investment style will be the same because only the master actually invests in the market.

A master feeder structure is a very popular arrangement because it allows a portfolio manager to pool both onshore and offshore assets into one investment vehicle (the master fund) that allocates gains and losses in an asset-based, proportional manner back to the onshore and offshore investors. All investors, both offshore and onshore, get the same return.  In this manner, the portfolio manager, despite offering more than one fund with different characteristics to different populations, is not faced with the dilemma of which fund to favor with the best investment ideas.

PENSION PLANS: https://medicalexecutivepost.com/2025/05/18/medical-practice-pension-plan-hedge-fund-difficulties/

A manager may offer an offshore fund because there is demand for that manager’s skill either abroad, where investors may wish to preserve anonymity, or more commonly where investors simply do not wish to become entangled with the United States tax code. American citizens should generally avoid the offshore fund, since American citizens are taxed on their allocated share of offshore corporation profits whether or not a distribution occurs. Therefore, there is no benefit for most American taxpayers investing in an offshore fund.

Tax-exempt institutions, such as medical foundations, in the United States may have reason to consider an offshore hedge fund, however. Domestic tax-exempt organizations are generally not subject to unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) – the portion of hedge fund income that comes about as a result of the use of leverage – when investing with an offshore corporation.  If the same tax-exempt organization were to invest in a domestic fund, and if UBTI was generated, then the organization would have to pay taxes on that UBTI. Most domestic hedge funds generate UBTI.

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FINANCIAL ADVISORS: Real Monetary Worth?

Posted on March 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

BY DR. DAVID EDWARD MARCINKO; MBA MEd CMP®

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SO – HOW MUCH IS A “FINANCIAL ADVISOR” REALLY WORTH?

This blog holds a rather uncomplimentary opinion of financial advisors, and the financial services and brokerage industry as a whole; deserved, or not? The entire site hints at this attitude as well, in favor of a going it alone or ME, Inc investing when possible. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to wonder how much boost in net-returns might an educated and informed, fee transparent and honest, fiduciary focused “financial advisor” add to a clients’ investment portfolio; all things being equal [ceteris paribus].

And, can it be quantified?

Well, according to Vanguard Brokerage Services®, perhaps as much as 3%? In a decade long paper from the Valley Forge, PA based mutual fund and ETF giant, Vanguard said financial advisors can generate returns through a framework focused on five wealth management principles:

• Being an effective behavioral coach: Helping clients maintain a long-term perspective and a disciplined approach is arguably one of the most important elements of financial advice. (Potential value added: up to 1.50%).

• Applying an asset location strategy: The allocation of assets between taxable and tax-advantaged accounts is one tool an advisor can employ that can add value each year. (Potential value added: from 0% to 0.75%).

• Employing cost-effective investments: This component of every advisor’s tool kit is based on simple math: Gross return less costs equals net return. (Potential value added: up to 0.45%).

• Maintaining the proper allocation through rebalancing: Over time, as investments produce various returns, a portfolio will likely drift from its target allocation. An advisor can add value by ensuring the portfolio’s risk/return characteristics stay consistent with a client’s preferences. (Potential value added: up to 0.35%).

• Implementing a spending strategy: As the retiree population grows, an advisor can help clients make important decisions about how to spend from their portfolios. (Potential value added: up to 0.70%).

Source: Financial Advisor Magazine, page 20, April 2014.

Assessment

However, Vanguard notes that while it’s possible all of these principles could add up to 3% in net returns for clients, it’s more likely to be an intermittent number than an annual one because some of the best opportunities to add value happen during extreme market lows and highs when angst or giddiness [fear and greed] can cause investors to bail on their well-thought-out investment plans.

And, is the study applicable to doctors and allied healthcare providers? Doe Vanguard have a vested interest in the topic. What about fee based versus fee-only financial advice?

Conclusion

Finally, recognize the plethora of other financial planning life-cycle topics addressed in this ME-P were not included in the Vanguard investment portfolio-only study a decade ago. 

And what about today with contemporaneous internet advising, chat-rooms, linkedin, robo-advisors, reddit and the like?

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INTERNATIONAL vs. GLOBAL: The Mutual Fund Difference

Posted on February 14, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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With international stock markets comprising about 40 percent of the world’s capitalization as of 2023, a broad range of investment opportunities exist outside the borders of the U.S.

For investors who are looking to diversify their mutual fund portfolio with exposure to companies located outside the U.S., there exist two basic choices: A global mutual fund or an international mutual fund.

By definition, international funds invest in non-U.S. markets, while global funds may invest in U.S. stocks alongside non-U.S. stocks.

Make a Choice: The definition may seem clear, but what may seem less clear is why an investor might select one over the other. The reason that an investor may select a global fund is to provide the portfolio manager with the latitude to move the fund’s investments among non-U.S. markets and the U.S. market in order to take advantage of the shifts in relative opportunities these markets may present at any given moment.

By investing in a global fund, the challenge for the investor is that he or she may not know at any point in time their total exposure to the U.S. market within the context of their overall portfolio.

An Inside Look: As a consequence, some investors want to manage their allocation risk by setting the broad asset allocation for their portfolio and then identifying funds that are within those asset classes. For these investors, an international fund may make more sense since it allows them to maintain a greater adherence to their desired domestic/international stock allocation.

Keep in mind that asset allocation is an approach to help manage investment risk. Asset allocation does not guarantee against investment loss. As you consider a global or an international fund, you should also be aware of the fund’s approach to the inherent currency risks. Some funds choose to engage in strategies that may mitigate the effects of currency fluctuations, while others consider currency movements – up and down – to be an element of portfolio performance.

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What is an “INTERVAL” Mutual Fund?

Posted on August 12, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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An interval fund is a closed-end mutual fund that buys back shares only during specific intervals. Shares of the First Eagle Credit Opportunities Fund aren’t traded on public exchanges, and purchases or sales take place at the close of business, at the net asset value (NAV).

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/0826102549

A fund’s NAV is simply the sum of its assets divided by the number of shares. A traditional open-ended mutual fund isn’t publicly traded either, and investors can buy or sell at NAV at the market close every business day. This means the manager of an open-ended fund has limited investment choices because a relatively high level of liquidity is needed to handle daily re-demptions.

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An interval fund sets intervals (time periods) during which shares can be sold back to the fund manager and the number of shares it is willing to redeem during any interval. This makes it possible for the manager to go for higher yields by participating in less liquid markets.

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RELATED: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/120516/what-interval-fund.asp

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HEDGE FUNDS: Understanding Fees and Costs

Posted on July 9, 2024 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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DEFINITION: A Hedge fund is an investment partnership with freer rein to invest aggressively in a wider variety of financial products than most mutual funds. A hedge fund’s purpose is to pool funds, maximize investor returns, and eliminate risk with hedging strategies. Hedge funds are generally considered more aggressive, risky, and exclusive than mutual funds. The hedge fund industry has grown tremendously since its inception. There are trillions of dollars of assets under management, more than 8,800 hedge fund managers, and over 27,000 funds globally

CITE: https://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/082610254

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Many physicians and other investors — even those that meet net worth guidelines — are surprised to learn that there exists a $500 – 999 billion, or more, alternative investment industry that is not generally marketed to the public. Such alternative investments have also been known as hedge funds or private investment funds.

Unlike mutual funds, these alternative investments can be structured in a wide variety of ways. Because of the very same regulations discussed above, these funds cannot be advertised, but they are far from illegal or illicit.

READ MORE: https://marcinkoassociates.com/hedge-funds/

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The “Collective Trust” – A New Financial Product?

Posted on February 23, 2012 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

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Much Like a Mutal Fund – But Less Transparent

By Staff Reporters

Recently, we received this query from a physician-investor. So, we went right to the innovator of this financial product for the answer.

A collective trust is similar to a mutual fund that only sells to institutional investors like 401-k and 403-b plans. Because a collective trust doesn’t take on retail investors, it’s exempt from some regulatory requirements, so beware!

But, not having to deal with retail investors also makes the costs lower.

Link: http://thefinancebuff.com/collective-trust-vs-mutual-fund-whats-the-difference.html

Assessment

The BlackRock EAFE Equity Index Collective Trust invests in stocks in developed countries, tracking the MSCI EAFE index.

Conclusion

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