Understanding the Google Scholar Paradox in Research

Posted on November 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By A.I.

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Classic Definition: Scientific research depends on the referencing and citing of other research.

Modern Circumstance: The Google Scholar Paradox is that research which gets cited most often is whatever shows up in the top results of Google Scholar searches; regardless of its contribution to the field.

Paradox Example: The Google Scholar effect is a phenomenon when some medical and healthcare researchers pick and cite works appearing in the top results on Google Scholar regardless of their contribution to the citing publication.

Paradoxically they automatically assume these works’ credibility and believe that editors, reviewers, and readers expect to see these citations.

Courtesy: Morgan Housel 

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Understanding Doctorate Degrees: A Clear Guide

Posted on October 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

Is the Doctor – In?

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INFO-GRAPHIC

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What Is a Doctorate Degree?

Doctorate, or doctoral, is an umbrella term for many degrees — PhD among them — at the height of the academic ladder. Doctorate degrees fall under two categories, and here is where the confusion often lies. 

The first category, Research (also referred to as Academic) includes, among others:

  • Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
  • Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
  • Doctor of Education (EdD)
  • Doctor of Theology (ThD) 

The second category, Applied (also referred to as Professional) includes, among others:

  • Doctor of Medicine (MD)
  • Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM)
  • Doctor Of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
  • Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS)
  • Doctor of Optometry (OD)
  • Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)
  • Juris Doctor (JD) 

As you can see, applied doctorates are generally paired with very specific careers – medical doctors, podiatrists, dentists, optometrists, psychologists, and law professionals. 

When it comes to outlining the differences between a PhD and doctorate, the real question should be, “What is the difference between a PhD and an applied doctorate?” The answer, again, can be found in the program outcomes. The online Doctor of Psychology at UAGC, for example, lists outcomes that are heavily focused on the ability to put theory into practice in a professional setting. For example: 

  • Apply best practices in the field regarding professional values, ethics, attitudes, and behaviors
  • Exhibit culturally diverse standards in working professionally with individuals, groups, and communities who represent various cultural and personal backgrounds
  • Utilize a comprehensive psychology knowledge base grounded in theoretical models, evidence-based methods, and research in the discipline
  • Integrate leadership skills appropriate in the field of psychology
  • Critically evaluate applied psychology research methods, trends, and concepts

Bottom line: As the PhD is more academic, research-focused, and heavy on theory, an applied doctorate degree is intended to master a subject in both theory and practice. 

Can a PhD Be Called a Doctor?

The debate over whether a PhD graduate should be called a doctor has existed for decades, and if you’re a member of this exclusive club, you’ll no doubt hear both sides of the argument during your lifetime. After all, if a PhD is a doctor, can a person with a doctoral degree in music – the Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) – be called a doctor as well?

Those in favor argue that having “Dr.” attached to your name indicates that you are an expert and should be held in higher regard. For some, the debate is at the heart of modern gender disparity. For example, on social media and in some academic circles, there is an argument that female PhD holders should use the “Dr.” title in order to reject the notion that women are less worthy of adding the title to their name once they have earned a doctoral degree.

The American Psychological Association has, for years, challenged the Associated Press (AP) and other news outlets to broaden its use of “Dr.” beyond those that practice medicine – MDs, podiatrists, dentists, etc. – in its reporting. However, the organization was rebuked, as the AP argued that, “It comes down to a basic distinction. Psychologists earn PhDs, and AP style allows the ‘Dr.’ title only for those with medical degrees.”

The AP has, thus far, refused to change their style guide when it comes to the “doctor question.” 

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HOSTILE COMPANY TAKEOVER: Definition, Defense & Pharmaceutical Company Example

Posted on March 24, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

By Staff Reporters

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SPONSOR: http://www.HealthDictionarySeries.org

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A hostile takeover happens when an entity takes control of a company without the knowledge and against the wishes of the company’s management. A hostile takeover is an acquisition strategy requiring that the entity acquire and control more than 50% of the voting shares issued by the company.

In mergers and acquisitions (M&A), a hostile takeover is the acquisition of a target company by an acquiring company that goes directly to the target company’s shareholders, either by making a tender offer or through a proxy vote.

Ideally, an entity interested in acquiring a company should seek approval from the target company’s Board of Directors. The difference between a hostile and a friendly takeover is that, in a friendly takeover, the target company’s board of directors approve of the transaction and recommend shareholders vote in favor of the deal.

Defenses against a hostile takeover

These defense mechanisms can be preemptive or reactive, depending on how prepared the company is for the possibility of a hostile bid.

Poison pill is one of the most common defenses against a hostile takeover. Officially known as a “shareholder rights plan,” the poison pill allows existing shareholders to purchase additional shares at a discount, diluting the ownership interest of the acquiring company. The goal is to make it prohibitively expensive for the acquirer to complete the takeover.

A golden parachute is another defense strategy, which involves providing lucrative compensation packages (bonuses, severance pay, stock options, etc.) to key executives in the event they are terminated as a result of the takeover. This creates a financial disincentive for the acquiring company, as it would need to pay out these large sums upon completing the takeover.

In a Crown jewel defense, the target company sells or threatens to sell its most valuable assets—its “crown jewels”—if the takeover is completed. This reduces the attractiveness of the company to the acquirer, as the most desirable assets would no longer be part of the deal.

The Pac-Man defenses a more aggressive strategy in which the target company turns the tables by attempting to buy shares of the acquiring company, effectively launching a counter-takeover. While rare, this defense can deter hostile bids by making the takeover battle more costly and complex.

A White-Knight defense involves the target company seeking out a more favorable acquirer, or “white knight,” to make a friendly takeover bid. This allows the target company to avoid the hostile acquirer while still securing the benefits of a merger or acquisition.

EXAMPLE: Sanofi-Aventis and Genzyme Corp. Year: 2011 Deal value: $20.1 billion Industry: Pharmaceutical

The hostile takeover between Sanofi-Aventis and Genzyme Corp. occurred in 2010 when Sanofi, a French pharmaceutical company, wanted to buy Genzyme, a US biotech firm specializing in rare diseases. Genzyme resisted the offer, leading to conflict. Sanofi started a public campaign to pressure Genzyme’s shareholders into selling.

After months of negotiations, the two companies reached a deal in 2011. Sanofi agreed to pay $74 per share, with additional payments tied to Genzyme’s future performance, bringing the total deal value to around $20.1 billion. This acquisition allowed Sanofi to expand into the lucrative market for rare disease treatment.

MORE: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/hostile_takeover

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BIAS: In Podiatric Medicine

Posted on March 16, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

DOCTOR PODIATRIC MEDICINE

By Staff Reporters

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Background: Survey research is common practice in podiatry literature and many other health-related fields. An important component of the reporting of survey results is the provision of sufficient information to permit readers to understand the validity and representativeness of the results presented. However, the quality of survey reporting measures in the body of podiatry literature has not been systematically reviewed.

Objective: To examine the reporting of response rates and nonresponse bias within survey research articles published in the podiatric literature in order to provide a foundation with regard to the development of appropriate research reporting standards within the profession.

Methods: This study reports on a secondary analysis of survey research published in the Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, the Foot, and the Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 98 surveys published from 2000 to 2018 were reviewed and data abstracted regarding the report of response rates and non-response bias.

Results: 67 surveys (68.4%) report a response rate while only 36 articles (36.7%) mention non-response bias in any capacity.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that there is room for improvement in the quality of reporting response rates and nonresponse in the body of podiatric literature involving survey research. Both nonresponse and response rate should be reported to assess survey quality. This is particularly problematic for studies that contribute to best practices.

READ: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31216499/

Keywords: Bias; Health; Research; Response rate; Survey.

READ: https://podiatrym.com/pdf/2017/9/Shapiro917web.pdf

READ: https://www.apma.org/apmamain/document-server/?cfp=/apmamain/assets/file/public/about/code-of-ethics.pdf

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LMU: Doctor of Medical Science [DMS] Degree?

Posted on February 18, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

LEGIT or NOT?

By Staff Reporters

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A new pathway will result in a degree called the “Doctor of Medical Science” (DMS); this training is designed for someone—not a physician—to practice clinical medicine with all of the privileges afforded to a medical doctor in the discipline of primary care.

Lincoln Memorial University (LMU) recently announced the start of this new program. In a recent press release they stated, “Lincoln Memorial University is pleased to announce a new type of medical training with its launch of the brand new Doctor of Medical Science (DMS) degree. The only one of its kind, this program bridges the gaps between physician and physician assistant (PA) training for the development of a new type of doctoral trained provider to aid Appalacia and other health care shortage areas.”

The DMS will be for Physician Assistants who have at least three years experience in clinical practice. The curriculum will be a two year program and will consist of 50 credits. The first year will have online didactics delivered by clinical and PhD specialists on staff at LMU-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine and other teaching hospitals. The second year will be more online didactics specific to a clinical specialty.

LMU has already received approval for this program from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.

Cite: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-doctor-of-medical-science_b_593ef537e4b094fa859f1af3

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DBA versus PhD Degree

Posted on February 9, 2025 by Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA MEd CMP™

ACADEMIC DEFINITIONS

By Staff Reporters

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What Is a PhD?

A PhD is a doctorate degree and is the highest postgraduate qualification awarded by universities. It involves undertaking original research in a narrow subject field and typically takes 4 years to complete.

A PhD in Business Administration provides an individual with a specialized and research-based background for a topic in the business management field. This is one of the key reasons it’s sought after by those who wish to work in business-related academia or research.

What Is a DBA?

A Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) is a business-orientated professional doctorate. Like a PhD, it is the highest-level postgraduate qualification which you can obtain from a university.

The degree program focuses on providing practical and innovative business management knowledge which can apply to any workplace. DBAs are designed for experienced practitioners such as senior managers, consultants and entrepreneurs who want to further their practical abilities.

This form of doctorate was first introduced as a way of allowing a distinction to be made between experienced practitioners and expert practitioners. The doctorate is an equal alternative to a traditional PhD and is an advanced follow-up for a Master’s in Business Administration (MBA).

Is a DBA and PhD Equivalent?

A Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) is equivalent to a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD); however, there are fundamental differences between these two doctoral degrees. These differences are nearly always at the center of DBA vs PhD discussions, and they stem from the intended career path of the student following their degree.

A PhD focuses on the ‘theory’ underpinning business management, whereas a DBA focuses on the ‘practical’ concepts. Those who complete a PhD in business management usually do so as they wish to pursue a career in research or academia. Those who complete a DBA do so as they want to pursue a more advanced role in the business industry or within their organization.

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