BOARD CERTIFICATION EXAM STUDY GUIDES Lower Extremity Trauma
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Medical education in the U.S. and Canada has changed considerably in the last several decades.
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According to the AMA, the major changes are the following:
Reducing medical school programs leading to the medical degree to three years. Since graduate medical education (i.e., residency) is many years in duration and includes virtually all the information, that would be part of the typical fourth year..
Introducing clinical medicine early in the curriculum.
Including medical information and activities into the basic science component of the curriculum.
De-emphasizing inactive learning by markedly reducing the number of lectures and employing problem-based learning (PBL) which typically takes place in small groups (e.g., 6-8 students led by a single faculty member).
Employing objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) in which students are asked to solve a problem in which they are faced with a simulated patient and are asked to solve a clinical problem. Students are evaluated as to how well they communicate/interact with patients, take a medical history, arrive at a clinical diagnosis, and come up with a treatment plan. The simulated patients are trained to act as if they were actual patients. The OSCE includes individual students interacting with a single patient, emulating a real patient-doctor interaction. How well the student performs is evaluated by a faculty member observing the activity via video and by the simulated patient who evaluates the student doctor for such activities as his/her communication skills.
Mark Cuban, not Congress, will give Americans cheaper prescription drugs
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When universal health care fails to pass in Congress, there’s always Mark Cuban to fall back on. The billionaire and Dallas Mavericks owner launched an online pharmacy this week in order to combat the price gouging of prescription drugs by large pharmaceutical companies.
The Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Co. (MCCPDC) will offer more than 100 generic drugs that will be purchased directly from the manufacturers and sold online with a 15 percent markup across the board and a small pharmacist fee. For context, pharmaceutical companies generally mark prices up at least 100 percent and up to 1000 percent in some cases.
Editor’s Note:FHA manual underwriting guidelines were updated in 2020 and require that, for those applicants with credit scores below 620 or a debt-to-income (DTI) ratio that exceeds 43%, mortgage applications must be manually underwritten. For a fiercely frugal doctor, or debt adverse medical professional with “poor” credit because of little to no debt, this may actually be good for them. But, it may also make it difficult for a modern automated mortgage lender to issue a loan. Our debt ridden and consumer driven society is largely causative.
With many Lenders now making automated lending decisions, much like emerging healthcare A.I. initiatives, it can seem confusing why others are still sticking to a manual process. But, a few physicians with little to no credit/debt history, and hence a low FICO score, may actually find it a bonus.
Many mortgage lenders currently use computer-based systems to assist with their lending decisions. These systems will look at your client’s credit score, borrowing history, etc. to decide whether or not to approve a mortgage application. It can then be argued that the value of an Underwriter is decreasing; much like physicians are slowly being devalued for many emerging reasons.
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So, Why Manual Underwriting?
Now, understand that not all [minority of clients] applicants will fit into the box that automated decision making systems like. Due to this, there is a need for manual decisions to be made, that will benefit both the Lender and the Borrower (client)!
Manual underwriting allows our Underwriters to look at the bigger picture and get a balanced view on the potential physician and/or client’s ability to repay the mortgage they are applying for. This means they can have a look at the overall risk to the Society and consider what conditions can be used to meet our lending policies. By using manual underwriting in every case, this embeds sensible and responsible decision making within the Society.
A hands-on approach means a look deeper into your financial position, and consider cases where physician clients may have:
Low credit scores;
Minimal credit history;
Self-employed applicants;
Applicants in fixed term employment contracts; and
Many more; like really a good personal risk profile.
Manual Underwriters
It is clear to see the benefits for the Society, and physicians, retrospectively. Some benefits of manual underwriting, according to experts David Cox and Richard Groom, include;
“I like that we can look at cases that many other high street lenders wouldn’t consider. This doesn’t mean we are risk takers; we just apply common sense”.
“I enjoy the hands-on approach we apply. Every applicant is different, so why should they all be pushed through an automated system?”
“Just because something doesn’t quite fit, it shouldn’t result in a computer says no decision. It’s great to be able to look at an individual’s situation and see what changes we can make to turn the negative to a positive”.
“The great thing about manual underwriting is that while our lending policy is the core of what we do, applying a manual approach means we can consider applications outside of this, where it benefits the borrower and the Society”.
The Federal Reserve now owns $2.6 trillion in mortgages. That means about 24 percent of all outstanding residential mortgages in this whole big country reside in the central bank.