A MATH AND FINANCIAL-INVESTING TERM
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By Dr. David E. Marcinko MBA CMP®

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In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number x, denoted |x|, is the non-negative value of x without regard to its sign. Namely, |x| = x if x is positive, and |x| = −x if x is negative (in which case −x is positive), and |0| = 0. For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero.
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In finance, absolute value, also known as an intrinsic value, refers to a business valuation method that uses discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis to determine a company’s financial worth. The absolute value method differs from the relative value models that examine what a company is worth compared to its competitors. Absolute value models try to determine a company’s intrinsic worth based on its projected cash flows.
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In investing, the key issues are as follows:
- Absolute value refers to a business valuation method that uses discounted cash flow analysis to determine a company’s financial worth.
- Investors can determine if a stock is currently under or overvalued by comparing what a company’s share price should be given its absolute value to the stock’s current price.
- There are some challenges with using the absolute value analysis including forecasting cash flows, predicting accurate growth rates, and evaluating appropriate discount rates.
- Absolute value, unlike relative value, does not call for the comparison of companies in the same industry or sector.
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